Resurrected microorganisms: a plethora of resting bacteria underway for human interaction.

Glaciers, which form due to the accumulation of snow, play a crucial role in providing freshwater resources, supporting river systems, and maintaining ecosystem stability. Pakistan is habitat to over 5000 glaciers, primarily located in the Hindukash, Himalaya, and Karakoram mountain ranges. Understanding the microbial communities thriving in these extreme environments becomes of utmost importance. These glaciers offer a unique perspective on extremophile adaptation, as they harbor microorganisms that are capable of surviving and thriving under harsh conditions. Glacial melting poses a significant threat to ancient microbiomes, potentially leading to the resurgence of epidemics and exposure of life to paleomicrobiota. Mostly glacial microbiome is evenly distributed and shows similar diversity. With the threat of resurrection of ages old microbiome and its incorporation into the waters have raised a major concern for revival of epidemics and exposure of life with paleanmicrobiota again. This has led the scientist to deeply observe the bacterial flora embedded in the cryonite holes of glaciers. This study aims to investigate the bacterial diversity within various glaciers of Pakistan using metagenomic techniques. Kamri, Burzil, Siachin, Baltoro, Shigar Basin, Biafo and Panama Glaciers designated from G1 to G7 respectively were chosen from Pakistan. Through rigorous physicochemical analyses, distinct characteristics among glaciers are revealed, including variations in temperature, depth, electrical conductivity, pH levels, and nutrient concentrations. The exploration of alpha diversity, employing metrics such as Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, and Inverse Simpson indices, offers valuable insights into the richness, evenness, and dominance of species within different samples. Beta diversity was calculated by using R software. The vegan package was used for NMSD, cluster and PCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance. PCA analysis was done by using prcomp package from R software. Based on OTU abundance and environmental factor data, DCA analysis was done to determine the linear model from the gradient value (RDA) and the unimodal model (CCA). results were compiled by drawing cluster dendrogram which predicts the patterns of similarity and dissimilarity between different samples. Notably, phyla Proteobacteria emerge as the dominant phylum, accompanied by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The dendrogram shows five clusters, with close similarity between G1 and G4, glacier samples G3 and G8, and G2 and G7. Seasonal variations in glacier physicochemical properties were also observed, with summer samples having shallower depths, lower temperatures, and slightly acidic pH. In contrast, winter samples have higher electrical conductivity and sulfur content. Ultimately, this research provides a foundational framework for comprehending glacier ecosystems, their resident microbial communities, and their broader ecological significance. The study highlights the potential public health risks linked to the release of ancient microorganisms due to climate change, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring and research to mitigate potential public health threats.

Feeding Behavior and Plasmodium Detection in Anopheles stephensi, a Malaria Vector in District Khyber, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Background: Anopheles stephensi is a significant malaria vector in Pakistan, and understanding its feeding behavior is necessary to control the spread of malaria. However, limited information is available on the host preferences of A. stephensi in Pakistan. Therefore, we aimed to explore the feeding behavior of A. stephensi, a malaria vector, in the District Khyber, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 7462 mosquitoes were collected between March and September 2021, with 1674 (22.4%) identified as A. stephensi (952 female and 722 male). Among the female A. stephensi, 495 (52%) were blood-fed. DNA was extracted from the blood-fed female A. stephensi mosquitoes using the Ammonium Acetate Precipitation Method followed by PCR analysis, blood meal sources were identified. Nested PCR on 191 pooled samples was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Results: Cattle blood meals were predominant (73%), followed by human (20%) and chicken (7%), with no dog blood meals detected. All individual mosquito samples were negative for Plasmodium falciparum, while two pooled samples (out of 191) tested positive for P. vivax. Conclusion: A. stephensi in Khyber District primarily displayed anthropophagic feeding behavior, with a small portion of the population infected with P. vivax. The results underscore the importance of targeted vector control strategies, environmental management, community engagement and continuous monitoring to suppress malaria transmission.

Insecticidal potential of Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae individually and their synergistic effect with barazide against Spodoptera litura.

