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Objective: To determine timing and risk factors associated with readmission within 30 days of discharge following noncardiac surgery. Background: Hospital readmission after noncardiac surgery is costly. Data on the drivers of readmission have largely been derived from single-center studies focused on a single surgical procedure with uncertainty regarding generalizability. Methods: We undertook an international (28 centers, 14 countries) prospective cohort study of a representative sample of adults ≥45 years of age who underwent noncardiac surgery. Risk factors for readmission were assessed using Cox regression (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00512109). Results: Of 36,657 eligible participants, 2744 (7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-7.8) were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Rates of readmission were highest in the first 7 days after discharge and declined over the follow-up period. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that 9 baseline characteristics (eg, cancer treatment in past 6 months; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.30-1.59), 5 baseline laboratory and physical measures (eg, estimated glomerular filtration rate or on dialysis; HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.24-1.75), 7 surgery types (eg, general surgery; HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.61-2.16), 5 index hospitalization events (eg, stroke; HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.24-3.94), and 3 other factors (eg, discharge to nursing home; HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.33-1.95) were associated with readmission. Conclusions: Readmission following noncardiac surgery is common (1 in 13 patients). We identified perioperative risk factors associated with 30-day readmission that can help frontline clinicians identify which patients are at the highest risk of readmission and target them for preventive measures.
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Low testosterone (T), common in aging men, associates with cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is affected by T, modulates the cardiovascular effects associated with low T or castration. FSHß-/-:low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-/- mice, untreated or castrated (orchiectomy, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or antagonist), demonstrated significantly less atherogenesis compared with similarly treated LDLR-/- mice, but not following FSH delivery. Smaller plaque burden in LDLR-/- mice receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists vs agonists were nullified in FSHß-/-:LDLR-/- mice. Atherosclerotic and necrotic plaque size and macrophage infiltration correlated with serum FSH/T. In patients with prostate cancer, FSH/T following androgen-deprivation therapy initiation predicted cardiovascular events. FSH facilitates cardiovascular disease when T is low or eliminated.
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BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common complications after cardiac surgery. New-onset post-operative AF may signal an elevated risk of AF and associated outcomes in long-term follow-up. We aimed to estimate the rate of AF recurrence as detected by an implantable loop recorder (ILR) in patients experiencing post-operative AF within 30 days after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL to April 2023 for studies of adults who did not have known AF, experienced new-onset AF within 30 days of cardiac surgery and received an ILR. We pooled individual participant data on timing of AF recurrence using a random-effects model with a frailty model applied to a Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: From 8671 citations, 8 single-centre prospective cohort studies met eligibility criteria. Data were available from 185 participants in 7 studies, with a median follow-up of 1.7 (IQR: 1.3-2.8) years. All included studies were at a low risk of bias. Pooled AF recurrence rates following 30 post-operative days were 17.8% (95% CI 11.9%-23.2%) at 3 months, 24.4% (17.7%-30.6%) at 6 months, 30.1% (22.8%-36.7%) at 12 months and 35.3% (27.6%-42.2%) at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who experience new-onset post-operative AF after cardiac surgery, AF recurrence lasting at least 30 s occurs in approximately 1 in 3 in the first year after surgery. The optimal frequency and modality to use for monitoring for AF recurrence in this population remain uncertain.
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Fibrilação Atrial , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Recidiva , Humanos , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/etiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing vascular procedures are prone to developing postoperative complications affecting their shortterm mortality. Prospective reports describing the incidence of longterm complications after vascular surgery are lacking. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the incidence of complications 1 year after vascular surgery and to evaluate an association between myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) and 1year mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a substudy of a large prospective cohort study Vascular Events in Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION). Recruitment took place in 28 centers across 14 countries from August 2007 to November 2013. We enrolled patients aged 45 years or older undergoing vascular surgery, receiving general or regional anesthesia, and hospitalized for at least 1 night postoperatively. Plasma cardiac troponin T concentration was measured before the surgery and on the first, second, and third postoperative day. The patients or their relatives were contacted 1 year after the procedure to assess the incidence of major postoperative complications. RESULTS: We enrolled 2641 patients who underwent vascular surgery, 2534 (95.9%) of whom completed 1year followup. Their mean (SD) age was 68.2 (9.8) years, and the cohort was predominantly male (77.5%). The most frequent 1year complications were myocardial infarction (224/2534, 8.8%), amputation (187/2534, 7.4%), and congestive heart failure (67/2534, 2.6%). The 1year mortality rate was 8.8% (223/2534). MINS occurred in 633 patients (24%) and was associated with an increased 1year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.82; 95% CI, 2.14-3.72; P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of major postoperative complications after vascular surgery is high. The occurrence of MINS is associated with a nearly 3fold increase in 1year mortality.
