Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance and Survival of High-Risk Individuals.

Importance: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease with increasing incidence. The majority of PDACs are incurable at presentation, but population-based screening is not recommended. Surveillance of high-risk individuals for PDAC may lead to early detection, but the survival benefit is unproven. Objective: To compare the survival of patients with surveillance-detected PDAC with US national data. Design, Setting, and Participants: This comparative cohort study was conducted in multiple US academic medical centers participating in the Cancer of the Pancreas Screening program, which screens high-risk individuals with a familial or genetic predisposition for PDAC. The comparison cohort comprised patients with PDAC matched for age, sex, and year of diagnosis from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. The Cancer of the Pancreas Screening program originated in 1998, and data collection was done through 2021. The data analysis was performed from April 29, 2022, through April 10, 2023. Exposures: Endoscopic ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging performed annually and standard-of-care surgical and/or oncologic treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures: Stage of PDAC at diagnosis, overall survival (OS), and PDAC mortality were compared using descriptive statistics and conditional logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and competing risk regression models. Sensitivity analyses and adjustment for lead-time bias were also conducted. Results: A total of 26 high-risk individuals (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 65.8 [9.5] years; 15 female [57.7%]) with PDAC were compared with 1504 SEER control patients with PDAC (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 66.8 [7.9] years; 771 female [51.3%]). The median primary tumor diameter of the 26 high-risk individuals was smaller than in the control patients (2.5 [range, 0.6-5.0] vs 3.6 [range, 0.2-8.0] cm, respectively; P < .001). The high-risk individuals were more likely to be diagnosed with a lower stage (stage I, 10 [38.5%]; stage II, 8 [30.8%]) than matched control patients (stage I, 155 [10.3%]; stage II, 377 [25.1%]; P < .001). The PDAC mortality rate at 5 years was lower for high-risk individuals than control patients (43% vs 86%; hazard ratio, 3.58; 95% CI, 2.01-6.39; P < .001), and high-risk individuals lived longer than matched control patients (median OS, 61.7 [range, 1.9-147.3] vs 8.0 [range, 1.0-131.0] months; 5-year OS rate, 50% [95% CI, 32%-80%] vs 9% [95% CI, 7%-11%]). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that surveillance of high-risk individuals may lead to detection of smaller, lower-stage PDACs and improved survival.

Germline Pathogenic Variants in Patients With Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancers.

PURPOSE: Inherited cancer susceptibility is often not suspected in the absence of a significant cancer family history. Pathogenic germline variants in pancreatic cancer are well-studied, and routine genetic testing is recommended in the guidelines. However, data on rare periampullary cancers other than pancreatic cancer are insufficient. We compared the prevalence of germline susceptibility variants in patients with pancreatic cancer and nonpancreatic periampullary cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred and eight patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenal resection at a tertiary referral hospital were studied, including 213 with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 172 with ampullary cancer, 154 with distal common bile duct cancer, and 69 with duodenal adenocarcinoma. Twenty cancer susceptibility and candidate susceptibility genes were sequenced, and variant interpretation was assessed by interrogating ClinVar and PubMed. RESULTS: Pathogenic or likely pathogenic, moderate- to high-penetrant germline variants were identified in 46 patients (7.7%), including a similar percentage of patients with pancreatic (8.5%) and nonpancreatic periampullary cancer (7.1%). Low-penetrant variants were identified in an additional 11 patients (1.8%). Eighty-nine percent of the moderate- to high-penetrant variants involved the major cancer susceptibility genes BRCA2, ATM, BRCA1, CDKN2A, MSH2/MLH1, and PALB2; the remaining 11% involved other cancer susceptibility genes such as BRIP1, BAP1, and MSH6. Almost all pathogenic variant carriers had a family history of cancer. CONCLUSION: Patients with pancreatic and nonpancreatic periampullary cancer have a similar prevalence of pathogenic cancer susceptibility variants. Germline susceptibility testing should be considered for patients with any periampullary cancer.

Using Tumor Marker Gene Variants to Improve the Diagnostic Accuracy of DUPAN-2 and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 for Pancreatic Cancer.