Excessive use of insecticides are responsible to contaminate the environment, soil health, developing resistance in the insect pests, introduces new species, toxic to human and eliminates non-target organisms and affects the eco-balance and biodiversity adversely. Application of microbial bio-agents with the chemical insecticides is an assertive way to manage the population of pests, in an addition to dropping down the chemical residues risk to the eco-system. Larval stages of Spodoptera litura are prolific eater, caused huge losses globally. Individual and combined effect of chemical insecticides Barazide (Novaluron 5.25 %+Emamectin benzoate 0.9 % SC), entomopathogenic bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki), and entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) is assessed against the larvae of S. litura in bio-assay experiment. The decreasing trend in the observed mortality among insecticides alone is Barazide (95.80 ± 1.16, 85.30 ± 1.85 and 82.00 ± 1.72) > B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (88.70 ± 1.01, 79.90 ± 2.01 and 78.00 ± 2.91) > B. bassiana (82.60 ± 2.46, 73.90 ± 2.46 and 73.00 ± 4.16) > M. anisopliae (78.60 ± 1.46, 68.90 ± 2.96 and 69.00 ± 3.46) after 96 h at its highest inoculation level against 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae. The combined application of Barazide @0.1 % with B. thuringiensis @1.5%induced mortality cent percent after 72 and 96 h against 3rd and 4th instar. Chi-squared test indicated a significant level of mortality at p < 0.05 level at highest dose and the probit analysis showed lowest LC50 value at dose 5.15 and 7.63 % with 95 % FL:1.38-19.22 and 2.85-20.39 after 72 and 96 h of exposure against 3rd and 4th instar. The increasing trend in the observed mortality among insecticides used in combination is Barazide + B. thuringiensis < Barazide + B. bassiana < Barazide + M. anisopliae. Insecticides used in combination induced synergism that providing valuable practice to manage insect pests. These results suggested that the combined treatments could be a successful method for controlling the population of S. litura and at the same time farmers will decrease the inappropriate misuse and overuse of harmful chemical insecticides.

Phytoremediation efficiency of poplar hybrid varieties with diverse genetic backgrounds in soil contaminated by multiple toxic metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, and As).

Fifteen poplar varieties were used in a field trial to investigate the phytoremediation efficiency, stress resistance, and wood property of poplar hybrid varieties with diverse genetic backgrounds under the composite pollution of heavy metals. The coefficient of variation and clone repeatability for growth traits and Cd concentration were large. The Cd accumulation of poplar varieties 107 and QHQ reached 1.9 and 1.7 mg, respectively, followed by QHB, Ti, 69, and Pa, in which Cd accumulation reached 1.3 mg. Most of the intra-specific hybrid varieties (69, QH1, SL4, T3, and ZL46) had low Cd concentrations and small biomass, resulting in weak Cd accumulation and low phytoremediation efficiency for Cd-polluted soil. By contrast, the inter-sectional and inter-specific hybrid varieties exhibited better growth performance and accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals than the intra-specific hybrids. The bioconcentration factor and translocation factor of Hg, As, and Pb were less than 1, indicating that poplars have low phytoremediation efficiency for these heavy metals. The hybrids between section Aigeiros and Tacamahaca (QHQ and QHB) and the inter-specific hybrid 107 within section Aigeiros were more resistant to composite heavy metal stress than the other poplar varieties were partially because of their high levels of free proline that exceeded 93 µg·g-1 FW. According to the correlation analysis of the concentrations of the different heavy metals, the poplar roots absorbed different heavy metals in a cooperative manner, indicating that elite poplar varieties with superior capacity for accumulating diverse heavy metals can be bred feasibly. Compared with the intra-specific hybrid varieties, the inter-sectional (QHQ and QHB) and inter-specific (107) hybrid varieties had higher pollution remediation efficiency, larger biomass, higher cellulose content, and lower lignin content, which is beneficial for pulpwood. Therefore, breeding and extending inter-sectional (QHQ and QHB) and inter-specific hybrid varieties can improve the phytoremediation of composite pollution.

Characterization of a thermostable protease from Bacillus subtilis BSP strain.

This study used conservative one variable-at-a-time study and statistical surface response methods to increase the yields of an extracellular thermostable protease secreted by a newly identified thermophilic Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. Using conventional optimization techniques, physical parameters in submerged fermentation were adjusted at the shake flask level to reach 184 U/mL. These physicochemical parameters were further optimized by statistical surface response methodology using Box Behnken design, and the protease yield increased to 295 U/mL. The protease was purified and characterized biochemically. Both Ca2+ and Fe2+ increased the activity of the 36 kDa protease enzyme. Based on its strong inhibition by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), the enzyme was confirmed to be a metalloprotease. The protease was also resistant to various organic solvents (benzene, ethanol, methanol), surfactants (Triton X-100), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 20, Tween-80 and oxidants hydrogen per oxide (H2O2). Characteristics, such as tolerance to high SDS and H2O2 concentrations, indicate that this protease has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and detergent industries.