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Traumatismos Cardíacos , Infarto do Miocárdio , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Prospectivos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/efeitos adversos , Troponina TRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic relevance, clinical characteristics, and 30-day outcomes associated with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) in major general surgery patients. BACKGROUND: MINS has been independently associated with 30-day mortality after noncardiac surgery. The characteristics and prognostic importance of MINS in major general surgical patients have not been described. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of a representative sample of 22,552 noncardiac surgery patients 45 years or older, of whom 4490 underwent major general surgery in 24 centers in 13 countries. All patients had fifth-generation plasma high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) concentrations measured during the first 3 postoperative days. MINS was defined as a hsTnT of 20-65 ng/L and absolute change >5 ng/L or hsTnT ≥65 ng/L secondary to ischemia. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) whether MINS is prognostically important in major general surgical patients, (2) the clinical characteristics of major general surgical patients with and without MINS, (3) the 30-day outcomes for major general surgical patients with and without MINS, and (4) the proportion of MINS that would have gone undetected without routine postoperative monitoring. RESULTS: The incidence of MINS in the major general surgical patients was 16.3% (95% CI, 15.3-17.4%). Thirty-day all-cause mortality in the major general surgical cohort was 6.8% (95% CI, 5.1%-8.9%) in patients with MINS compared with 1.2% (95% CI, 0.9%-1.6%) in patients without MINS ( P <0.01). MINS was independently associated with 30-day mortality in major general surgical patients (adjusted odds ratio 4.7, 95% CI, 3.0-7.4). The 30-day mortality was higher both among MINS patients with no ischemic features (ie, no ischemic symptoms or electrocardiogram findings) (5.4%, 95% CI, 3.7%-7.7%) and among patients with 1 or more clinical ischemic features (10.6%, 95% CI, 6.7%-15.8%). The proportion of major general surgical patients who had MINS without ischemic symptoms was 89.9% (95% CI, 87.5-92.0). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 6 patients experienced MINS after major general surgery. MINS was independently associated with a nearly 5-fold increase in 30-day mortality. The vast majority of patients with MINS were asymptomatic and would have gone undetected without routine postoperative troponin measurement.
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Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Troponina T , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Prognóstico , Incidência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Perioperative atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death after noncardiac surgery. Anticoagulation therapy is effective for stroke prevention in nonsurgical atrial fibrillation, but its efficacy and safety in perioperative atrial fibrillation are unknown. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL from database inception until January 2022. We included studies comparing anticoagulation versus no anticoagulation use in patients with perioperative atrial fibrillation after noncardiac surgery. Our study outcomes included stroke ± systemic embolism, bleeding, mortality, myocardial infarction, and venous thromboembolism. We pooled studies using fixed-effects models. We reported summary risk ratios (RRs) for studies reporting multivariable-adjusted results. RESULTS: Seven observational studies but no randomised trials were included. Of the 27,822 patients, 29.1% were prescribed therapeutic anticoagulation. Anticoagulation use was associated with a lower risk of stroke ± systemic embolism (RR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.85; I2 = 81%; 3 studies) but a higher risk of bleeding (RR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04-1.25; 1 study). There was a lower risk of mortality associated with anticoagulation use (RR 0.45; 95% CI, 0.40-0.51; I2 = 80%; 2 studies). There was no difference in the risk of myocardial infarction (RR 2.19; 95% CI, 0.97-4.96; 1 study). The certainty of the evidence was very low across all outcomes. CONCLUSION: Anticoagulation is associated with a reduced risk of stroke and death but an increased risk of bleeding. The quality of the evidence is very poor. Randomised trials are needed to better determine the effects of anticoagulation use in this population.
