A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago.

Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-µas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

Spatial mode control of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser by an intracavity liquid-crystal light valve.

We present a new beam-shaping technique with an intracavity optically addressed liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. The Nd:YAG resonator is able to deliver beams with various spatial profiles such as flat-topped super-Gaussian and square-shaped beams.

Phase volume holographic optical components for high-brightness single-LCD projectors.

Projection systems based on liquid-crystal displays (LCD's) offer new opportunities to display high-definition and large-size TV images. There are two types of LCD projector architectures: the 3-LCD architecture uses one LCD for each primary color, red, green, and blue, whereas a single-LCD configuration employs only one LCD paved with color filters. The single-LCD projector is simple and compact but suffers from a poor luminous efficiency because of losses in the color filters: each filter transmits only ~1/3 of the flux emitted by the lamp. To increase this optical efficiency, we propose to introduce volume holographic elements in the architecture of a single-LCD projector. Innovative systems are presented in which volume holographic elements realize the spatiochromatic illumination of the LCD. This illumination consists of selectively directing all the light that corresponds to a primary color, red, green, or blue, in the pixel addressed with the corresponding video composite signal and exploits the spectral selectivity and dispersion properties of volume holographic gratings and lenses. The two main advantages of such illumination are the suppression of the color filters and the recovery of the light lost in a classical architecture by absorption of the color filters. A complete luminous efficiency analysis of spatiochromatic illumination with volume holographic elements is presented. The achieved performances are compared with classical single-LCD projectors.

Characterization of perpendicular chirped phase volume grating pairs for laser pulse stretching.

We report the characterization of a new pulse stretcher that provides a linear and positive variation of the group delay as a function of the optical frequency. It consists of a perpendicular chirped-grating pair introduced by Tournois [Opt. Commun. 106, 253 (1994)] that allows 20-fs pulses to be stretched to 100 ps. The system is tested by short-pulse spectral interferometry. We designed and realized the chirped gratings by phase volume holographic recording in a highly efficient photopolymer.

Low-noise amplification of ultraweak optical wave fronts in photorefractive Bi(12)SiO(20).

We propose and demonstrate a technique for suppressing the optical noise of the photorefractive amplifiers that exhibit a sharp gain resonance around an optimum pump-to-signal angle. The amplification of extremely weak images is achieved when the entrance face of the crystal is tilted with respect to the pump beam direction. In Bi(12)SiO(20) subpicowatt optical signals are detected with this technique.

Noise suppression in photorefractive image amplifiers.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple technique capable of significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of photorefractive amplifiers. The optical noise due to amplified scattered light and multiple interface reflections is removed by performing two-wave mixing in off-axis-rotating BaTiO(3) and Bi(12)SiO(20) crystals. A 20-fold improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio is achieved, and virtually noise-free image amplifiers are demonstrated.