Natural dyes developed by microbial-nanosilver to produce antimicrobial and anticancer textiles.

Developing special textiles (for patients in hospitals for example) properties, special antimicrobial and anticancer, was the main objective of the current work. The developed textiles were produced after dyeing by the novel formula of natural (non-environmental toxic) pigments (melanin amended by microbial-AgNPs). Streptomyces torulosus isolate OSh10 with accession number KX753680.1 was selected as a superior producer for brown natural pigment. By optimization processes, some different pigment colors were observed after growing the tested strain on the 3 media. Dextrose and malt extract enhanced the bacteria to produce a reddish-black color. However, glycerol as the main carbon source and NaNO3 and asparagine as a nitrogen source were noted as the best for the production of brown pigment. In another case, starch as a polysaccharide was the best carbon for the production of deep green pigment. Peptone and NaNO3 are the best nitrogen sources for the production of deep green pigment. Microbial-AgNPs were produced by Fusarium oxysporum with a size of 7-21 nm, and the shape was spherical. These nanoparticles were used to produce pigments-nanocomposite to improve their promising properties. The antimicrobial of nanoparticles and textiles dyeing by nanocomposites was recorded against multidrug-resistant pathogens. The new nanocomposite improved pigments' dyeing action and textile properties. The produced textiles had anticancer activity against skin cancer cells with non-cytotoxicity detectable action against normal skin cells. The obtained results indicate to application of these textiles in hospital patients' clothes.

Phytoconstituents of Citrus limon (Lemon) as Potential Inhibitors Against Multi Targets of SARS-CoV-2 by Use of Molecular Modelling and In†Vitro Determination Approaches.

In the present work, phytoconstituents from Citrus limon are computationally tested against SARS-CoV-2 target protein such as Mpro - (5R82.pdb), Spike - (6YZ5.pdb) &RdRp - (7BTF.pdb) for COVID-19. Docking was done by glide model, QikProp was performed by in silico ADMET screening & Prime MM-GB/SA modules were used to define binding energy. When compared with approved COVID-19 drugs such as Remdesivir, Ritonavir, Lopinavir, and Hydroxychloroquine, plant-based constituents such as Quercetin, Rutoside, Naringin, Eriocitrin, and Hesperidin. bind with significant G-scores to the active SARS-CoV-2 place. The constituents Rutoside and Eriocitrin were studied in each MD simulation in 100 ns against 3 proteins 5R82.pdb, 6YZ5.pdb and 7BTF.pdb.We performed an assay with significant natural compounds from contacts and in silico results (Rutin, Eriocitrin, Naringin, Hesperidin) using 3CL protease assay kit (B.11529 Omicron variant). This kit contained 3CL inhibitor GC376 as Control. The IC50 value of the test compound was found to be Rutin -17.50 µM, Eriocitrin-37.91 µM, Naringin-39.58 µM, Hesperidine-140.20 µM, the standard inhibitory concentration of GC376 was 38.64 µM. The phytoconstituents showed important interactions with SARS-CoV-2 targets, and potential modifications could be beneficial for future development.

Assessment of drinking water quality using Water Quality Index and synthetic pollution index in urban areas of mega city Lahore: a GIS-based approach.

