Identification of novel genetic variants associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in South-West coast of India using targeted exome sequencing.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study explores the genetic landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a cohort of 33 patients from Southern India using targeted exome sequencing. Our analysis revealed a diverse range of mutations across the cohort, with missense mutations being the most prevalent. Pathogenic mutations, as classified by ClinVar, exhibited significant individual variation, highlighting the heterogeneity of OSCC. Seventy-five genes were identified to harbor pathogenic or potentially pathogenic mutations, with notable recurrence in genes such as TP53, PDGFRA, and RAD50 among others. Comparison with high-frequency mutation genes in HNSCC from TCGA database revealed significant overlap, emphasizing the relevance of these mutations across different populations. Additionally, several novel mutations were identified, including those in CHD8, ITPKB, and HNF1A, shedding light on potential genetic risk factors specific to this population. Functional annotation and pathway analysis underscored the involvement of these mutated genes in various cancer-related pathways. Despite limitations such as sample size and the need for further validation, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of OSCC pathogenesis and highlights potential genetic markers for prognosis and targeted interventions, especially in the Indian context.

Biocompatibility of polymethyl methacrylate heat-polymerizing denture base resin copolymerized with antimicrobial monomers.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Quaternary ammonium (QA)-based monomers such as dimethyl-hexadecyl-methacryloxyethyl-ammonium iodide (DHMAI) and 2-dimethyl-2-dodecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodine (DDMAI) have been investigated as copolymerizable monomers to impart antimicrobial activity to dental restorative and prosthetic materials. However, the biocompatibility of these antimicrobial monomers needs to be investigated in vivo before their clinical use. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the in vivo biocompatibility of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) heat-polymerizing denture base resin copolymerized with varying concentrations of DHMAI and DDMAI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The toxicity and genotoxicity of the antimicrobial monomers (DHMAI 5 µg/mL and DDMAI 20 µg/mL) at 1 to 100 µg/mL concentrations were investigated against zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio, n=10) using a zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) or fish embryotoxicity test (FET) and comet assay, respectively. Further, DHMAI 5 µg/mL and DDMAI 20 µg/mL were incorporated into a conventional PMMA denture base system and a similar test was done on specimens of modified PMMA resin. For the evaluation of in vivo biocompatibility, modified PMMA specimens were subcutaneously implanted into Wistar rats (n=6) and biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters were investigated. Results were analyzed and compared using ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS: Toxicity and genotoxicity studies using zebrafish embryos revealed that the incorporation of monomer to PMMA did not increase the toxicity, as confirmed by post-hour fertilization. Modified PMMA did not affect the hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) except for the platelet count, which was significantly increased (P<.001), and the biochemical parameter, such as total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), triglyceride (TG), creatinine (Crea), total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), except for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which was significantly decreased (P<.01). Histopathologically, no changes were observed in the sections of the liver, kidney, spleen, and subcutaneous tissues in the modified PMMA implanted rats. Additionally, no significant variation was found in the expression of immunohistochemical marker tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), confirming the noninflammatory response exerted by the modified PMMA on experimental rats. CONCLUSIONS: Zebrafish embryos treated with modified PMMA specimens demonstrated favorable biological properties and did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Subcutaneously implanted modified PMMA did not cause any major hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations in Wistar albino rats, thus confirming the biocompatibility of PMMA heat-polymerizing denture base resin incorporated with DHMAI and DDMAI for dental applications.

Unraveling the propensity of various genetic disorders and syndromes in the Koraga, an aboriginal tribe from southern India.

Koragas, recognized as a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) by the Government of India, are from coastal Karnataka and Kerala. They are experiencing severe socioeconomic and health-related issues and rapid depopulation. The unique genetic makeup of Koragas has been maintained by the practice of endogamy. We aimed to identify genetic factors potentially associated with the predisposition of Koragas towards genetic and multifactorial disorders. We employed genome-wise data of 29 Koraga individuals genotyped on the Infinium Global Screening Array-24 v3.0 BeadChip platform and performed various population genetic analyses including kinship, identity by descent (IBD), and runs of homozygosity (RoH). A high degree of haplotype sharing among the Koraga participants may be indicative of a recent founder event. We identified genetic variants and genes associated with several genetic disorders, higher infant mortality rate, neurological disorders, deafness, and lower fertility rate of this agrarian tribe. Ours is the first genome-wide study on the Koraga tribe that identified genetic factors associated with various genetic disorders. Our findings can provide public healthcare providers with essential genetic information that can be useful in augmenting medical and healthcare services and improving the quality of life of Koragas.