PURPOSE: Circulating carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels reflect FUT3 and FUT2 fucosyltransferase activity. Measuring the related glycan, DUPAN-2, can be useful in individuals unable to synthesize CA19-9. We hypothesized that similar to CA19-9, FUT functional groups determined by variants in FUT3 and FUT2 influence DUPAN-2 levels, and having tumor marker reference ranges for each functional group would improve diagnostic performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a training/validation study design, FUT2/FUT3 genotypes were determined in 938 individuals from Johns Hopkins Hospital: 607 Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) study subjects with unremarkable pancreata and 331 with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Serum DUPAN-2 and CA19-9 levels were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS: In controls, three functional FUT groups were identified with significant differences in DUPAN-2 levels: FUT3-intact, FUT3-null/FUT2-intact, and FUT3-null/FUT2-null. DUPAN-2 training set diagnostic cutoffs for each FUT group yielded higher diagnostic sensitivity in the validation set for patients with stage I/II PDAC than uniform cutoffs (60.4% [95% CI, 50.2 to 70.0] v 39.8% [30.0 to 49.8]), at approximately 99% (96.7 to 99.6) specificity. Combining FUT/CA19-9 and FUT/DUPAN-2 tests yielded 78.4% (72.3 to 83.7) sensitivity for stage I/II PDAC, at 97.7% (95.3 to 99.1) specificity in the combined sets, with higher AUC (stage I/II: 0.960 v 0.935 for CA19-9 + DUPAN-2 without the FUT test; P < .001); for stage I PDAC, sensitivity was 62.0% (49.1 to 73.2; AUC, 0.919 v 0.883; P = .03). CA19-9 levels in FUT3-null/FUT2-null PDAC subjects were higher than in FUT3-null/FUT2-intact subjects (median/IQR; 24.9/57.4 v <1/2.3 U/mL; P = .0044). In a simulated CAPS cohort, AUC precision recall (AUCPR) scores were 0.51 for CA19-9 alone, 0.64 for FUT/CA19-9, 0.73 for CA19-9/DUPAN-2, and 0.84 for FUT/CA19-9/DUPAN-2. CONCLUSION: Using a tumor marker gene test to individualize CA19-9 and DUPAN-2 reference ranges achieves high diagnostic performance for stage I/II pancreatic cancer.

Using a CA19-9 Tumor Marker Gene Test to Assess Outcome After Pancreatic Cancer Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is widely used as a marker of pancreatic cancer tumor burden and response to therapy. Synthesis of CA19-9 and its circulating levels are determined by variants encoding the fucosyltransferases, FUT2 and FUT3. Individuals can be grouped into one of four functional FUT groups (FUT3-null, FUT-low, FUT-intermediate, FUT-high), each with its own CA19-9 reference range based on its predicted capacity to produce CA19-9. The authors hypothesized that a FUT variant-based CA19-9 tumor marker gene test could improve the prognostic performance of CA19-9. METHODS: Preoperative and pre-treatment CA19-9 levels were measured, and FUT variants were determined in 449 patients who underwent surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 2010 and 2020, including 270 patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy. Factors associated with recurrence-free and overall survival were determined in Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Higher preoperative CA19-9 levels were associated with recurrence and mortality for patients in the higher-FUT groups (FUT-intermediate, FUT-high for mortality, with adjustment for other prognostic factors; hazard ratio [HR], 1.34 and 1.58, respectively; P < 0.001), but not for those in the lower-FUT groups (FUT3-null, FUT-low). As a tumor marker, CA19-9 levels of 100 U/ml or lower after neoadjuvant therapy and normalization of CA19-9 based on FUT group were more sensitive but less specific predictors of evidence for a major pathologic response to therapy (little/no residual tumor) and of early recurrence (within 6 months). CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing pancreatic cancer resection, a CA19-9 tumor marker gene test modestly improved the prognostic performance of CA19-9.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Assessment of Pancreatic Fat Strongly Correlates With Histology-Based Assessment of Pancreas Composition.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based estimation of pancreatic fat and histology-based measurement of pancreatic composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, MRI was used to noninvasively estimate pancreatic fat content in preoperative images from high-risk individuals and disease controls having normal pancreata. A deep learning algorithm was used to label 11 tissue components at micron resolution in subsequent pancreatectomy histology. A linear model was used to determine correlation between histologic tissue composition and MRI fat estimation. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (mean age 64.0 ± 12.0 years [standard deviation], 15 women) were evaluated. The fat content measured by MRI ranged from 0% to 36.9%. Intrapancreatic histologic tissue fat content ranged from 0.8% to 38.3%. MRI pancreatic fat estimation positively correlated with microanatomical composition of fat (r = 0.90, 0.83 to 0.95], P < 0.001); as well as with pancreatic cancer precursor ( r = 0.65, P < 0.001); and collagen ( r = 0.46, P < 0.001) content, and negatively correlated with pancreatic acinar ( r = -0.85, P < 0.001) content. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic fat content, measurable by MRI, correlates to acinar content, stromal content (fibrosis), and presence of neoplastic precursors of cancer.

