Full genome sequence for the African swine fever virus outbreak in the Dominican Republic in 1980.

African swine fever is a lethal disease of domestic pigs, geographically expanding as a pandemic, that is affecting countries across Eurasia and severely damaging their swine production industry. After more than 40 years of being absent in the Western hemisphere, in 2020 ASF reappeared in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The recent outbreak strain in the Dominican Republic has been identified as a genotype II ASFV a derivative of the ASF strain circulating in Asia and Europe. However, to date no full-length genome sequence from either the 1978-1980 Here we report the complete genome sequence of an African swine fever virus (ASFV) (DR-1980) that was previously isolated from blood collected in 1980 from the Dominican Republic at the end of the last outbreak, before culling of all swine on the island of Hispaniola and stored in the Plum Island Animal Disease Center ASFV repository. A contig representing the full-length genome (183,687 base pairs) was de novo assembled into a single contig using both Nanopore and Illumina sequences. DR-1980 was determined to belong to genotype I and, as determined by full genome comparison, a close relative to the sequenced Sardinia viruses that were causing outbreaks at this time.

Examination of genetic polymorphisms in newborns for signatures of sex-specific prenatal selection.

Success rate in human pregnancies is believed to be very low and sex-specific mechanisms may operate in prenatal loss. Assuming a sex-differential in prenatal loss exists, we examined genetic markers in biologically plausible targets in the HLA complex, other immune system-related and iron-regulatory genes in 388 healthy newborns from Wales (UK) using one sex as a control group for the other. Genotyping of 333 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 107 genes was achieved mainly by TaqMan assays. Twenty-two of autosomal SNPs showed frequency differences between 187 male and 201 female newborns either individually or as part of a haplotype. Of these, six markers (RXRB rs2076310, HLA complex haplotype HLA-DQA1 rs1142316-HLA-DRA rs7192-HSPA1B rs1061581, HIST1H1T rs198844, IFNG rs2069727, NKG2D rs10772266 and IRF4 heterozygosity) showed statistically robust differences between male and female newborns and multivariable modeling confirmed their independence. There were fewer males homozygote for combined wildtype genotypes of LIF rs929271, TP53 rs1042522 and MDM2 rs2279744 compared with females [OR = 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.1-0.8; P < 0.01] although these SNPs did not show any association individually. It is unlikely that SNPs have clinical utility as single markers in any trait with complex etiology but polygenic predictive models remain a possibility. If their validity is confirmed in larger studies of different populations and functional mechanisms of these preliminary associations are elucidated, these markers from the HLA complex, NKG2D region and cytokines may cumulatively have sufficient predictive value for susceptibility to prenatal selection in each sex.

An intronic polymorphism of IRF4 gene influences gene transcription in vitro and shows a risk association with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in males.

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of DNA-binding proteins regulates expression of interferon-inducible genes with roles in the immune response and carcinogenesis. IRF4 is involved in the differentiation of B and T cells and is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies as a result of c-REL (NF-kappaB) hyperactivation. IRF4 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We examined 13 IRF4 SNPs in 114 cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 388 newborn controls from Wales (U.K.) using TaqMan assays. IRF4 intron 4 SNP rs12203592 showed a male-specific risk association (OR=4.4, 95% CI=1.5 to 12.6, P=0.007). Functional consequences of the C>T substitution at this SNP were assessed by cell-based reporter assays using three different cell lines. We found a repressive effect of the rs12203592 wildtype allele C on IRF4 promoter activity (P<0.001) but no repression by the variant allele in any cell line tested. Thus, homozygosity for the rs12203592 variant allele would result in increased IRF4 expression. This increase would be compounded by high levels of NF-kappaB activity in males due to the absence of estrogen. IRF4 differs from other IRFs in its anti-interferon activity which interferes with immune surveillance. We propose that a detailed study of IRF4 can provide information on the mechanism of the sex effect and the role of immune surveillance in childhood ALL development.

An extensive analysis of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene HFE and neighboring histone genes: associations with childhood leukemia.

