European survey on the use of patient contact shielding during radiological examinations.

OBJECTIVES: Contact shielding (CS) of patients during X-ray studies has been used for decades to protect radiosensitive organs. This practice has not changed much despite increasing evidence that CS is not useful in many cases. The Gonad And Patient Shielding (GAPS) group-founded by representatives of the main European bodies involved in radiology-promoted this survey to assess the current practice of CS among European radiology departments and the attitude towards a non-shielding policy. METHODS: Over a four-month period (15 May-15th September 2021) European Society of Radiology and European Society of Paediatric Radiology radiologist members were invited to respond to a web-based questionnaire consisting of 59 questions. RESULTS: 225 centres from 35 countries responded to this survey. CS was routinely applied in at least one radiological modality in 49.2% of centres performing studies in adults, 57.5% of centres performing studies in children, and 47.8% of centres performing studies on pregnant women. CS was most frequently used in conventional radiography, where the most frequently shielded organs were the gonads, followed by thyroid, female breasts, and eye lens. 83.6% respondents would follow European recommendations on the use of CS when provided by the main European bodies involved in radiology. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that CS is still largely used across Europe. However, a non-shielding policy could be adopted in most departments if European professional societies provided recommendations. In this regard, a strong commitment by European and national professional societies to educate and inform practitioners, patients and carers is paramount. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: According to this survey expectations of patients and carers, and skepticism among professionals about the limited benefits of CS are the most important obstacles to the application of a no-shielding policy. A strong commitment from European and national professional societies to inform practitioners, patients and carers is fundamental.

Benchmarking adult CT-dose levels to regional and national references using a dose-tracking software: a multicentre experience.

OBJECTIVES: To benchmark CT-dose data for standard adult CT studies to regional and national reference levels using a dose-tracking system. METHODS: Data from five CT systems from three hospitals were collected over a 1- to 2.5-year period (2012-2014), using the same type of dose management system. Inclusion criteria were adult patients and standard CT-head, CT-abdomen-pelvis, CT-thorax, CT-lumbar spine, CT-pulmonary embolism, CT-cervical spine and CT-thorax-abdomen studies, with one helical scan. Volumetric CT-dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP) and scan length from 31,709 scans were analysed statistically. RESULTS: After dose optimisation CTDIvol and DLP values were below the national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for all CT studies and for all systems investigated. Mostly no significant differences were found between CTDIvol and DLP levels (p values ≥ 0.01) of CT studies performed on different scanners within the same hospital. Significant dose differences (p values < 0.01) were instead observed among hospitals for comparable CT studies. Dose level range and scan length differences for similar CT studies were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Dose-tracking systems help to reduce CT-dose levels below national DRLs. However, dose and protocol data comparison between and within hospitals has the potential to further reduce variability in dose data of standard adult CT studies. KEY POINTS: • Retrospective three-centre study on dose levels of standard adult CT procedures. • Dose-tracking systems help hospitals to stay below national dose reference levels. • Dose-tracking systems help to align CT dose levels between scanners within hospitals. • Benchmarking shows CT dose level variability for similar examinations in different hospitals. • Differences in dose level range/scan length for similar CT studies are revealed.

White matter microstructure and volitional motor activity in schizophrenia: A diffusion kurtosis imaging study.

Avolition is a core feature of schizophrenia and may arise from altered brain connectivity. Here we used diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) to investigate the association between white matter (WM) microstructure and volitional motor activity. Multi-shell diffusion MRI and 24-h actigraphy data were obtained from 20 right-handed patients with schizophrenia and 16 right-handed age and gender matched healthy controls. We examined correlations between fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean kurtosis (MK), and motor activity level, as well as group differences in these measures. In the patient group, increasing motor activity level was positively correlated with MK in the inferior, medial and superior longitudinal fasciculus, the corpus callosum, the posterior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the posterior cingulum. This association was not found in control subjects or in DTI measures. These results show that a lack of volitional motor activity in schizophrenia is associated with potentially altered WM microstructure in posterior brain regions associated with cognitive function and motivation. This could reflect both illness related dysconnectivity which through altered cognition, manifests as reduced volitional motor activity, and/or the effects of reduced physical activity on brain WM.

Benchmarking pediatric cranial CT protocols using a dose tracking software system: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVES: To benchmark regional standard practice for paediatric cranial CT-procedures in terms of radiation dose and acquisition parameters. METHODS: Paediatric cranial CT-data were retrospectively collected during a 1-year period, in 3 different hospitals of the same country. A dose tracking system was used to automatically gather information. Dose (CTDI and DLP), scan length, amount of retakes and demographic data were stratified by age and clinical indication; appropriate use of child-specific protocols was assessed. RESULTS: In total, 296 paediatric cranial CT-procedures were collected. Although the median dose of each hospital was below national and international diagnostic reference level (DRL) for all age categories, statistically significant (p-value < 0.001) dose differences among hospitals were observed. The hospital with lowest dose levels showed smallest dose variability and used age-stratified protocols for standardizing paediatric head exams. Erroneous selection of adult protocols for children still occurred, mostly in the oldest age-group. CONCLUSION: Even though all hospitals complied with national and international DRLs, dose tracking and benchmarking showed that further dose optimization and standardization is possible by using age-stratified protocols for paediatric cranial CT. Moreover, having a dose tracking system revealed that adult protocols are still applied for paediatric CT, a practice that must be avoided. KEY POINTS: • Significant differences were observed in the delivered dose between age-groups and hospitals. • Using age-adapted scanning protocols gives a nearly linear dose increase. • Sharing dose-data can be a trigger for hospitals to reduce dose levels.