Esophageal Lichen Planus: A Descriptive Multicenter Report.

GOALS: To better understand the characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes of patients with esophageal lichen planus (ELP). BACKGROUND: ELP is a rare, often unrecognized and misdiagnosed disorder. Data on this unique patient population are currently limited to small, single-center series. STUDY: A multicenter, retrospective descriptive study was conducted of adults diagnosed with ELP over a 5-year period, between January 1, 2015, and October 10, 2020, from 7 centers across the United States. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (average age 65 y, 86% female, 90% Caucasian) were included. Over half had at least 1 extraesophageal manifestation. Esophageal strictures (54%) and abnormal mucosa (50%) were frequent endoscopic findings, with the proximal esophagus the most common site of stricture. Approximately 20% had normal endoscopic findings. Topical steroids (64%) and/or proton pump inhibitors (74%) dominated management; endoscopic response favored steroids (43% vs. 29% respectively). Almost half of the patients required switching treatment modalities during the study period. Adjunctive therapies varied significantly between centers. CONCLUSIONS: Given its at times subtle clinical and endoscopic signs, a high index of suspicion and biopsy will improve ELP diagnosis, especially in those with extraesophageal manifestations. Effective therapies are lacking and vary significantly. Prospective investigations into optimal treatment regimens are necessary.

Duodenal and pancreatic tissue microbiome profiles of PPI users and non-users.

Factors that influence the pancreas microbiome are not well understood. Regular proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use induces significant alterations in the gut microbiome, including an increase in the abundance of Streptococcus, and may be associated with pancreatic cancer risk. The aim of this study was to examine whether PPI use is associated with pancreatic and duodenal tissue microbiomes. We compared 16S rRNA microbiome profiles of normal pancreatic and duodenal tissue from 103 patients undergoing pancreatic surgery for non-malignant indications, including 34 patients on PPIs, accounting for factors including age, smoking, body mass index and the presence of main pancreatic duct dilation. Histologically normal tissue from the pancreatic head had higher alpha diversity and enrichment of Firmicutes by phylum-level analysis and Streptococcus species compared to normal pancreas body/tail tissues (16.8 % vs 8.8 %, P = .02, and 5.9 % vs 1.4 %, P = .03, respectively). Measures of beta diversity differed significantly between the pancreas and the duodenum, but in subjects with main pancreatic duct dilation, beta diversity of pancreatic head tissue was more similar to normal duodenal tissue than those without pancreatic duct dilation. Duodenal tissue of PPI users had significant enrichment of Firmicute phyla (34.7 % vs. 14.1 %, P = .01) and Streptococcus genera (19.5 % vs. 5.2 %, P = .01) compared to non-users; these differences were not evident in pancreas tissues. By multivariate analysis, PPI use was associated with alpha diversity in the duodenum, but not in the pancreas. However, some differences in pancreas tissue beta diversity were observed between PPI users and non-users. In summary, we find differences in the microbiome profiles of the pancreas head versus the pancreatic body/tail and we find PPI use is associated with alterations in duodenal and pancreatic tissue microbiome profiles.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for aortic regurgitation in HeartMate II supported patient using Myval THV: a case report.

De novo aortic regurgitation (AR) presents a great challenge following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation and requires valve replacement in some cases. Patients with LVAD are frequently those who underwent multiple previous sternotomies or suffer from multiple comorbidities. Thus, they are at high surgical risk for further sternotomy. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) previously approved for treatment of severe aortic stenosis is also used for this category of patients. Here, we report the case of a young female patient supported with heart mate II LVAD who presented with severe de novo AR. The patient was successfully treated with TAVI using Myval trancatheter heart valve (THV) in our center. To our knowledge, our patient is the first to be treated with such type of valve using TAVI procedure in LVAD supported patients.

Diagnostic Performance of a Tumor Marker Gene Test to Personalize Serum CA19-9 Reference Ranges.