The aim of the present study was to assess the drinking water quality in the selected urban areas of Lahore and to comprehend the public health status by addressing the basic drinking water quality parameters. Total 50 tap water samples were collected from groundwater in the two selected areas of district Lahore i.e., Gulshan-e-Ravi (site 1) and Samanabad (site 2). Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory to elucidate physico-chemical parameters including pH, turbidity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, magnesium hardness, and calcium hardness. These physico-chemical parameters were used to examine the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI) in order to characterize the water quality. Results of th selected physico-chemical parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to determine the quality of drinking water. A GIS-based approach was used for mapping water quality, WQI, and SPI. Results of the present study revealed that the average value of temperature, pH, and DO of both study sites were within the WHO guidelines of 23.5 °C, 7.7, and 6.9 mg/L, respectively. The TDS level of site 1 was 192.56 mg/L (within WHO guidelines) and whereas, in site 2 it was found 612.84 mg/L (higher than WHO guidelines), respectively. Calcium hardness of site 1 and site 2 was observed within the range from 25.04 to 65.732 mg/L but, magnesium hardness values were higher than WHO guidelines. The major reason for poor water quality is old, worn-out water supply pipelines and improper waste disposal in the selected areas. The average WQI was found as 59.66 for site 1 and 77.30 for site 2. Results showed that the quality of the water was classified as "poor" for site 1 and "very poor " for site 2. There is a need to address the problem of poor water quality and also raise the public awareness about the quality of drinking water and its associated health impacts.

Advancing molecular modeling and reverse vaccinology in broad-spectrum yellow fever virus vaccine development.

Yellow fever outbreaks are prevalent, particularly in endemic regions. Given the lack of an established treatment for this disease, significant attention has been directed toward managing this arbovirus. In response, we developed a multiepitope vaccine designed to elicit an immune response, utilizing advanced immunoinformatic and molecular modeling techniques. To achieve this, we predicted B- and T-cell epitopes using the sequences from all structural (E, prM, and C) and nonstructural proteins of 196 YFV strains. Through comprehensive analysis, we identified 10 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and 5T-helper (Th) epitopes that exhibited overlap with B-lymphocyte epitopes. These epitopes were further evaluated for their affinity to a wide range of human leukocyte antigen system alleles and were rigorously tested for antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and conservation. These epitopes were linked to an adjuvant ( ß -defensin) and to each other using ligands, resulting in a vaccine sequence with appropriate physicochemical properties. The 3D structure of this sequence was created, improved, and quality checked; then it was anchored to the Toll-like receptor. Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics simulations were employed to enhance the accuracy of docking calculations, with the QM portion of the simulations carried out utilizing the density functional theory formalism. Moreover, the inoculation model was able to provide an optimal codon sequence that was inserted into the pET-28a( +) vector for in silico cloning and could even stimulate highly relevant humoral and cellular immunological responses. Overall, these results suggest that the designed multi-epitope vaccine can serve as prophylaxis against the yellow fever virus.

Utilization of microalgae for agricultural runoff remediation and sustainable biofuel production through an integrated biorefinery approach.

Generally wastewater such agricultural runoff is considered a nuisance; however, it could be harnessed as a potential source of nutrients like nitrates and phosphates in integrated biorefinery context. In the current study, microalgae Chlorella sp. S5 was used for bioremediation of agricultural runoff and the leftover algal biomass was used as a potential source for production of biofuels in an integrated biorefinery context. The microalgae Chlorella sp. S5 was cultivated on Blue Green (BG 11) medium and a comprehensive optimization of different parameters including phosphates, nitrates, and pH was carried out to acquire maximum algal biomass enriched with high lipids content. Dry biomass was quantified using the solvent extraction technique, while the identification of nitrates and phosphates in agricultural runoff was carried out using commercial kits. The algal extracted lipids (oils) were employed in enzymatic trans-esterification for biodiesel production using whole-cell biomass of Bacillus subtilis Q4 MZ841642. The resultant fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, both the intact algal biomass and its lipid-depleted algal biomass were used for biogas production within a batch anaerobic digestion setup. Interestingly, Chlorella sp. S5 demonstrated a substantial reduction of 95% in nitrate and 91% in phosphate from agricultural runoff. The biodiesel derived from algal biomass exhibited a noteworthy total FAME content of 98.2%, meeting the quality standards set by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European union (EU) standards. Furthermore, the biomethane yields obtained from whole biomass and lipid-depleted biomass were 330.34 NmL/g VSadded and 364.34 NmL/g VSadded, respectively. In conclusion, the findings underscore the potent utility of Chlorella sp. S5 as a multi-faceted resource, proficiently employed in a sequential cascade for treating agricultural runoff, producing biodiesel, and generating biogas within the integrated biorefinery concept.

Exploring ascomycete diversity in Yunnan II: Introducing three novel species in the suborder Massarineae (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales) from fern and grasses.