Reproducibility of hormone-driven regional grey matter volume changes in women using SPM8 and SPM12.

Aim of this work was to evaluate the reproducibility of hormone driven regional grey matter volume differences in women, and their correlations with premenstrual symptoms, as determined by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). After data quality control, a total of 138 T1-weighted MR images were included in this longitudinal study, and were analyzed as three different subgroups. Women with a natural menstrual cycle were scanned at three time-points: follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase. Two groups of women, using androgenic and anti-androgenic hormonal contraceptives, respectively, were scanned twice: during the pill-free week and during pill intake. Additionally, subjects were asked to complete a "daily rating of severity of problems" questionnaire, to quantify premenstrual symptoms. All data were analyzed using SPM8 and SPM12 with identical parameter settings. In the natural menstrual cycle group, the regional grey matter volume of the insula is larger at ovulation, as compared to the luteal phase. Premenstrual symptoms correlate differently with regional grey matter volumes between women with a natural cycle and hormonal contraceptive users. Changes in hormonal environment can to various extents affect VBM findings in women. We suggest that researchers take these confounding factors into account while applying this technique, to avoid heterogeneity in data acquisition and to safeguard the sensitivity of findings. Additionally, we suggest validating the consistency of results using more than one software package.

Stability of resting state networks in the female brain during hormonal changes and their relation to premenstrual symptoms.

Resting-state fMRI is a promising imaging technique to evaluate functions in the human brain in health and disease. Different hormonal stages of the female menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives use affect results in task-based fMRI; it is however not yet clarified whether resting state networks are also altered. A population of 18 women with a natural cycle, and 19 women using hormonal contraceptives was examined in a longitudinal study-design. The natural cycle group was scanned at 3 time-points (follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase), and the contraceptives group was scanned twice (inactive pill-phase, active pill-phase). Blood samples were acquired to evaluate hormonal concentrations, and premenstrual symptoms were assessed through daily record of severity of problems questionnaires. Results show no major alterations in the default mode network and the executive control network between different hormonal phases, across or within groups. A positive correlation of functional connectivity in the posterior part of the default mode network (DMN) was found with premenstrual-like symptoms in the hormonal contraceptives group. Using the current methodology, the studied resting state networks seem to show a decent stability throughout menstrual cycle phases. Also, no effect of hormonal contraceptive use is found. Interestingly, we show for the first time an association of DMN alterations with premenstrual-like symptoms, experienced during the inactive pill-phase by a sub-population of women.

Prefrontal GABA concentration changes in women-Influence of menstrual cycle phase, hormonal contraceptive use, and correlation with premenstrual symptoms.

Prefrontal regions are involved in processing emotional stimuli and are a topic of interest in clinical and neurological research. Although sex steroids are potent neuromodulators, the influence of menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptive use is rarely taken into account in neuroimaging studies. Our purpose was to evaluate changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in women, as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), with phases of the menstrual cycle and use of hormonal contraceptives, and to assess correlations with premenstrual symptoms.Three MRI sessions per cycle were obtained in the natural cycle group, and two sessions in the hormonal contraceptives group. In addition to an anatomical scan, single voxel MRS in the prefrontal area was performed. After quality control, 10 women with natural cycle and 21 women taking hormonal contraceptives were included for analysis. Peripheral blood samples were obtained to determine endogenous hormone concentrations. Subjects were asked to complete a daily rating of severity of problems questionnaire, to quantify premenstrual symptoms. In the natural cycle group, we found a significant increase in prefrontal GABA concentration at the time of ovulation. Conversely, in the hormonal contraceptives group, no differences were found between the pill phase and pill-free phase. GABA concentrations did not significantly correlate with endogenous hormone levels, nor with premenstrual symptoms. Our results indicate that spectroscopically measured GABA concentrations are higher during ovulation in women with a natural menstrual cycle. We suggest that neuroimaging studies should take into account this variability.

Does the use of hormonal contraceptives cause microstructural changes in cerebral white matter? Preliminary results of a DTI and tractography study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of monophasic combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) and menstrual cycle phase in healthy young women on white matter (WM) organization using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: Thirty young women were included in the study; 15 women used COCP and 15 women had a natural cycle. All subjects underwent DTI magnetic resonance imaging during the follicular and luteal phase of their cycle, or in different COCP cycle phases. DTI parameters were obtained in different WM structures by performing diffusion tensor fibre tractography. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were calculated for different WM structures. Hormonal plasma concentrations were measured in peripheral venous blood samples and correlated with the DTI findings. RESULTS: We found a significant difference in mean diffusivity in the fornix between the COCP and the natural cycle group. Mean diffusivity values in the fornix were negatively correlated with luteinizing hormone and estradiol blood concentrations. CONCLUSION: An important part in the limbic system, the fornix, regulates emotional processes. Differences in diffusion parameters in the fornix may contribute to behavioural alternations related to COCP use. This finding also suggests that the use of oral contraceptives needs to be taken into account when designing DTI group studies.