RESUMO
The World Health Organization (WHO) published its first Essential Medicines List (EML) in 1977, and it is updated biennially. One might reasonably think drugs on the EML are there because they are critical to effective, evidence-based patient care and intervention. One might not reasonably guess, however, that a particular drug's supply chain vulnerabilities that make it a shortage risk would contribute to a drug's listing on the EML. This commentary on a case first describes why the WHO makes the EML and suggests reasons why it might be important to consider a drug's shortage risk when revising and updating it. This commentary also suggests how distinguishing "essential" drugs from "vulnerable" drugs could bolster supply chain resiliency and mitigate drug shortages' disruptions to patient care.
Assuntos
Medicamentos Essenciais , Humanos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
The prescription drug market in the United States relies on competition to keep prices reasonable. Although many policies have been implemented to spur competition and decrease costs for patients, these policies may be outdated and should be redesigned and updated to achieve success in the current prescription drug market. In this paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) proposes that new policies should be implemented to prevent market manipulation, help lower-cost alternatives make it to the market faster, and ensure a robust and competitive market for generic and biosimilar drugs. The ACP believes these changes will have a meaningful effect on patients without shifting costs to other areas of the health care system.
Assuntos
Competição Econômica , Política de Saúde , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/economia , Medicamentos Biossimilares/economia , Medicamentos Biossimilares/uso terapêutico , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Política de Saúde/economia , Humanos , Política Organizacional , Produção de Droga sem Interesse Comercial/economia , Produção de Droga sem Interesse Comercial/legislação & jurisprudência , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/uso terapêutico , Sociedades Médicas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This paper is part of the American College of Physicians' policy framework to achieve a vision for a better health care system, where everyone has coverage for and access to the care they need, at a cost they and the country can afford. Currently, the United States is the only wealthy industrialized country that has not achieved universal health coverage. The nation's existing health care system is inefficient, unaffordable, unsustainable, and inaccessible to many. Part 1 of this paper discusses why the United States needs to do better in addressing coverage and cost. Part 2 presents 2 potential approaches, a single-payer model and a public choice model, to achieve universal coverage. Part 3 describes how an emphasis on value-based care can reduce costs.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/economia , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Política de Saúde/economia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Seguro Saúde/economia , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/economia , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Econômicos , Sociedades Médicas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Recent discussions about the increasing prices of prescription drugs have focused on pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), third-party intermediaries for various types of employers and government purchasers who negotiate drug prices in health plans and thus play a crucial role in determining the amount millions of Americans pay for medications. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians expands on its position paper from 2016 by offering additional recommendations to improve transparency in the PBM industry and highlighting the need for reliable, timely, and relevant information on prescription drug pricing for physicians and patients.
Assuntos
Seguro de Serviços Farmacêuticos/economia , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/economia , Redução de Custos , Custos de Medicamentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Humanos , Seguro de Serviços Farmacêuticos/legislação & jurisprudência , Assistência Farmacêutica/economia , Assistência Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/classificação , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The increasing price of prescription drugs is an ongoing concern for Medicare and Medicaid, particularly for patients with chronic health conditions who are using multiple medications and patients in these programs taking high-priced brand-name specialty drugs. Shifts in benefit design, including higher deductibles and a movement away from copayments to coinsurance, have increased patient out-of-pocket costs and put pressure on program budgets. In this paper, the American College of Physicians expands on its position paper from 2016 and offers additional recommendations to decrease out-of-pocket costs for patients, enhance the government's purchasing power, and address existing policies that add costs to the health care system.
Assuntos
Medicaid/economia , Medicare Part D/economia , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/economia , Redução de Custos , Custo Compartilhado de Seguro , Custos de Medicamentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Gastos em Saúde , Humanos , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/classificação , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In this position paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) examines the challenges women face in the U.S. health care system across their lifespans, including access to care; sex- and gender-specific health issues; variation in health outcomes compared with men; underrepresentation in research studies; and public policies that affect women, their families, and society. ACP puts forward several recommendations focused on policies that will improve the health outcomes of women and ensure a health care system that supports the needs of women and their families over the course of their lifespans.
Assuntos
Política de Saúde , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticoncepção , Violência Doméstica , Licença para Cuidar de Pessoa da Família , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Política Organizacional , Serviços de Saúde Reprodutiva , Delitos Sexuais , Sociedades Médicas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Social determinants of health are nonmedical factors that can affect a person's overall health and health outcomes. Where a person is born and the social conditions they are born into can affect their risk factors for premature death and their life expectancy. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians acknowledges the role of social determinants in health, examines the complexities associated with them, and offers recommendations on better integration of social determinants into the health care system while highlighting the need to address systemic issues hindering health equity.
Assuntos
Equidade em Saúde , Política de Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Melhoria de Qualidade , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Humanos , Sociedades Médicas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This American College of Physicians position paper, initiated and written by its Health and Public Policy Committee and approved by the Board of Regents on 16 February 2016, reports policy recommendations from the American College of Physicians to address the escalating costs of prescription drugs in the United States. Prescription drugs play an important part in treating and preventing disease. However, the United States often pays more for some prescription drugs than other developed countries, and the high price and increasing costs associated with prescription medication is a major concern for patients, physicians, and payers. Pharmaceutical companies have considerable flexibility in how they price drugs, and the costs that payers and patients see are dependent on how payers are able to negotiate discounts or rebates. Beyond setting list prices are issues of regulatory approval, patents and intellectual property, assessment of value and cost-effectiveness, and health plan drug benefits. These issues are linked, and comprehensive efforts will be needed to affect how drugs are priced in the United States.
RESUMO
Retail health clinics are walk-in clinics located in retail stores or pharmacies that are typically staffed by nurse practitioners or physician assistants. When they entered the marketplace in the early 2000s, retail clinics offered a limited number of services for low-acuity conditions that were paid for out of pocket by the consumer. Over the past decade, business models for these clinics have evolved to accept public and private health insurance, and some are expanding their services to include diagnosis, treatment, and management of chronic conditions. Retail health clinics are one of several methods of health care delivery that challenge the traditional primary care delivery model. The positions and recommendations offered by the American College of Physicians in this paper are intended to establish a framework that underscores patient safety, communication, and collaboration among retail health clinics, physicians, and patients.
Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial/organização & administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Política de Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Inovação Organizacional , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Telemedicine-the use of technology to deliver care at a distance-is rapidly growing and can potentially expand access for patients, enhance patient-physician collaboration, improve health outcomes, and reduce medical costs. However, the potential benefits of telemedicine must be measured against the risks and challenges associated with its use, including the absence of the physical examination, variation in state practice and licensing regulations, and issues surrounding the establishment of the patient-physician relationship. This paper offers policy recommendations for the practice and use of telemedicine in primary care and reimbursement policies associated with telemedicine use. The positions put forward by the American College of Physicians highlight a meaningful approach to telemedicine policies and regulations that will have lasting positive effects for patients and physicians.
Assuntos
Política de Saúde , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Telemedicina , Atenção à Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Relações Médico-Paciente , Atenção Primária à Saúde/economia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Mecanismo de Reembolso , Telemedicina/economia , Telemedicina/organização & administração , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In this position paper, the American College of Physicians examines the health disparities experienced by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and makes a series of recommendations to achieve equity for LGBT individuals in the health care system. These recommendations include enhancing physician understanding of how to provide culturally and clinically competent care for LGBT individuals, addressing environmental and social factors that can affect their mental and physical well-being, and supporting further research into understanding their unique health needs.