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Fibrilação Atrial , Infarto do Miocárdio , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ischaemic brain infarction can occur without acute neurological symptoms (covert strokes) or with symptoms (overt strokes), both associated with poor health outcomes. We conducted a pilot study of the incidence of preoperative and postoperative (intraoperative or postoperative) covert strokes, and explored the relationship of postoperative ischaemic brain injury to blood levels of neurofilament light, a biomarker of neuronal damage. METHODS: We analysed 101 preoperative (within 2 weeks of surgery) and 58 postoperative research MRIs on postoperative days 2-9 from two prospective cohorts collected at the University of Wisconsin (NCT01980511 and NCT03124303). Participants were aged >65 yr and undergoing non-intracranial, non-carotid surgery. RESULTS: Preoperative covert stroke was identified in 2/101 participants (2%; Bayesian 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-5.4). This rate was statistically different from the postoperative ischaemic brain injury rate of 7/58 (12%, 4.9-21.3%; P=0.01) based on postoperative imaging. However, in a smaller group of participants with paired imaging (n=30), we did not identify the same effect (P=0.67). Patients with postoperative brain injury had elevated peak neurofilament light levels (median [inter-quartile range], 2.34 [2.24-2.64] log10 pg ml-1) compared with those without (1.86 [1.48-2.21] log10 pg ml-1; P=0.025). Delirium severity scores were higher in those with postoperative brain injury (19 [17-21]) compared with those without (7 [4-12]; P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Although limited by a small sample size, these data suggest that preoperative covert stroke occurs more commonly than previously anticipated. Plasma neurofilament light is a potential screening biomarker for postoperative ischaemic brain injury.
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Lesões Encefálicas , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Teorema de Bayes , Filamentos Intermediários , Projetos Piloto , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Idoso , Estudos Clínicos como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is a leading preventable cause of death and increases perioperative risk. Determinants of smoking abstinence after noncardiac surgery and the association between smoking and 1-yr vascular outcomes are not fully elucidated. METHODS: We did a prospective cohort study of 40 004 patients, aged ≥45 yr, enrolled between August 2007 and November 2013, and followed for 1 yr after surgery. Patients were categorised as never smokers, ex-smokers (quit >4 weeks preoperatively), and current smokers (smoking ≤4 weeks preoperatively). Primary outcome was abstinence at 1 yr. Secondary outcome was a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke at 1 yr. RESULTS: Of 4658 current smokers, 1838 (39.5%) were abstinent 1 yr after surgery. Median (inter-quartile range) time to resumption was 7 (3-23) days post-surgery. Perioperatively, 7.2% of current smokers obtained smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. Older age (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.32); having recent coronary artery disease (aRR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.29-1.55); cancer (aRR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.18-1.59); and undergoing major vascular (aRR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02-1.41), urgent/emergent (aRR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05-1.23), or thoracic (aRR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26-1.56) surgeries increased abstinence. One-year abstinence was less likely when patients stopped smoking 0-1 day (aRR 0.53; 95% CI: 0.43-0.66) and 2-14 days (aRR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71-0.82) before surgery compared with >14 days before surgery. Current smokers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01-1.29) and ex-smokers (aHR 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.21) had higher risk of the 1-yr vascular outcome compared with never smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term tobacco abstinence is more likely after major surgery in those with serious medical comorbidities. Interventions to prevent smoking resumption after surgery remain a priority. Clinical trial registration NCT00512109.
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Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Fumar Tabaco , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Estudos Prospectivos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiologia , Fumar Tabaco/prevenção & controleRESUMO
AIMS: Data suggest that women have worse outcomes than men after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but results have been inconsistent across studies. Due to the large differences in baseline characteristics between sexes, suboptimal risk adjustment due to low-quality data may be the reason for the observed differences. To overcome this limitation, we undertook a systematic review and pooled analysis of high-quality individual patient data from large CABG trials to compare the adjusted outcomes of women and men. METHODS AND RESULTS: The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and repeat revascularization (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, MACCE). The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. Multivariable mixed-effect Cox regression was used. Four trials involving 13 193 patients (10 479 males; 2714 females) were included. Over 5 years of follow-up, women had a significantly higher risk of MACCE [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.21; P = 0.004] but similar mortality (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.94-1.14; P = 0.51) compared to men. Women had higher incidence of MI (adjusted HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.11-1.52) and repeat revascularization (adjusted HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04-1.43) but not stroke (adjusted HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.90-1.52). The difference in MACCE between sexes was not significant in patients 75 years and older. The use of off-pump surgery and multiple arterial grafting did not modify the difference between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Women have worse outcomes than men in the first 5 years after CABG. This difference is not significant in patients aged over 75 years and is not affected by the surgical technique.