Uncovering the Role of Methylmercury on DNA Lesions at Cytotoxic Concentrations in Glutathione-Depleted Cells: Insights from Experimental and Computational Studies.

Organomercurials (RHg+), especially methylmercury (MeHg+) and ethylmercury (EtHg+), are considered to be more neurotoxic than the inorganic counterpart (Hg2+). They cause massive DNA damage in cells, especially in neurons, where cellular glutathione (GSH) levels are significantly low. However, the mechanism by which RHg+ exerts massive DNA damage at cytotoxic concentrations in brain cells remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the effect of RHg+ on the structural and electronic properties of nucleosides and its effects on DNA damage. The direct interaction of RHg+ with the nucleoside significantly weakens N-glycosidic bonds, decreases the C-H bond energy of sugar moieties, and increases the electrophilicity of the C8-center of purine bases. As a consequence, RHg+-conjugated DNA molecules are extremely labile and highly sensitive to any nucleophiles/radicals present in GSH-depleted cells and, thus, undergo enhanced oxidative and unusual alkylative DNA damage. We also report a functional model of organomercurial lyase, which showed excellent cytoprotective effect against RHg+-induced cytotoxicity; this reverses the activity of glutathione reductase inhibited by MeHgCl and ceases oxidative and alkylating DNA damage. This intriguing finding provides new mechanistic insight into the mode of action of organomercurials in GSH-depleted cells and their adverse effects on individuals with neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress.

Corrigendum: The maternal U1 haplogroup in the Koraga tribe as a correlate of their North Dravidian linguistic affinity.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1303628.].

Early insights into the role of Exoc6B associated with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 3 in primary ciliogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 3 (SEMDJL3) is a rare skeletal dysplasia associated with EXOC6B, a component of the exocyst complex, involved in vesicle tethering and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. So far, EXOC6B and the pathomechanisms underlying SEMDJL3 remain obscure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Exoc6b was detected largely at the perinuclear regions and the primary cilia base in ATDC5 prechondrocytes. Its shRNA lentiviral knockdown impeded primary ciliogenesis. In Exoc6b silenced prechondrocytes, Hedgehog signaling was attenuated, including when stimulated with Smoothened agonist. Exoc6b knockdown deregulated the mRNA and protein levels of Col2a1, a marker of chondrocyte proliferation at 7- and 14-days following differentiation. It led to the upregulation of Ihh another marker of proliferative chondrocytes. The levels of Col10a1, a marker of chondrocyte hypertrophy was enhanced at 14 days of differentiation. Congruently, Axin2, a canonical Wnt pathway modulator that inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy was repressed. The expression of Mmp13 and Adamts4 that are terminal chondrocyte hypertrophy markers involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling were downregulated at 7 and 14 days of chondrogenesis. Bglap that encodes for the most abundant non-collagenous bone matrix constituent and promotes ECM calcification was suppressed at 14 days of chondrocyte differentiation. ECM mineralization was assessed by Alizarin Red staining. Gene expression and ciliogenesis were investigated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide initial insights into the potential role of Exoc6b in primary ciliogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation, contributing towards a preliminary understanding of the molecular pathomechanisms underlying SEMDJL3.

The impact of COVID-19 on pulmonary, neurological, and cardiac outcomes: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Long COVID is a clinical entity characterized by persistent health problems or development of new diseases, without an alternative diagnosis, following SARS-CoV-2 infection that affects a significant proportion of individuals globally. It can manifest with a wide range of symptoms due to dysfunction of multiple organ systems including but not limited to cardiovascular, hematologic, neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal organs, revealed by observational studies. However, a causal association between the genetic predisposition to COVID-19 and many post-infective abnormalities in long COVID remain unclear. Methods: Here we employed Mendelian randomization (MR), a robust genetic epidemiological approach, to investigate the potential causal associations between genetic predisposition to COVID-19 and long COVID symptoms, namely pulmonary (pneumonia and airway infections including bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and rhinitis), neurological (headache, depression, and Parkinson's disease), cardiac (heart failure and chest pain) diseases, and chronic fatigue. Using two-sample MR, we leveraged genetic data from a large COVID-19 genome-wide association study and various disorder-specific datasets. Results: This analysis revealed that a genetic predisposition to COVID-19 was significantly causally linked to an increased risk of developing pneumonia, airway infections, headache, and heart failure. It also showed a strong positive correlation with chronic fatigue, a frequently observed symptom in long COVID patients. However, our findings on Parkinson's disease, depression, and chest pain were inconclusive. Conclusion: Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of long COVID and its diverse range of symptoms. Understanding these causal associations may aid in better management and treatment of long COVID patients, thereby alleviating the substantial burden it poses on global health and socioeconomic systems.

Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota composition is associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma and the impact of radiotherapy: a pilot study.

Radiotherapy can potentially influence the diversity and composition of the oral microbiome. We performed a study comparing the composition of oral microbiota in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) before radiotherapy (n = 6), at three months (n = 6), and six months (n = 6) post-radiotherapy, and controls (n = 6). We profiled the oral microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. Alpha diversity (Chao1 index) showed significant differences in species richness between healthy controls and OSCC patients (P = 0.014). Conversely, no noteworthy distinctions were observed in the Chao1 index when comparing the pre-and post-radiation periods at both three and six months. The beta diversity of the oral microbiota differed significantly between the controls and OSCC patients (P = 0.014). However, no significant differences were observed in beta diversity between pre- and post-radiation at three months, whereas a significant difference was observed at six months (P = 0.038). Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) demonstrated lower abundance of Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Veillonella, and Haemophilus, and higher abundance of Selenomonas and Mycoplasma in OSCC patients than in healthy controls. The oral microbiome composition varied among healthy controls, patients with OSCC, and post-radiation therapy patients with OSCC. The observed recovery in the numerical dominance of specific beneficial oral taxa and the reduction in pathogenic bacteria after radiation therapy highlights the need for further investigations into their clinical implications.

Medication Adherence in Elderly Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study From Dakshina Kannada, India.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has emerged as a major global healthcare problem. The risk of diabetes can be reduced by maintaining blood glycaemic levels, which can be achieved by stringent adherence to the treatment regime. Therefore, there is a continuing need to assess the level of adherence to medication/self-care activities and the factors that are related to non-adherence to medication and self-care. This would facilitate healthcare professionals to identify subjects with low medication adherence and thereby aid them in planning interventions to improve medication and self-care adherence. In this study, we aimed to estimate the proportion of medication adherence among diabetic patients above 60 years of age attending a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. We found that 72% of type 2 diabetes patients were adherent to the medications prescribed to them and there was a discernible effect of gender and literacy on medication adherence. However, more such regional studies need to be conducted with a larger sample size from diverse hospital setups to obtain a clear and unbiased picture of the drug adherence scenario in India.

BRCA1 interactors, RAD50 and BRIP1, as prognostic markers for triple-negative breast cancer severity.

Introduction: BRIP1 (BRCA1-interacting protein 1) is one of the major interacting partners of BRCA1, which plays an important role in repair by homologous recombination (HR). This gene is mutated in around 4% of cases of breast cancer; however, its mechanism of action is unclear. In this study, we presented the fundamental role of BRCA1 interactors BRIP1 and RAD50 in the development of differential severity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) among various affected individuals. Methods: We have analyzed the expression of DNA repair-related genes in different BC cells using Real-time PCR and western blotting analysis and assessed changes in stemness property and proliferation through Immunophenotyping. We have performed cell cycle analysis to see the defect in checkpoints and also immunofluorescence assay to confirm the accumulation of gamma-H2AX and BRCA1 foci and subsequent incidence. We have performed a severity analysis using TCGA data sets for comparing the expression in MDA-MB-468 MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell line. Results: We showed that in some TNBC cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, the functioning of both BRCA1/TP53 is compromised. Furthermore, the sensing of DNA damage is affected. Due to less damage-sensing capability and low availability of BRCA1 at the damage sites, the repair by HR becomes inefficient, leading to more damage. Accumulation of damage sends a signal for over activation of NHEJ repair pathways. Over expressed NHEJ molecules with compromised HR and checkpoint conditions lead to higher proliferation and error-prone repair, which increases the mutation rate and corresponding tumour severity. The in-silico analysis of the TCGA datasets with gene expression in the deceased population showed a significant correlation of BRCA1 expression with overall survival (OS) in TNBCs (0.0272). The association of BRCA1 with OS became stronger with the addition of BRIP1 expression (0.000876**). Conclusion: The severity phenotypes were more in cells having compromised BRCA1-BRIP1 functioning. Since the OS is directly proportional to the extent of severity, the data analysis hints at the role of BRIP1 in controlling the severity of TNBC.

Development of indolealkylamine derivatives as potential multi-target agents for COVID-19 treatment.

