High-scale yield of nano hydroxyapatite through combination of mechanical activation and chemical dispersion.

The aim of this study is to develop a simple, convenient and effective approach to synthesize nano-sized hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) at high-scale yield. Nano-HA was wet synthesized in the presence or absence of alendronate sodium (ALN), one of bisphosphonates for anti-osteoporotic. Then aged and washed nano-HA precipitate was directly treated by mechanical activation combined with the chemical dispersion of ALN to prevent the agglomeration of nano-HA. ALN acted not only as a chemical dispersant but also as an orthopedic drug. In vitro release showed that ALN was released slowly from nano-HA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that nano-HA with size less than 100 nm appeared as single particle after being treated by mechanical activation combined with the dispersion of ALN (AMA-HA and MA-HA). High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that as-prepared nanoparticles were HA with low crystallinity and crystallite size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the phosphonate groups in ALN were introduced to bond with the Ca2+ of HA to impede the growth of HA crystal. Zeta potential illustrated that the absolute value of surface negative charge of nano-HA increased significantly with the addition of ALN, which inhibited the agglomeration of nano-HA. The present approach makes it feasible to produce nano-HA at high-scale yield, which provide the possibility to construct bone graft.

[Herbalism and germplasm of deltaleaf goldthread rhizome].

Through textual research of herbalism about Chinese Goldthread Rhizome in different periods of ancients and some modern study, and analysis on correlativity between its name and different germplasm, it showed that the knowledge level of quality of the medicinal materials was gradually increased in its historical record of application by the society improvement and increasing of requirements and population from producing area, diversity of character to germplasm resources. The materials name of Chinese Goldthread Rhizome was from unitary to diversity and referred to the rhizomes of all plants of Coptis in China, while Deltaleaf Goldthread Rhizome took an important role in the evolution of Chinese Goldthread Rhizome. The aim of the work was to provide a reference for the correlative study of phylogeny, individual distribution, ecological environment and medical resources.

[Breeding system, morphological and anatomical characteristics of Coptis deltoidea].

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphological and anatomical characteristics of Coptis deltoidea based on the research of its breeding system. METHOD: The flowering process of C. deltoidea was observed dynamically and the out-crossing index was estimated, using Motic BA200 microscope to observe the morphologic characteristics of the mixed bud, stolon and pollen was observed microscopically, and compared with those of C. chinensis. RESULT: The results showed that the breeding system of C. deltoidea was facultative hybridization, it could bloom normally and fruit while cannot form seeds. And there were no statistical differences in the number of stamens, pistils, ovules, pollens in a stamen, pollens in a flower, pollen-ovule ratio, and the pollen grain size between C. deltoidea and C. chinensis. However the pollen of C. deltoidea developed anomaly, most of the pollen grains in it were surface depression, the texture was unsharp or broken, the pollen could not germinate. The lateral bud on the lower side of the mixed bud formed in the bud stage. Pericyclic fibers in the stolon (the vegetative propagation branch) shaped like a cap, and all the shaped-caps nearly formed a ring. CONCLUSION: The abnormal development of the pollen could be the mainly cause to the no formation of seeds in C. deltoidea. The lateral bud forming in the bud stage then developing the stolon is the characteristics of the asexual propagation. Pericycle fibers in the stolon nearly forming a ring is a secondary character to accommodate the vegetative propagation of C. deltoidea.

[Main chemical components for clearing heat and relieving sore throat in different germplasm of Canarium album].

OBJECTIVE: To screen the representing components in different germplasms of Canarium album and determine the content by HPLC for laying the foundation for the quality specification. METHOD: Gallic acid and scopoletin and scoparone were chosen as the main chemical components for clearing heat and relieving sore throat by reviewing literature and qualitative experiment. Gallic acid was determined according the method of Galla chinensis in Chinese pharmacopoeia. Scopoletin and scoparone were determined by HPLC on C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (16:84:0.5) with the detection wavelength at 345 nm and column temperature at 35 degrees C , the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). RESULT: The resolution is good for gallic acid and scopoletin and scoparone. The standard curve in detection range showed good linear relation, the average recoveries were 100.22%, 101.22% and 100.42%, respectively, RSD were all less than 2.0%. The content of gallic acid in the large fruit C. album from Guangdong was higher than that in the small fruit C. album, while the result was contrary in samples from Sichuan. The content of total coumarins in the small fruit C. album was generally higher than that in the large fruit C. album, which from Sichuan was higher than those from Guangdong. CONCLUSION: The efficacies of clearing heat and relieving sore throat in C. album were formed by synergistic effect of gallic acid and scopoletin and scoparone. The small fruit C. album was better than the large fruit C. album as medicinal materials, the results provide reliable basis for quality control in medicinal materials and its preparation.