PURPOSE: CA19-9 synthesis is influenced by common variants in the fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes FUT3 and FUT2. We developed a clinical test to detect FUT variants, and evaluated its diagnostic performance for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A representative set of controls from the Cancer of the Pancreas Screening study was identified for each FUT functional group. Diagnostic sensitivity was determined first in a testing set of 234 PDAC cases, followed by a 134-case validation set, all of whom had undergone resection with curative intent without neoadjuvant therapy. Tumor marker gene testing was performed in the Johns Hopkins Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory. CA19-9 levels were measured in the Hopkins Clinical Chemistry lab. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the discriminative ability of CA19-9 alone versus with the gene test. RESULTS: Applying the CA19-9 standard cutoff (<36 U/mL) to all 716 subjects yielded a 68.8% sensitivity in the test set of cases, 67.2% in the validation set, at 91.4% specificity. Applying 99th percentile cutoffs according to each individual's FUT group (3, 34.9, 41.8, and 89.2, for the FUT3-null, FUT-low, FUT-intermediate, and FUT-high groups, respectively) yielded a diagnostic sensitivity for CA19-9 in the first set of cases of 66.7%, 65.7% in the validation set, at 98.9% specificity. ROC analysis for CA19-9 alone yielded an AUC of 0.84; with the tumor marker gene test, AUC improved to 0.92 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a tumor marker gene test to personalize an individual's CA19-9 reference range significantly improves diagnostic accuracy.

Transoral incisionless fundoplication for recurrent symptoms after laparoscopic fundoplication.

BACKGROUND: Revision of a failed laparoscopic fundoplication carries higher risk of complication and lower chance of success compared to the original surgery. Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) may be an endoscopic alternative for select GERD patients without need of a moderate/large hiatal hernia repair. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility, efficacy, and safety of TIF 2.0 after failed laparoscopic Nissen or Toupet fundoplication (TIFFF). METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent TIFFF between September 2017 and December 2020 using TIF 2.0 technique (EsophyX Z/Z+) performed by gastroenterologists and surgeons. Patients were included if they had (1) recurrent GERD symptoms, (2) pathologic reflux based upon pH testing or Grade C/D esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus, and (3) hiatal hernia ≤ 2 cm. The primary outcome was improvement in GERD Health-Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQL) post-TIFFF. The TIFFF cohort was also compared to a similar surgical re-operative cohort using propensity score matching. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent TIFFF (median 4.1 years after prior fundoplication) and mean GERD-HRQL score improved from 24.3 ± 22.9 to 14.75 ± 21.6 (p = 0.014); mean Reflux Severity Index (RSI) score improved from 14.1 ± 14.6 to 9.1 ± 8.0 (p = 0.046) with 8/10 (80%) of patients with normal RSI (< 13) post-TIF. Esophagitis healed in 78% of patients. PPI use decreased from 85 to 55% with 8/20 (45%) patients off of PPI. Importantly, mean acid exposure time decreased from 12% ± 17.8 to 0.8% ± 1.1 (p = 0.028) with 9/9 (100%) of patients with normalized pH post-TIF. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical efficacy outcomes between TIFFF and surgical revision, but TIFFF had significantly fewer late adverse events. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic rescue with TIF is a safe and efficacious alternative to redo laparoscopic surgery in symptomatic patients with appropriate anatomy and objective evidence of persistent or recurrent reflux.

Endoplasmic stress-inducing variants in carboxyl ester lipase and pancreatic cancer risk.

BACKGROUND: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing variants in several pancreatic secretory enzymes have been associated with pancreatic disease. Multiple variants in CEL, encoding carboxyl ester lipase, are known to cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY8) but have not been implicated in pancreatic cancer risk. METHODS: The prevalence of ER stress-inducing variants in the CEL gene was compared among pancreatic cancer cases vs. controls. Variants were identified by next-generation sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were assessed for their effect on the secretion of CEL protein and variants with reduced protein secretion were evaluated to determine if they induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. RESULTS: ER stress-inducing CEL variants were found in 34 of 986 cases with sporadic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and 21 of 1045 controls (P = 0.055). Most of the variants were either the CEL-HYB1 variant, the I488T variant, or the combined CEL-HYB1/I488T variant; one case had a MODY8 variant. CONCLUSION: This case/control analysis finds ER stress-inducing CEL variants are not associated with an increased likelihood of having pancreatic cancer.

