Fluid migrations and volcanic earthquakes from depolarized ambient noise.

Ambient noise polarizes inside fault zones, yet the spatial and temporal resolution of polarized noise on gas-bearing fluids migrating through stressed volcanic systems is unknown. Here we show that high polarization marks a transfer structure connecting the deforming centre of the caldera to open hydrothermal vents and extensional caldera-bounding faults during periods of low seismic release at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy). Fluids pressurize the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system, migrate, and increase stress before earthquakes. The loss of polarization (depolarization) of the transfer and extensional structures maps pressurized fluids, detecting fluid migrations after seismic sequences. After recent intense seismicity (December 2019-April 2020), the transfer structure appears sealed while fluids stored in the east caldera have moved further east. Our findings show that depolarized noise has the potential to monitor fluid migrations and earthquakes at stressed volcanoes quasi-instantaneously and with minimum processing.

A record of seafloor methane seepage across the last 150 million years.

Seafloor methane seepage is a significant source of carbon in the marine environment. The processes and temporal patterns of seafloor methane seepage over multi-million-year time scales are still poorly understood. The microbial oxidation of methane can store carbon in sediments through precipitation of carbonate minerals, thus providing a record of past methane emission. In this study, we compiled data on methane-derived carbonates to build a proxy time series of methane emission over the last 150 My and statistically compared it with the main hypothesised geological controllers of methane emission. We quantitatively demonstrate that variations in sea level and organic carbon burial are the dominant controls on methane leakage since the Early Cretaceous. Sea level controls methane seepage variations by imposing smooth trends on timescales in the order of tens of My. Organic carbon burial is affected by the same cyclicities, and instantaneously controls methane release because of the geologically rapid generation of biogenic methane. Both the identified fundamental (26-27 My) and higher (12 My) cyclicities relate to global phenomena. Temporal correlation analysis supports the evidence that modern expansion of hypoxic areas and its effect on organic carbon burial may lead to higher seawater methane concentrations over the coming centuries.

Clues on the origin of post-2000 earthquakes at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy).

The inter-arrival times of the post 2000 seismicity at Campi Flegrei caldera are statistically distributed into different populations. The low inter-arrival times population represents swarm events, while the high inter-arrival times population marks background seismicity. Here, we show that the background seismicity is increasing at the same rate of (1) the ground uplift and (2) the concentration of the fumarolic gas specie more sensitive to temperature. The seismic temporal increase is strongly correlated with the results of recent simulations, modelling injection of magmatic fluids in the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system. These concurrent variations point to a unique process of temperature-pressure increase of the hydrothermal system controlling geophysical and geochemical signals at the caldera. Our results thus show that the occurrence of background seismicity is an excellent parameter to monitor the current unrest of the caldera.

Auditory-evoked potentials in general anesthesia monitoring: baseline study of availability in relation to hearing function in awake status.

BACKGROUND: It has been confirmed that middle latency auditory-evoked potentials are good indicators of the hypnotic level in patients undergoing general anesthesia. The focal point for the evocation of auditory-evoked potentials is the presence of a serviceable hearing function. The aim of the study was to evaluate the limit of hearing loss above which the test could not be applied. METHODS: To determine the limit of applicability of the technique, 100 subjects were studied. Twenty of them were normally hearing and 80 were affected by sensorineural hearing loss of various degrees. Each subject was submitted to pure tone audiometry, to determine hearing threshold, and then, in awake status, to auditory-evoked potentials recording using acoustic stimuli of 85 dB HL. RESULTS: All the 20 normally hearing subjects showed a reliable auditory-evoked potentials. Among the 80 subjects affected by hearing loss, only five had no potentials. These five subjects presented a pure tone audiometry threshold greater than 85 dB HL. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that middle latency auditory-evoked potentials recorded using an A-Line (software version 1.4) AEP monitor (Danmeter, Odense, Denmark) can be carried out even in presence of hearing loss if the pure tone threshold is less than 85 dB HL.