This article presents the results of an ongoing inventory of Ascomycota in Yunnan, China, carried out as part of the research project series "Exploring ascomycete diversity in Yunnan". From over 100 samples collected from diverse host substrates, microfungi have been isolated, identified and are currently being documented. The primary objective of this research is to promote the discovery of novel taxa and explore the ascomycete diversity in the region, utilising a morphology-phylogeny approach. This article represents the second series of species descriptions for the project and introduces three undocumented species found in the families Bambusicolaceae, Dictyosporiaceae and Periconiaceae, belonging to the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). These novel taxa exhibit typical morphological characteristics of Bambusicola, Periconia and Trichobotrys, leading to their designation as Bambusicolahongheensis, Periconiakunmingensis and Trichobotryssinensis. Comprehensive multigene phylogenetic analyses were conducted to validate the novelty of these species. The results revealed well-defined clades that are clearly distinct from other related species, providing robust support for their placement within their respective families. Notably, this study unveils the phylogenetic affinity of Trichobotrys within Dictyosporiaceae for the first time. Additionally, the synanamorphism for the genus Trichobotrys is also reported for the first time. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and updated phylogenies of the novel species are provided, and thus presenting a valuable resource for researchers and mycologists interested in the diversity of ascomycetes in Yunnan. By enhancing our understanding of the Ascomycota diversity in this region, this research contributes to the broader field of fungal taxonomy and their phylogenetic understanding.

CDCA8, a mitosis-related gene, as a prospective pan-cancer biomarker: implications for survival prognosis and oncogenic immunology.

BACKGROUND: Human cell division cycle-associated protein 8 (CDCA8), a critical regulator of mitosis, has been identified as a prospective prognostic biomarker in several cancer types, including breast, colon, and lung cancers. This study analyzed the diagnostic/prognostic potential and clinical implications of CDCA8 across diverse cancers. METHODS: Bioinformatics and molecular experiments. RESULTS: Analyzing TCGA data via TIMER2 and GEPIA2 databases revealed significant up-regulation of CDCA8 in 23 cancer types compared to normal tissues. Prognostically, elevated CDCA8 expression correlated with poorer overall survival in KIRC, LUAD, and SKCM, emphasizing its potential as a prognostic marker. UALCAN analysis demonstrated CDCA8 up-regulation based on clinical variables, such as cancer stage, race, and gender, in these cancers. Epigenetic exploration indicated reduced CDCA8 promoter methylation levels in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC), Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM) tissues compared to normal controls. Promoter methylation and mutational analyses showcased a hypomethylation and low mutation rate for CDCA8 in these cancers. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between CDCA8 expression and infiltrating immune cells, particularly CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis unveiled key interacting proteins, while gene enrichment analysis highlighted their involvement in crucial cellular processes and pathways. Additionally, exploration of CDCA8-associated drugs through DrugBank presented potential therapeutic options for KIRC, LUAD, and SKCM. In vitro validation using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed elevated CDCA8 expression in LUAD cell lines (A549 and H1299) compared to control cell lines (Beas-2B and NL-20). CONCLUSION: This study provides concise insights into CDCA8's multifaceted role in KIRC, LUAD, and SKCM, covering expression patterns, diagnostic and prognostic relevance, epigenetic regulation, mutational landscape, immune infiltration, and therapeutic implications.

Immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology approach in designing a novel highly immunogenic multivalent peptide-based vaccine against the human monkeypox virus.

Background: Monkeypox is a highly infectious zoonotic disease, often resulting in complications ranging from respiratory illnesses to vision loss. The escalating global incidence of its cases demands prompt attention, as the absence of a proven post-exposure treatment underscores the criticality of developing an effective vaccine. Methods: Interactions of the viral proteins with TLR2 and TLR4 were investigated to assess their immunogenic potentials. Highly immunogenic proteins were selected and subjected to epitope mapping for identifying B-cell and MHC class I and II epitopes. Epitopes with high antigenicity were chosen, considering global population coverage. A multi-target, multi-epitope vaccine peptide was designed, incorporating a beta-defensin 2 adjuvant, B-cell epitopes, and MHC class I and II epitopes. Results: The coordinate structure of the engineered vaccine was modeled and validated. In addition, its physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, and virulence traits were evaluated. Molecular docking studies indicated strong interactions between the vaccine peptide and the TLR2 receptor. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations and immune simulation studies reflected its potent cytosolic stability and robust immune response dynamics induced by the vaccine. Conclusion: This study explored an innovative structure-guided approach in the use of immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology in pursuit of a novel multi-epitope vaccine against the highly immunogenic monkeypox viral proteins. The simulation studies indicated the engineered vaccine candidate to be promising in providing prophylaxis to the monkeypox virus; nevertheless, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to prove its efficacy.