The Multicenter Cancer of Pancreas Screening Study: Impact on Stage and Survival.

PURPOSE: To report pancreas surveillance outcomes of high-risk individuals within the multicenter Cancer of Pancreas Screening-5 (CAPS5) study and to update outcomes of patients enrolled in prior CAPS studies. METHODS: Individuals recommended for pancreas surveillance were prospectively enrolled into one of eight CAPS5 study centers between 2014 and 2021. The primary end point was the stage distribution of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) detected (stage I v higher-stage). Overall survival was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of 1,461 high-risk individuals enrolled into CAPS5, 48.5% had a pathogenic variant in a PDAC-susceptibility gene. Ten patients were diagnosed with PDAC, one of whom was diagnosed with metastatic PDAC 4 years after dropping out of surveillance. Of the remaining nine, seven (77.8%) had a stage I PDAC (by surgical pathology) detected during surveillance; one had stage II, and one had stage III disease. Seven of these nine patients with PDAC were alive after a median follow-up of 2.6 years. Eight additional patients underwent surgical resection for worrisome lesions; three had high-grade and five had low-grade dysplasia in their resected specimens. In the entire CAPS cohort (CAPS1-5 studies, 1,731 patients), 26 PDAC cases have been diagnosed, 19 within surveillance, 57.9% of whom had stage I and 5.2% had stage IV disease. By contrast, six of the seven PDACs (85.7%) detected outside surveillance were stage IV. Five-year survival to date of the patients with a screen-detected PDAC is 73.3%, and median overall survival is 9.8 years, compared with 1.5 years for patients diagnosed with PDAC outside surveillance (hazard ratio [95% CI]; 0.13 [0.03 to 0.50], P = .003). CONCLUSION: Most pancreatic cancers diagnosed within the CAPS high-risk cohort in the recent years have had stage I disease with long-term survival.

Endoplasmic stress-inducing variants in CPB1 and CPA1 and risk of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study and meta-analysis.

Gene variants that encode pancreatic enzymes with impaired secretion can induce pancreatic acinar endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cellular injury and pancreatitis. The role of such variants in pancreatic cancer risk has received little attention. We compared the prevalence of ER stress-inducing variants in CPA1 and CPB1 in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC cases), enrolled in the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry, to their prevalence in noncancer controls in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Variants of unknown significance were expressed and variants with reduced secretion assessed for ER stress induction. In vitro assessments were compared with software predictions of variant function. Protein variant software was used to assess variants found in only one gnomAD control ("n-of-one" variants). A meta-analysis of prior PDAC case/control studies was also performed. Of the 1385 patients with PDAC, 0.65% were found to harbor an ER stress-inducing variant in CPA1 or CPB1, compared to 0.17% of the 64 026 controls (odds ratio [OR]: 3.80 [1.92-7.51], P = .0001). ER stress-inducing variants in the CPA1 gene were identified in 4 of 1385 PDAC cases vs 77 of 64 026 gnomAD controls (OR: 2.4 [0.88-6.58], P = .087), and variants in CPB1 were detected in 5 of 1385 cases vs 33 of 64 026 controls (OR: 7.02 [2.74-18.01], P = .0001). Meta-analysis demonstrated strong associations for pancreatic cancer and ER-stress inducing variants for both CPA1 (OR: 3.65 [1.58-8.39], P < .023) and CPB1 (OR: 9.51 [3.46-26.15], P < .001). Rare variants in CPB1 and CPA1 that induce ER stress are associated with increased odds of developing pancreatic cancer.

Response of Laryngopharyngeal Symptoms to Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication in Patients with Refractory Proven Gastroesophageal Reflux.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptoms may not respond to proton pump inhibitors (PPI) if they have an alternative laryngeal diagnosis or high-volume reflux. Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) or TIF with concomitant hiatal hernia repair (cTIF) are effective in decreasing symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but are not well studied in patients with LPR symptoms. This prospective multicenter study assessed the patient-reported and clinical outcomes after TIF/cTIF in patients with LPR symptoms and proven GERD. METHODS: Patients with refractory LPR symptoms (reflux symptom index [RSI] > 13) and with erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and/or pathologic acid reflux by distal esophageal pH testing were evaluated before and after a minimum of 6 months after TIF/cTIF. The primary outcome was normalization of RSI. Secondary outcomes were >50% improvement in GERD-Health-Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQL), normalization of esophageal acid exposure time, discontinuation of PPI, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients had TIF (n = 26) or cTIF (n = 23) with at least 6 months follow-up. Mean pre- and post TIF/cTIF RSI were 23.6 and 5.9 (mean difference: 17.7, P < .001). Post TIF/cTIF, 90% of patients had improved GERD-HQRL score, 85% normalized RSI, 75% normalized esophageal acid exposure time, and 80% discontinued PPI. No serious procedure-related adverse events occurred. Patient satisfaction was 4% prior to TIF/cTIF and 73% after TIF/cTIF (P < .001). CONCLUSION: In patients with objective evidence of GERD, TIF, or cTIF are safe and effective in controlling LPR symptoms as measured by normalization of RSI and improvement in patient satisfaction after TIF/cTIF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4.