Cochlear blood flow modifications induced by anaesthetic drugs in middle ear surgery: comparison between sevoflurane and propofol.

OBJECTIVE: Because it is necessary to maintain controlled hypotension during middle ear surgery in order to avoid bleeding and as it is known that cochlear blood flow (CBF) is related to blood pressure (BP), it is useful to evaluate CBF modifications induced by anaesthetics in order to prevent cochlear damage. The aim of this paper is to evaluate, using laser Doppler flowmetry, which anaesthetic drug, out of sevoflurane and propofol, has the smallest effect on CBF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty consenting adult patients scheduled for myringoplasty under general anaesthesia for simple tympanic membrane perforation were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: the first group was treated with sevoflurane and the second with propofol. For the first group, CBF measurement was carried out on three different occasions: (i) at a basal low drug dosage; (ii) having increased the drug dosage to a higher level; and (iii) having reduced the drug dosage to the basal low level again. For the second group, CBF measurement was carried out on three different occasions: (i) 10 min after injecting a bolus of propofol; (ii) immediately after a second propofol injection; and (iii) 10 min after a third injection of propofol. A probe was placed over the promontory in order to measure CBF levels. RESULTS: In the subjects treated with sevoflurane, after having increased the drug dosage, BP decreased significantly while CBF did not change significantly. In the subjects treated with propofol we recorded a significant reduction in BP, as well as a decrease in CBF. CONCLUSION: The results obtained show that sevoflurane has a hypotensive effect without modifying CBF, while propofol, although having a similar effect on BP to sevoflurane, has less of a protective effect on inner ear microcirculation.

[Crohn's disease of the appendix: a rare nosological entity]. / Il morbo di Crohn dell'appendice: una rara entità nosologica.

In this study, the authors describe a case of Crohn's disease confined to the vermiform appendix out of a total of 1,263 appendectomies performed over the past 10 years in a Clinical Surgery Department (Clinica Chirurgica III) of the Policlinico S. Orsola in Bologna. In agreement with other reports in the scientific literature, the essentially non-specific clinical picture prevents pre-operative identification of the condition, whereas a diagnosis of Crohn's disease can be reached only on the basis of histological characteristics. The extreme rarity of Crohn's disease confined to the appendix is, however, confirmed. Follow-up at 3 years revealed no involvement of other areas of the digestive tract.

[The measurement of cochlear flow by laser Doppler in man: the preliminary results]. / Misurazione del flusso cocleare mediante laser Doppler nell'uomo: risultati preliminari.

Laser-Doppler flowmetry is presently one of the methods of choice in measuring cochlear blood flow. The techniques is non-invasive and is based on the frequency shift of the laser beam induced by the red blood cell movement. Previous studies of cochlear blood flow carried out on animals and humans demonstrated the reliability of laser-Doppler flowmetry and its usefulness in understanding inner ear microcirculation physiology. In this paper we present preliminary data obtained from three patients examined under general anesthesia while undergoing tympanoplasty. Results showed that tracings, whose baseline is proportional with the blood flow, are characterized by waves correlated to pulse beat and automatic ventilation. Moreover, intrinsic contractions of inner ear vessels (waves of vasomotion) as exist in cerebral microcirculation, were observed. Pharmacological hypotension hypocapnia and the application of epinephryne determine a significant reduction of cochlear blood flow. These results suggest that while cochlear blood flow is related to systemic pressure, it has an intrinsic control system. As well since we did not obtain any modification in bone conduction threshold after surgery, we conclude that laser-Doppler flowmetry is a safe technique.

[2 cases of chylothorax during total parenteral nutrition: the etiopathogenetic considerations]. / Su due casi di chilotorace in corso di Nutrizione Parenterale Totale: considerazioni etio-patogenetiche.

The authors report the onset of bilateral chylothorax during postoperative total parenteral nutrition. They underline the peculiar origin of the complication. Therefore, attention is payed to the possible pathogenic causes. The overload of fluids, in the elderly with minimal functional reserves, may increase central blood pressure, so to adversely affect lymphatic drainage causing chylothorax.