Effect of glyphosate on the growth and survival of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.).

Grass pea (L. sativus L.) is a widely cultivated crop worldwide, forming a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Glyphosate is commonly used by farmers for weed control during agricultural processes. However, the application of this chemical herbicide negatively impacts soil fertility by affecting the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. This study aimed to assess the effects of glyphosate on rhizobia isolated from healthy and robust Grass pea plants. Specifically, Grass pea plants exhibiting vigorous growth and a healthy appearance were intentionally selected to isolate rhizobia from their root nodules. The isolated rhizobia were then characterized based on their morphological features, biochemical properties, and resistance to abiotic traits. Rhizobial isolates from grass peas exhibited Gram-negative, rod-shaped morphology, milky colony color, and variable colony sizes. Additionally, the majority displayed smooth colony surfaces on yeast extract mannitol agar medium. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, the isolates could be grouped under the genus Rhizobium. Optimum growth conditions for these isolates were observed at temperatures between 28 and 38 °C, pH levels ranging from 5 to 8, and salt (NaCl) concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. At a concentration of 20 mL L-1, glyphosate inhibited 5.52-47% of the Rhizobium population. The inhibition percentage increased to 17.1-53.38% at a concentration of 40 mL L-1. However, when exposed to a higher concentration (60 mL/L) of glyphosate, 87% of the isolates were inhibited. The number of colonies after glyphosate exposure was significantly dependent on concentration, and there were notable differences between treatments with varying glyphosate concentrations (p < 0.05). Glyphosate negatively impacted the survival of grass pea rhizobia, leading to a reduction in the Rhizobium population (CFU). However, the effect varied between Rhizobium isolated from grass pea root nodules.

Uroprotective Potential of Campesterol in Cyclophosphamide Induced Interstitial Cystitis; Molecular Docking Studies.

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is commonly used to treat cancer of the ovaries, breast, lymph, and blood system and produces interstitial cystitis (IC) via its urotoxic metabolite: i. e., acrolein. The present study was aimed to investigate the uroprotective effect of campesterol (a steroidal phytochemical) in cyclophosphamide induced IC. IC was induced by CYP (150 mg/kg, i. p.) in rats. The Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for oxidative stress markers and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for inflammatory cytokines were carried out. The Tissue Organ Bath Technique was used for the evaluation of the spasmolytic effect of campesterol. Different pharmacological antagonists have been used to explore the mechanism of action of campesterol. Treatment with campesterol (70 mg/kg) reduced nociception (55 %), edema (67 %), hemorrhage (67 %), and protein leakage significantly (94 %). The antioxidant activity of campesterol was exhibited by a fall in MDA, NO, and an elevation in SOD, CAT, and GPX levels. Campesterol presented anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing IL-1, TNF-α, and TGF-ß expression levels. Histologically, it preserved urothelium from the deleterious effect of CYP. Campesterol showed a spasmolytic effect by reducing bladder overactivity that was dependent on muscarinic receptors, voltage-gated calcium and KATP channels, and cyclo-oxygenase pathways. In silico studies confirmed the biochemical findings. The findings suggest that campesterol could be valorized as a possible therapeutic agent against cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis.

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections at Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Bloodstream infection (BSI) prevalence in hospitalized patients has increased owing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens; moreover, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is a global problem. Here, BSIs are investigated in several patients at a hospital in Saudi Arabia, and the resistance of bacterial isolates to widely used drugs is determined. Throughout 2020, bacteria isolated from patients were identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. In total, 1125 bacterial isolates were obtained from 1039 patients; among them, gram-positive bacteria were significantly more abundant than gram-negative bacteria. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Notably, gram-negative bacteria were mainly isolated from adult patients, and 20.63% of the gram-positive isolates were from pediatric patients, which was significantly higher than the corresponding percentages in elders and adults. The gram-positive isolates were mainly resistant to cephalothin, oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and erythromycin and susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin. Additionally, the gram-negative isolates were mainly resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate and susceptible to amikacin, ertapenem, aztreonam, colistin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Consequently, the high prevalence of infective multidrug-resistant bacteria may account as a significant health issue; it is considered a hazard in Riyadh hospitals and must be prevented at all costs.