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Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Infarto do Miocárdio , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Idoso , Ponte de Artéria Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In women, preeclampsia has a known association with increased long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, it is unknown whether it is associated with increased postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women. We aimed to determine if preeclampsia is an independent risk factor for myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) and postoperative 30-day mortality. METHODS: This study was a large international multicentre cohort study of a representative sample of 40,004 patients recruited from August 2007 to November 2013. Participants were ≥ 45 years of age and underwent inpatient noncardiac surgery. Within this cohort, our study examined women with a history of pregnancy. Using multivariable models, we explored the association between a history of pregnancy affected by preeclampsia and our primary outcome of MINS and secondary outcome of postoperative mortality within 30 days. MINS was defined as prognostically relevant myocardial injury due to ischemia that occurred during or within 30 days after noncardiac surgery. RESULTS: Analyses were restricted to the 13,902 participants with a history of pregnancy. Among these women, 976 (7.0%) had a history of preeclampsia. A history of preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of MINS, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.53; Pâ¯=â¯0.02). Preeclampsia was not significantly associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Preeclampsia is a risk factor for MINS and should be considered in the preoperative cardiovascular risk assessment of women.
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Isquemia Miocárdica/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco/métodos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Saúde Global , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isquemia Miocárdica/sangue , Isquemia Miocárdica/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , Troponina T/sangueRESUMO
Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) includes patients with traditional myocardial infarction and those with ischemic myocardial injury after surgery. This study evaluated the prognostic value of MINS on major cardiovascular events and 30-day mortality, and determined independent preoperative predictors of MINS in patients after noncardiac surgery. This multicenter prospective cohort study was part of the VISION Study. The sample consisted of 2504 patients who underwent noncardiac surgery at 2 tertiary hospitals in Brazil between September 2008 and July 2012. Troponin Ts were measured 6-12 hours, and on days 1-3 after surgery. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify independent variables of major outcomes. A total of 314 (13%) patients were diagnosed with MINS, of which 26 (8%) died. Length-of-hospital stay of MINS patients was 3 times higher (18 ± 22 days vs 5.8 ± 11 days). In multivariate analysis, 30-day mortality was significantly higher among patients with MINS (hazard ratio [HR] 3.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56-6.41)), and major bleeding (HR 5.76 (95% CI 2.75-12.05)), sepsis (HR 5.08 (95% CI 2.25-11.46)), active cancer (HR 4.22 (95% CI 1.98-8.98)), and general surgery (HR 3.11 (95% CI 1.51-6.41)). Multivariable analysis indicated a higher chance of MINS in patients ≥75 years of age, history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, coronary disease, and end-stage renal failure. The incidence of MINS within 30 days after noncardiac surgery is related to higher mortality. Postoperative troponin monitoring in elder patients and with risk factors for atherosclerotic disease may help reduce postoperative cardiovascular events.