COVID-19 is a complex disease with short-term and long-term respiratory, inflammatory and neurological symptoms that are triggered by the infection with SARS-CoV-2. As many drugs targeting single targets showed only limited effectiveness against COVID-19, here, we aimed to explore a multi-target strategy. We synthesized a focused compound library based on C2-substituted indolealkylamines (tryptamines and 5-hydroxytryptamines) with activity for three potential COVID-19-related proteins, namely melatonin receptors, calmodulin and human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Two molecules from the library, 5e and h, exhibit affinities in the high nanomolar range for melatonin receptors, inhibit the calmodulin-dependent calmodulin kinase II activity and the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with hACE2 at micromolar concentrations. Both compounds inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells and 5h decreases SARS-CoV-2 replication and MPro enzyme activity in addition. In conclusion, we provide a proof-of-concept for the successful design of multi-target compounds based on the tryptamine scaffold. Optimization of these preliminary hit compounds could potentially provide drug candidates to treat COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases.

Light induced diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) library of annulated indolizine fluorophores for imaging non-lysosomal lipid droplets (LDs).

We report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of annulated indolizines as fluorescent probes. The compounds were generated through an eco-friendly, blue LED-induced domino reaction in ethyl acetate. A library of 24 coloured compounds exhibited tuneable emissions. One of the compounds (which we call DASS-fluor) proved to be an excellent polarity sensing probe. It is biocompatible, photostable, and detects specific types of lipid droplets (LDs in response to oleic acid, stress, and drug-induced autophagy in lungs and hepatic carcinoma cells). In comparison to Nile Red (a commercial probe), DASS-fluor can differentiate non-lysosomal LDs from lysosomal LDs and offers an advantage in precisely mapping drug-induced lipidosis caused by increased non-lysosomal LDs in cancerous cells. This unique probe could be a potential fluorescent marker for specific types of lipidosis induced by drugs.

MCM10 expression is linked to cervical cancer aggressiveness.

Cervical cancer screening is a challenge mainly in developing countries. In developed countries, both incidence and mortality rates have been decreasing due to well organized screening programs. One of the potential biomarkers being exploited are the minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs), which show both specificity and sensitivity. MCM2-7 are involved in DNA replication initiation and elongation, and the MCM subunits are highly expressed in malignant tissues. Unlike other MCMs, MCM10, which is not part of the core helicase complex, is a critical determinant of origin activation and its levels are limiting in cancer cells. In this study, we performed bioinformatic analysis on the expression profile of all DNA replication associated MCM proteins in cervical cancer. MCM10 showed a relatively higher expression profile compared to the other MCMs. The mRNA expression levels of the MCMs were significantly increased in tumour tissues compared to normal, and MCM10 showed a fold change of 3.4. In order to understand if MCM10 is associated with the aggressiveness of cervical cancer, we looked into the mRNA expression pattern of MCM10 in three cervical cancer cell lines and one normal cervical cell line. MCM10 expression was significantly higher in the case of the more aggressive cancer cell line HeLa compared to controls. MCM10, therefore, can serve as a prominent biomarker for cancer progression and thus aid in early detection to control the spread of cancer cells. Our results show that MCM10 expression levels in cervical cancer cell lines are associated with cancer aggressiveness, demonstrating its clinical significance.

The maternal U1 haplogroup in the Koraga tribe as a correlate of their North Dravidian linguistic affinity.

Introduction: The Koraga tribe are an isolated endogamous tribal group found in the southwest coastal region of India. The Koraga language shares inherited grammatical features with North Dravidian languages. To seek a possible genetic basis for this exceptionality and understand the maternal lineage pattern, we have aimed to reconstruct the inter-population and intra-population relationships of the Koraga tribal population by using mtDNA markers for the hypervariable regions along with a partial coding region sequence analysis. Methods and Results: Amongst the 96 individuals studied, we observe 11 haplogroups, of which a few are shared and others are unique to the clans Soppu, Onti and Kuntu. In addition to several deep rooted Indian-specific lineages of macrohaplogroups M and U, we observe a high frequency of the U1 lineage (∼38%), unique to the Koraga. A Bayesian analysis of the U1 clade shows that the Koraga tribe share their maternal lineage with ancestral populations of the Caucasus at the cusp of the Last Glacial Maximum. Discussion: Our study suggests that the U1 lineage found in the Indian subcontinent represents a remnant of a post-glacial dispersal. The presence of West Asian U1 when viewed along with historical linguistics leads us to hypothesise that Koraga represents a mother tongue retained by a vanquished population group that fled southward at the demise of the Indus civilisation as opposed to a father tongue, associated with a particular paternal lineage.

Outcomes of ab-interno irrigating goniectomy with trabectome in primary and secondary glaucoma from a single center in India.

