[Health information in the era of social network: a nursing analysis]. / Le informazioni sanitarie nell'era dei Social network: una analisi infermieristica.

INTRODUCTION: Web and social networks play a crucial role in health information seeking and health literacy levels. In the last ten years people are able to access a wide range of health information from a plethora of sources. People who live in the city experience an increased stimulus level related to the density of people and the overload of information inputs. METHODS: We undertook a census analysis of groups on a social network to identify the importance of health information for the all population and with the aim to evaluate the intersection between digital health information seeking, social networks, and social capital. RESULTS: This study shows that there is a relevant growing number of groups health-related, especially connected to chronic disease and another aspect relevant to the daily health of the population. The study identifies two aspect in all groups: one aspect is connected to share information about treatment and medication and other aspect connected to the relationship in terms of sharing experiences and emotional support. CONCLUSION: Social networks have a relevant impact on health and allow millions of users fast, easy, and concise access to the most important and useful medical information. More research should be conducted to enhance the understanding of the correct pathway to follow to align and measures outcomes of understanding health information and health literacy, use of social networks and the key role of the environment, infrastructure, algorithms and construction in building social capital of individuals and society. It's necessary avoid to think that people live in many separate islands, instead in the same interconnected arena with health professionals that have to work for a better understanding of digital and social networks.

The paradox of the link between health literacy and health promotion: the case of COVID-19.

COVID-19 brought out the critical issues of public health messages and the relationship between health literacy, health promotion, and public health. The aim is to analyse these concepts to provide a framework in which mutual influences are ontologically analysed; more specifically this article will explore whether health promotion should improve health literacy or health literacy is actually a pre-requisite for understanding (and put into practice) health promotion/public health messages. Public health must protect the public from misinformation and on this nurses and other health care providers play a crucial role in supporting individuals and communities in the comprehension of public health messages. The paradox under analysis is the link between health literacy and health promotion; what the role of health literacy is when, as in the case of the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Public Health must address tens of hundreds of health promotion messages to the whole population. During the outbreak, there was an underlying uncertainty, every day new data and information emerged and every day something more was understood (or misunderstood) about the virus. There was a massive presence of COVID-19 misinformation, particularly on social media in terms of, among others, treatments, the utility of wearing mask, COVID-19 cases by age group, conspiracy theories, all added more confusion and uncertainty to the public. Public health must protect the public from misinfromation. While in practice actions have been put in place to improve patients' compliance with respect to health promotion it is unclear the ontological relationship between health promotion and health literacy within the Public Health context.

COVID-19 and spontaneous singing to decrease loneliness, improve cohesion, and mental well-being: An Italian experience.

Since March 2020, Italy has been in lockdown due to COVID-19, and individuals have missed all kinds of networking opportunities. Already in the 1st weeks of March, Italian cities' silence was broken by singing. The use of singing as a coping strategy as well as to improve the sense of cohesion is evident. Greater attention should be paid to the development of social cohesion and to social support in terms of social networks and the development of social capital. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

[ICNP- International Classification of Nursing Practice: origin, structure and development]. / ICNP - Classificazione Internazionale per la pratica infermieristica: origini, strutturazione e sviluppo.

ICNP is a standardized nursing terminology included within acknowledged terminologies by WHO, it is a relevant aspect of ICN programs and strategies. This paper aims to describe structure and characteristics of ICNP terminology as well as to highlight how this tool can be useful both in practice and in terms of nursing professional development. This version looks like a pyramid with seven axes describing different areas of nursing and related interventions, enriched by two special axes related to pre-coordinated Diagnosis / Outcomes (DC) and Operations (IC) which facilitate daily use in practice. In order to clarify how this tool can be actually be used in daily nursing practice some examples are provided, clarifying how adopting the current version of ICNP terminology (2015 release) Diagnosis/Outcomes and Interventions can be built. The ICNP Italian Centre is committed to introduce it to Italian nurses as a tool for sharing and disseminating terminology in our Country, having as main final aim to achieve even in Italy, professional visibility objectives promoted in different ways by the International Council of Nurses.

[The concept of Health Literacy and its importance for nursing]. / Il concetto di Health Literacy e la sua importanza per la professione infermieristica.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals and population's health is influenced by environmental, social economical and cultural aspects which in turn connect individuals to society. In order to decide autonomously, independently and consciously individuals should have several competences. The aim of this study is to identify, analyse and emphasise health literacy concept relevance per se,its relationship with nursing through a narrative revision focused on: Health literacy definition recognition and analysis; evaluation of connection between nursing and health literacy. METHODS: A narrative review was carried out through PUBMED and CINHAL, using 'health literacy' and nursing related terms, in English or Italian between 2010 and 2015. RESULTS: Results show that 'health literacy' is fully appraised, while attention paid by nurses on the topic is poor due both to a lack of awareness of its relevance on individuals' health and of appraisal. Twenty-height definition emerged from the revision; concepts expressed by scholars are mainly focused on very few individuals' abilities and competences applied to the health context (reading, writing, calculation, comprehension, listening and so on). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results it is difficult to define health literacy due to its multidimensional nature. Notwithstanding the above an attempt to develop a unique new definition of health literacy has been carried out although its multidimensional nature and its strong connection to several variables constantly under development. Nevertheless it is imperative that educational modules would be developed and stably integrated in health care education, at the same time a strong effort is due from professional and policy makers to provide population of the necessary tools in order to improve their health.