Timeline of Development of Pancreatic Cancer and Implications for Successful Early Detection in High-Risk Individuals.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To successfully implement imaging-based pancreatic cancer (PC) surveillance, understanding the timeline and morphologic features of neoplastic progression is key. We aimed to investigate the progression to neoplasia from serial prediagnostic pancreatic imaging tests in high-risk individuals and identify factors associated with successful early detection. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the development of pancreatic abnormalities in high-risk individuals who were diagnosed with PC or underwent pancreatic surgery, or both, in 16 international surveillance programs. RESULTS: Of 2552 high-risk individuals under surveillance, 28 (1%) developed neoplastic progression to PC or high-grade dysplasia during a median follow-up of 29 months after baseline (interquartile range [IQR], 40 months). Of these, 13 of 28 (46%) presented with a new lesion (median size, 15 mm; range 7-57 mm), a median of 11 months (IQR, 8; range 3-17 months) after a prior examination, by which time 10 of 13 (77%) had progressed beyond the pancreas. The remaining 15 of 28 (54%) had neoplastic progression in a previously detected lesion (12 originally cystic, 2 indeterminate, 1 solid), and 11 (73%) had PC progressed beyond the pancreas. The 12 patients with cysts had been monitored for 21 months (IQR, 15 months) and had a median growth of 5 mm/y (IQR, 8 mm/y). Successful early detection (as high-grade dysplasia or PC confined to the pancreas) was associated with resection of cystic lesions (vs solid or indeterminate lesions (odds ratio, 5.388; 95% confidence interval, 1.525-19.029) and small lesions (odds ratio, 0.890/mm; 95% confidence interval 0.812-0.976/mm). CONCLUSIONS: In nearly half of high-risk individuals developing high-grade dysplasia or PC, no prior lesions are detected by imaging, yet they present at an advanced stage. Progression can occur before the next scheduled annual examination. More sensitive diagnostic tools or a different management strategy for rapidly growing cysts are needed.

Serum Carboxypeptidase Activity and Genotype-Stratified CA19-9 to Detect Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Serum diagnostic markers of early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are needed, especially for stage I disease. As tumors grow and cause pancreatic atrophy, markers derived from pancreatic parenchyma such as serum carboxypeptidase A (CPA) activity lose diagnostic performance. We evaluated, with CA19-9, serum CPA as a marker of early pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Serum CPA activity levels were measured in 345 controls undergoing pancreatic surveillance, divided into 2 sets, set 1 being used to establish a reference range. Variants within the CPA1 locus were sought for their association with pancreatic CPA1 expression to determine if such variants associated with serum CPA levels. A total of 190 patients with resectable PDAC were evaluated. RESULTS: Among controls, those having 1 or more minor alleles of CPA1 variants rs6955723 or rs2284682 had significantly higher serum CPA levels than did those without (P = .001). None of the PDAC cases with pancreatic atrophy had an elevated CPA. Among 122 PDAC cases without atrophy, defining serum CPA diagnostic cutoffs by a subject's CPA1 variants yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 18% at 99% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.7-26) (vs 11.1% sensitivity using a uniform diagnostic cutoff); combining CPA with variant-stratified CA19-9 yielded a sensitivity of 68.0% (95% CI, 59.0-76.2) vs 63.1% (95% CI, 53.9- 71.7) for CA19-9 alone; and among stage I PDAC cases, diagnostic sensitivity was 51.9% (95% CI, 31.9-71.3) vs 37.0% (95% CI, 19.4-57.6) for CA19-9 alone. In the validation control set, the variant-stratified diagnostic cutoff yielded a specificity of 98.2%. CONCLUSION: Serum CPA activity has diagnostic utility before the emergence of pancreatic atrophy as a marker of localized PDAC, including stage I disease.