Purpose: This study was done to report intermediate-term outcomes of irrigating goniectomy with trabectome (trabectome) surgery among different types of glaucoma eyes from a single center in India using a cross-sectional, longitudinal, observational study design. Methods: Fifty-three patients (58 eyes) with glaucoma who underwent irrigating goniectomy with trabectome between January 2019 and February 2020 were included. Pre-operative data included age, gender, eye laterality, specific diagnosis, number of anti-glaucoma medications (AGMs), prior glaucoma surgeries, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure (IOP) on medical treatment. Post-operative data included IOP changes during the follow-up till 1-year, number of AGMs, any complications, or additional surgical intervention required. Success was defined as IOP ≤ 21 mmHg and ≥ 20% reduction of IOP from pre-operative IOP with no additional glaucoma surgery. Results: The cohort included 58 eyes (male 53.4% and female 46.6%) ranging from 0.6 to 81 years of age. The average baseline IOP was 23.4 ± 10.2 mmHg and reduced significantly with surgery to 14.1 ± 5.3 mmHg at 1-year follow-up. The AGMs reduced from 2.4 ± 1.4 pre-surgery to 1.6 ± 1.4 at 1-year follow-up. Four eyes required additional glaucoma surgeries for IOP control. The success rate of trabectome with phacoemulsification (88%) was discernibly higher than with trabectome alone (67%). Intra-operatively, significant blood reflux was noticed in 27 eyes, of which only one required tamponading with a viscoelastic agent. Conclusion: This study concludes that irrigating goniectomy with trabectome has good efficacy and safety in both pediatric and adult cases of glaucoma in terms of IOP control, reduction in AGMs, and low incidence of complications in the Indian population.

Exome-Wide Association Study Reveals Host Genetic Variants Likely Associated with the Severity of COVID-19 in Patients of European Ancestry.

Host genetic variability plays a pivotal role in modulating COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Despite the functional relevance of protein-coding regions, rare variants located here are less likely to completely explain the considerable numbers of acutely affected COVID-19 patients worldwide. Using an exome-wide association approach, with individuals of European descent, we sought to identify common coding variants linked with variation in COVID-19 severity. Herein, cohort 1 compared non-hospitalized (controls) and hospitalized (cases) individuals, and in cohort 2, hospitalized subjects requiring respiratory support (cases) were compared to those not requiring it (controls). 229 and 111 variants differed significantly between cases and controls in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. This included FBXO34, CNTN2, and TMCC2 previously linked with COVID-19 severity using association studies. Overall, we report SNPs in 26 known and 12 novel candidate genes with strong molecular evidence implicating them in the pathophysiology of life-threatening COVID-19 and post-recovery sequelae. Of these few notable known genes include, HLA-DQB1, AHSG, ALOX5AP, MUC5AC, SMPD1, SPG7, SPEG,GAS6, and SERPINA12. These results enhance our understanding of the pathomechanisms underlying the COVID-19 clinical spectrum and may be exploited to prioritize biomarkers for predicting disease severity, as well as to improve treatment strategies in individuals of European ancestry.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of quaternary ammonium-based polymerizable antimicrobial monomers for prosthodontic applications.

The present study aims to synthesize and characterize two quaternary ammonium (QAM) based monomers such as - dimethyl-hexadecyl-methacryloxyethyl-ammonium iodide (DHMAI) and 2-dimethyl-2-dodecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodine (DDMAI) and assess their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties. The study also aims to incorporate the optimized concentration of these monomers as copolymerizing monomers into conventional Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin and evaluate their suitability for prosthetic applications. DHMAI and DDMAI monomers were synthesized through a Menschutkin reaction and their chemical structure was characterized using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was determined using Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay whereas antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar-disc diffusion method. Subsequently, optimized concentrations of DHMAI or DDMAI, based on the cytotoxicity results, were added to conventional PMMA resin. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, surface hardness, and water sorption of PMMA denture base rein incorporated with DHMAI or DDMAI were evaluated. FT-IR and 1H-NMR results confirmed the structure of monomers and copolymerization of DHMAI and DDMAI with PMMA resin. DHMAI and DDMAI monomers were found to be cytocompatible with mouse fibroblast cells up to a concentration of 5 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL respectively. In addition, incorporation of DHMAI or DDMAI at 5 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL respectively into PMMA denture base material did not affect their cytocompatibility. PMMA denture base resin incorporated with DHMAI or DDMAI significantly reduced the adhesion of microbes. Further, an increase in the surface hardness and a reduction in the water sorption was observed. Hence DHMAI and DDMAI can be considered as potential candidates for imparting antimicrobial activity to polymeric denture base materials.