Pleomorphic Dematiomelanommayunnanense gen. et sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Melanommataceae) from grassland vegetation in Yunnan, China.

During a survey of microfungi associated with grasslands and related vegetation types from Yunnan Province in China, various ascomycetous and coelomycetous fungi were isolated. This study reports the discovery of four strains of ascomycetous and coelomycetous fungi from dead stalks of Hypericummonogynum L. (Hypericaceae) and Rubusparvifolius L. (Rosaceae) in the Zhaotong region of Yunnan Province, China. The isolates were characterized using multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and were found to represent a new monophyletic lineage in Melanommataceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). This new clade was named as Dematiomelanommayunnanense gen. et sp. nov. which consists of both sexual and asexual morphs. The sexual morph is characterized by globose to subglobose ascomata with a central ostiole, cylindrical asci with a pedicel and ocular chamber, and muriform, ellipsoidal to fusiform ascospores. The asexual morph has synanamorphs including both brown, muriform macroconidia and hyaline, round to oblong or ellipsoidal microconidia. These findings contribute to the understanding of fungal diversity in grasslands and related vegetation types in Yunnan Province, China.

Eco-friendly textile desizing with indigenously produced amylase from Bacillus cereus AS2.

Starch is added to the fabric surface to secure weaving process. During finishing these sized particles are removed from the fabric and prepared it for printing and dyeing. Chemicals de-sizing agents damage fabric surfaces and reduce the quality of the product. An alternative to these conventional desizing agents is the use of biological molecules i.e. enzymes. The current study compares traditional de-sizing to bio-based de-sizing methods, as well as the optimization of fabric desizing settings using crude amylase. Amylase-producing Bacillus cereus AS2 was isolated from indigenous soil samples. The maximal fermentative de-sizing capability was discovered at 72 h, with no fabric surface degradation. Chemical desizing showed that the fabric lost all sizing agents to TEGEWA scale 9 within 1 h in presence of 5N HCl. Optimal studies for desizing showed that 1000 IU/ml of amylase resulted in maximum de-sizing within 15 h at 60 °C and 0.5% Triton-X. Water absorbance and weight loss, both parameters were used to check the desizing efficacy and it was found that de-sizing to same scale was occurred in the case of enzyme as well as commercially desized fabric. Enzyme desized cloth was found to be free of any starch particles in SEM micrographs, identical to industrially de-sized fabric, ensuring bioprocess efficacy.

Comparative analysis of phyto-fabricated chitosan, copper oxide, and chitosan-based CuO nanoparticles: antibacterial potential against Acinetobacter baumannii isolates and anticancer activity against HepG2 cell lines.

The aim of this study was to provide a comparative analysis of chitosan (CH), copper oxide (CuO), and chitosan-based copper oxide (CH-CuO) nanoparticles for their application in the healthcare sector. The nanoparticles were synthesized by a green approach using the extract of Trianthema portulacastrum. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using different techniques, such as the synthesis of the particles, which was confirmed by UV-visible spectrometry that showed absorbance at 300 nm, 255 nm, and 275 nm for the CH, CuO, and CH-CuO nanoparticles, respectively. The spherical morphology of the nanoparticles and the presence of active functional groups was validated by SEM, TEM, and FTIR analysis. The crystalline nature of the particles was verified by XRD spectrum, and the average crystallite sizes of 33.54 nm, 20.13 nm, and 24.14 nm were obtained, respectively. The characterized nanoparticles were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, where potent activities were exhibited by the nanoparticles. The bioassay for antioxidant activity also confirmed DPPH scavenging activity for all the nanoparticles. This study also evaluated anticancer activities of the CH, CuO, and CH-CuO nanoparticles against HepG2 cell lines, where maximum inhibitions of 54, 75, and 84% were recorded, respectively. The anticancer activity was also confirmed by phase contrast microscopy, where the treated cells exhibited deformed morphologies. This study demonstrates the potential of the CH-CuO nanoparticle as an effective antibacterial agent, having with its antibiofilm activity, and in cancer treatment.