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Infarto do Miocárdio , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Troponina , Idoso , Humanos , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Isquemia Miocárdica , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) is common, mostly silent, and a strong predictor of postoperative mortality. MINS appears to result from myocardial supply-demand mismatch. Recent data support restrictive perioperative transfusion strategies that can result in low postoperative haemoglobin concentrations. Whether low postoperative haemoglobin is associated with myocardial injury remains unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that anaemia is associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury in adults having noncardiac surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of adults ≥45 yr old who had routine postoperative troponin T (TnT) monitoring after noncardiac surgery at the Cleverland Clinic (including those enrolled in the PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation-2 Trial [POISE-2], the Safety of Addition of Nitrous Oxide to General Anaesthesia in At-risk Patients Having Major Non-cardiac Surgery [ENIGMA-II], Vascular Events In Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation Study [VISION], and Anaesthetic Depth and Complications After Major Surgery [BALANCED] trial). Patients with baseline increase in TnT and non-ischaemic aetiologies for TnT increase were excluded. The association between postoperative haemoglobin concentration during the 3 initial postoperative days and the incidence of MINS (fourth-generation TnT ≥0.03 ng ml-1 judged as attributable to ischaemia) was assessed using a time-varying covariate Cox proportional hazards survival analysis. RESULTS: Among 6141 patients, 4480 were analysed. The incidence of MINS was 155/4480 (3.5%), ranging from 0/345 (0%) among patients whose lowest postoperative haemoglobin exceeded 13 g dl-1 to 52/611 (8.5%) in patients whose minimum postoperative haemoglobin was <8 g dl-1. The confounder-adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] for having MINS was 1.29 [1.16-1.42] for every 1 g dl-1 decrease in postoperative haemoglobin in a time-varying covariate analysis. Similar associations were identified in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Lower postoperative haemoglobin values are associated with MINS. Whether this association is modifiable by prevention or treatment of anaemia remains to be determined.
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Infarto do Miocárdio , Isquemia Miocárdica , Estudos de Coortes , Hemoglobinas , Humanos , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction is the most common postoperative major vascular complication. Perioperative anaemia may contribute to cardiac supply-demand mismatch, and therefore myocardial injury. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the lowest in-hospital postoperative haemoglobin concentration is associated with a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality within the first 30 days after noncardiac surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients enrolled in the PeriOperative Ischemic Evaluation-2 (POISE-2) trial. We assessed the association between the lowest postoperative haemoglobin concentration during the initial hospitalisation and a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction (Third Universal Definition) and all-cause mortality within 30 postoperative days, using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: We analysed 7227 patients from POISE-2, of whom 7.8% developed myocardial infarction; 1.5% died within 30 days. The composite primary outcome of non-fatal myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality occurred in 8.9% patients overall, ranging from 16% in patients with postoperative haemoglobin concentrations <88 g L-1 to 4.1% in patients with postoperative haemoglobin >113 g L-1. After adjusting for baseline factors, in patients with a lowest postoperative haemoglobin concentration <110 g L-1, each 10 g L-1 reduction in the lowest postoperative haemoglobin concentration was associated with a 1.46 (95% confidence interval: 1.37-1.56; P<0.001) fold increase in the odds of the composite outcome. In contrast, there was no significant relationship amongst patients with lowest postoperative haemoglobin concentration >110 g L-1. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative anaemia may be a modifiable risk factor for non-fatal myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality.
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Anemia/epidemiologia , Hemoglobinas/análise , Infarto do Miocárdio/sangue , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/sangue , Causalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diagnostic criteria for Bleeding Independently associated with Mortality after noncardiac Surgery (BIMS) have been defined as bleeding that leads to a postoperative haemoglobin <70 g L-1, leads to blood transfusion, or is judged to be the direct cause of death. Preoperative prediction guides for BIMS can facilitate informed consent and planning of perioperative care. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study of 16 079 participants aged ≥45 yr having inpatient noncardiac surgery at 12 academic hospitals in eight countries between 2007 and 2011, 17.3% (2782) experienced BIMS. An electronic risk calculator for BIMS was developed and internally validated by logistic regression with bootstrapping, and further simplified to a risk index. Decision curve analysis assessed the potential utility of each prediction guide compared with a strategy of identifying risk of BIMS based on preoperative haemoglobin <120 g L-1. RESULTS: With information about the type of surgery, preoperative haemoglobin, age, sex, functional status, kidney function, history of high-risk coronary artery disease, and active cancer, the risk calculator accurately predicted BIMS (bias-corrected C-statistic, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.837-0.852). A simplified index based on preoperative haemoglobin <120 g L-1, open surgery, and high-risk surgery also predicted BIMS, but less accurately (C-statistic, 0.787; 95% confidence interval, 0.779-0.796). Both prediction guides could improve decision making compared with knowledge of haemoglobin <120 g L-1 alone. CONCLUSIONS: BIMS, defined as bleeding that leads to a postoperative haemoglobin <70 g L-1, leads to blood transfusion, or that is judged to be the direct cause of death, can be predicted by a simple risk index before surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00512109.