The most common mutation of the HFE gene C282Y has shown a risk association with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Welsh and Scottish case-control studies. This finding has not been replicated outside Britain. Here, we present a thorough analysis of the HFE gene in a panel of HLA homozygous reference cell lines and in the original population sample from South Wales (117 childhood ALL cases and 414 newborn controls). The 21 of 24 variants analyzed were from the HFE gene region extending 52 kb from the histone gene HIST1H1C to HIST1H1T. We identified the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs807212 as a tagging SNP for the most common HFE region haplotype, which contains wild-type alleles of all HFE variants examined. This intergenic SNP rs807212 yielded a strong male-specific protective association (per allele OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.22-0.64, P (trend) = 0.0002; P = 0.48 in females), which accounted for the original C282Y risk association. In the HapMap project data, rs807212 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with 25 other SNPs spanning 151 kb around HFE. Minor alleles of these 26 SNPs characterized the most common haplotype for the HFE region, which lacked all disease-associated HFE variants. The HapMap data suggested positive selection in this region even in populations where the HFE C282Y mutation is absent. These results have implications for the sex-specific associations observed in this region and suggest the inclusion of rs807212 in future studies of the HFE gene and the extended HLA class I region.

HLA complex-linked heat shock protein genes and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility.

Three heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) genes, HSPA1L, HSPA1A, and HSPA1B, are located within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class III region. HSPs act as stress signals and regulate natural killer cell response to cancer. HSP70 gene polymorphisms show disease associations partly due to their linkage disequilibrium with HLA alleles. To systematically evaluate their associations with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we examined the three functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2227956 (T493M) in HSPA1L, rs1043618 in HSPA1A 5'UTR, and rs1061581 (Q351Q) in HSPA1B by TaqMan assays or polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 114 ALL cases and 414 controls from Wales (UK), in 100 Mexican Mestizo ALL cases and 253 controls belonging to the same ethnic group, and in a panel of 82 HLA-typed reference cell line samples. Homozygosity for HSPA1B rs1061581 minor allele G was associated with protection (odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16-0.78; P = 0.007) with gene-dosage effect (additive model) reaching significance (P = 0.0001) in the Welsh case-control group. This association was replicated in the second case-control group from Mexico (OR (recessive model) = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.24-0.96; P = 0.03), and the pooled analysis yielded a strong association (Mantel-Haenszel OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.27-0.69, P = 0.0004). The association was stronger in males in each group and in the pooled analysis. A three-SNP haplotype including the major allele A of rs1061581 showed a highly significant increase in Welsh cases compared with respective controls (6.7% vs 1.8%; P = 0.0003) due to the difference between male cases and controls. The protective allele of rs1061581 occurred more frequently on the HLA-DRB3 haplotypes (especially DRB1*03) in the cell line panel, but the HSPA1B association was independent from the HLA-DRB4 association previously detected in the same case-control group from Wales (adjusted P = 0.001). Given the cancer promoting roles played by HSPs intracellularly as well as roles in immune surveillance when expressed on the cell surface and the known correlations between expression levels and the HSP polymorphisms, these results are likely to indicate a primary association and warrant detailed assessment in childhood ALL development.

TP53 R72P and MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms in modification of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility.

Genomic and immunologic surveillance mechanisms are crucial in protection from cancer. The tumor suppressor protein p53, encoded by TP53, is a major regulator of genome surveillance. Among the natural sequence variants of TP53, rs1042522 (R72P) modifies the risk for solid tumors. To investigate its relevance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) susceptibility, we genotyped 114 cases and 414 newborn controls from Wales (UK) for polymorphisms in TP53 (R72P), its negative regulator MDM2 (single-nucleotide polymorphism SNP309, rs2279744), and selected HLA complex genes whose products interact with TP53. TP53 R72P showed a risk association with gene dosage effect (P=0.002) resulting in a strong association of homozygous genotype (OR=2.9, 95% CI=1.5-5.6) and no sex effect. SNP309 did not show any association with primary susceptibility to childhood ALL, even after stratification by sex. However, females with SNP309 minor allele had earlier onset of childhood ALL (median age at diagnosis was 36 months in females, but 60 months in males; P=0.002). The HLA complex genes did not show any statistically significant interaction with R72P. We have therefore identified TP53 R72P as a possible risk modifier for childhood ALL and the association of MDM2 with age at onset with sex effect suggests prenatal hormonal programming of childhood ALL susceptibility.