[E-learning and university nursing education: an overview of reviews]. / E-learning e formazione infermieristica universitaria: una overview delle revisioni.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing use of digital technologies and e-learning in nursing education and the health professions was also reflected in the time to many studies and reviews. The aim of this overview was to analyze education through e-learning technologies for nursing and health professional students. METHOD: A comprehensive search of literature was conducted using database PubMed/MEDLINE, Ebsco/CINAHL, 2003-2013. RESULT: The search strategy resulted in the inclusion, in first instance, of 9732 items. After the reduction of duplicates, applying limits and other parameters of inclusion/exclusion and, at the end, evaluation of quality through AMSTARD check list, we included in this overview, 22 reviews. The analized reviews were allowed to spread in different topic areas: study population (students and faculty), e-learning methods (blended learning Game/3D/situated learning) and evaluation (information technology, learning satisfaction comparison of e-learning with the traditional teaching methods) CONCLUSION: This overview demonstrates that e-learning in nursing academic education is a valid alternative to traditional learning. If e-learning activities are well structured and modulated, some advantages and economies are clear possible. Regard effects of e-learning on the improvement of ability, data are at the momenti limited when compared to traditional learning. Often e-learning appear as an adjunct respect traditional learning, but is necessary consider e-learning and digital tecnology as priority for the future of education of nursing students.

[The Italian armed forces health service during the Great War]. / Le service de santé des armées italien durant la Grande Guerre.

The Great War had a huge impact on Italian society. The organisation of the armed forces health service faced extreme difficulties due to the extensive loss of life of an almost exclusively terrestrial war. In this context, the role of the medical staff and nursing staff was essential, as the example of the volunteer Red Cross nurses testifies. However, this conflict revealed the need to improve the training of the nursing staff, as was the case in Anglo-Saxon countries.

[The status of the art of scientific articles in Italy between 2003 -2009: an analysis of articles published by nursing Italian journals]. / La produzione scientifica italiana attaverso un'analisi degli articoli pubblicati sulle riviste infermieristiche: 2003-2009.

This study investigates  the number of  articles published by Italian nursing journals by analyzing five Italian journals between 2003 and 2009. This is the third part of a study started  in 1978,  two articles were already published in 2005. The work is aimed at monitoring the number of nursing articles published. The articles were cataloged according to predefined criteria with the main aim to verify the status of the progress of research and theoretical development among Italian nurses. Results show that, although there is an increase in publications which apply research methods, these are still below the international trend and that, at national level, nurses prefer  topics such as care plans, regulations and organization of work rather than research or scientific evidence. On the one hand there is a raise on Italian nurses of interest in wider topic in order to be closer to the international debate, on the other hand there is a lack of adequate tools to improve knowledge and specific investments in research. As result of this there is a strong limitation in the knowledge growth of Italian nurses together with a lack of participation among and for different generations of nurses. In addition to the above it has been enucleated a scarcity within the literature analyzed of development of theoretical models, theories and concepts. Conversely theoretical models, theories and concepts are important pillars of scientific knowledge and they have a strong role in professional development, moreover these are necessary in order to set and improve nursing and nurses image nowadays far from the exclusive applied science.

[Hand washing: comparison between professionals and students behaviours in a large University hospital of Rome]. / Lavaggio delle mani: confronto tra comportamenti dei Professionisti e degli Studenti in un grande Ospedale universitario di Roma.

The main objective of the study is assessing knowledge, opinions and compliance with the procedures of health professionals (physician, nurses, medical and nursing students) about Hand Hygiene (HH). There is a number of research which indicates that physicians respect less than nurses Hand Hygiene, there are a smaller number which investigates the differences in the attitude of the aforementioned subjects during their studies. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 756 participants (252 doctors, 268 nurses, 117 nursing students and 119 students of medicine) at a large University Hospital in Rome, to determine their knowledge, compliance and procedures with Hand Hygiene. Knowledge of medical students is lower than that of nursing students, as well as they have lower values in adherence to practice. In both HH Beliefs Scale (HBS) and HH Practices Inventory (HHPI) questionnaires, nursing students have higher scores than nurses, doctors and medical students. The questions on the use of alcohol-based cleaners have been those where there was the lowest number of correct responses, across all professions. Physicians compared to nurses have a lower adherence to Hand Hygiene. Future research should clarify what the differences are in the construction of the study on the practice of washing hands, what are the barriers to health professionals and best methods for teaching habits, namely the effectiveness of hand washing. Professionals should be more involved in the fight against Healthcare-associated infections.

[EU-Project "healthPROelderly" - evidence-based guidelines on health promotion for older people: social determinants, inequality and sustainability]. / Prof.ssa Med 45, Area Infermieristica, Dipartimento Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sapienza Università di Roma.

In this phase of rapid demographic change and low birth rate , coupled with an increasing life expectancy , the challenge for the future consists of being able to age in good health . European policies should therefore be aimed at promoting healthiness in the elderly and, although some CEE countries have introduced various projects and schemes, the majority are of a national or local nature and do not take into account the European context. The healthPROelderly project, on the other hand , is aimed at collecting information in the countries who participate in the project to pinpoint the best schemes for promoting healthiness in the elderly. This study focuses on the models that have a sustainable approach as far as socio-economical, environmental and lifestyle aspects are concerned. The specific aim of the project is to identify the criteria that have the highest impact on health schemes for the elderly and to establish relative guidelines at local, national and European level.

[Univerity students' exchange experience]. / Programmi di scambio universitario tra studenti: un'esperienza.

We report the experience of three University "La Sapienza" of Rome students (two of the Advanced Nursing master science course and one of the 3rd year of Nursing Degree) that participated to the FIPSE programme between European and Transatlantic Universities. The leader of the programme in our Country is Prof J. Sansoni. Web courses have been offered and students participated in a short period exchange at the Capital University with prof Kerr. The experience has been very positive and exciting. We really hope that this programme could be an example to other Italians Colleagues to have a look outside our Country.