Is transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) an answer to post-peroral endoscopic myotomy gastroesophageal reflux? A multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The use of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia has a high incidence of post-procedural gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) may be an ideal endoscopic treatment. We report our experience with the use of post-POEM TIF. METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, post-POEM patients with GER who underwent TIF were included. The study end points were: (i) technical success; (ii) safety; (iii) effectiveness (changes in symptoms, scores, proton pump inhibitor [PPI] use, pH studies). RESULTS: 12 patients underwent TIF after POEM, nine of whom had daily symptoms, with 91.7% requiring twice daily (BID) PPIs. Technical success was achieved in all patients. Two adverse events occurred. There were significant decreases in the percentage of patients on BID PPIs (P = 0.03), frequency of daily symptoms (P = 0.03), Reflux Severity Index questionnaire, and GERD Health-related Quality of Life scores (P = 0.03 and P = 0.003; n = 6). pH studies performed in seven of the patients showed a significant reduction in the mean DeMeester score (P = 0.05) and mean percentage acid exposure time (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that TIF may be effective and safe in treating GER after POEM. Larger prospective trials are needed.

Alterations in the Duodenal Fluid Microbiome of Patients With Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The tumor microbiome of patients with pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) includes bacteria normally present in the upper gastrointestinal tract. If the predominant source of intratumoral bacteria in patients with PDAC is retrograde migration from the duodenum, duodenal fluid could be a representative biospecimen for determining microbiome profiles of patients with PDAC or at risk of developing PDAC. METHODS: We performed a case-control study comparing bacterial and fungal (16S and 18S rRNA) profiles of secretin-stimulated duodenal fluid collections from 308 patients undergoing duodenal endoscopy including 134 normal pancreas control subjects, 98 patients with pancreatic cyst(s) and 74 patients with PDAC. RESULTS: Alterations in duodenal fluid microbiomes with diminished alpha diversity were significantly associated with age >70 and proton pump inhibitor use. Patients with PDAC had significantly decreased duodenal microbial alpha diversity compared with age-matched control subjects with normal pancreata and those with pancreatic cyst(s). There was evidence of enrichment of Bifidobacterium genera in the duodenal fluid of patients with PDAC compared with control subjects and those with pancreatic cyst(s). There were also enrichment of duodenal fluid Fusobacteria and Rothia bacteria among patients with PDAC with short-term survival. Duodenal fluid microbiome profiles were not significantly different between control subjects and patients with pancreatic cyst(s). CONCLUSION: Patients with PDAC have alterations in their duodenal fluid microbiome profiles compared with patients with pancreatic cysts and those with normal pancreata. ClinicalTrials.gov, Number: NCT02000089.

The learning curve for transoral incisionless fundoplication.

Background and study aims Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) is a safe and effective minimally invasive endoscopic technique for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The learning curve for this technique has not been reported. We studied the learning curve for TIF when performed by a gastroenterologist by identifying the threshold number of procedures needed to achieve consistent technical success or proficiency (consistent creation of TIF valve ≥ 270 degrees in circumference, ≥ 2 cm long) and efficiency after didactic, hands-on and case observation experience. Patients and methods We analyzed prospectively collected data from patients who had TIF performed by a single therapeutic endoscopist within 17 months after basic training. We determined thresholds for procedural learning using cumulative sum of means (CUSUM) analysis to detect changes in achievement rates over time. We used breakpoint analysis to calculate procedure metrics related to proficiency and efficiency. Results A total of 69 patients had 72 TIFs. The most common indications were refractory GERD (44.7 %) and proton pump inhbitor intolerance (23.6 %). Proficiency was achieved at the 18 th to 20 th procedure. The maximum efficiency for performing a plication was achieved after the 26 th procedure, when mean time per plication decreased to 2.7 from 5.1 minutes (P < 0.0001). TIF procedures time varied until the 44 th procedure, after which it decreased significantly from 53.7 minutes to 39.4 minutes (P < 0.0001). Conclusions TIF can be safely, successfully, and efficiently performed in the endoscopy suite by a therapeutic endoscopist. The TIF learning curve is steep but proficiency can be achieved after a basic training experience and 18 to 20 independently performed procedures.