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Transfusão de Sangue , Hemorragia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Prognóstico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aimed to establish diagnostic criteria for bleeding independently associated with mortality after noncardiac surgery (BIMS) defined as bleeding during or within 30 days after noncardiac surgery that is independently associated with mortality within 30 days of surgery, and to estimate the proportion of 30-day postoperative mortality potentially attributable to BIMS. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of participants ≥45 yr old having inpatient noncardiac surgery at 12 academic hospitals in eight countries between 2007 and 2011. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the adjusted relationship between candidate diagnostic criteria for BIMS and all-cause mortality within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: Of 16 079 participants, 2.0% (315) died and 36.1% (5810) met predefined screening criteria for bleeding. Based on independent association with 30-day mortality, BIMS was identified as bleeding leading to a postoperative haemoglobin <70 g L-1, transfusion of ≥1 unit of red blood cells, or that was judged to be the cause of death. Bleeding independently associated with mortality after noncardiac surgery occurred in 17.3% of patients (2782). Death occurred in 5.8% of patients with BIMS (161/2782), 1.3% (39/3028) who met bleeding screening criteria but not BIMS criteria, and 1.1% (115/10 269) without bleeding. BIMS was associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.42-2.47). We estimated the proportion of 30-day postoperative deaths potentially attributable to BIMS to be 20.1-31.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding independently associated with mortality after noncardiac surgery (BIMS), defined as bleeding that leads to a postoperative haemoglobin <70 g L-1, blood transfusion, or that is judged to be the cause of death, is common and may account for a quarter of deaths after noncardiac surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00512109.
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Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/mortalidade , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infection is a frequent cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for postoperative infections remain poorly characterised. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a prospective international cohort study of patients aged ≥45 yr who had noncardiac surgery (VISION), including data describing infection within 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome was postoperative infection. The secondary outcome was 30 day mortality. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to identify baseline risk factors for infection. Results are presented as n (%) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Some denominators vary according to rates of missing data. RESULTS: Among 39 996 surgical patients, 3905 (9.8%) experienced 5152 postoperative infections and 715 (1.8%) died. The most frequent infection was surgical site infection (1555/3905 [39.8%]). Infection was most strongly associated with general surgery (OR: 3.74 [3.11-4.49]; P<0.01) and open surgical technique (OR: 2.03 [1.82-2.27]; P<0.01); 30 day mortality was greater amongst patients who experienced infection (262/3905 [6.7%] vs 453/36 091 patients who did not [1.3%]; OR: 3.47 [2.84-4.22]; P<0.01). Mortality was highest amongst patients with CNS infections (OR: 14.72 [4.41-49.12]; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Infection is a common and important complication of noncardiac surgery, which is associated with high mortality. Further research is needed to identify more effective measures to prevent infections after surgery.
Assuntos
Infecções/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE:: There is uncertainty about the incidence of and prognosis associated with atrial fibrillation that is documented for the first time in the setting of an acute stressor, such as surgery or medical illness. Our objective was to perform a systematic review of the incidence and long-term recurrence rates for atrial fibrillation occurring transiently with stress in the setting of acute medical illness. DATA SOURCES:: Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central to September 2017. STUDY SELECTION:: We included retrospective and prospective observational studies, and randomised controlled trials. The population of interest included patients hospitalised for medical (i.e. non-surgical) illness who developed newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Studies were included if they included data on either the incidence of atrial fibrillation or the rate of atrial fibrillation recurrence in atrial fibrillation occurring transiently with stress patients following hospital discharge. DATA EXTRACTION:: Two reviewers collected data independently and in duplicate. We characterised each study's methodology for ascertainment of prior atrial fibrillation history, atrial fibrillation during hospitalisation and atrial fibrillation recurrence after hospital discharge. DATA SYNTHESIS:: Thirty-six studies reported the incidence of atrial fibrillation. Ten used a prospective design and included a period of continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. Atrial fibrillation incidence ranged from 1% to 44%, which was too heterogeneous to justify meta-analysis ( I2=99%). In post-hoc meta-regression models, the use of continuous ECG monitoring explained 13% of the variance in atrial fibrillation incidence, while care in an intensive care unit explained none. Two studies reported the long-term rate of atrial fibrillation recurrence following atrial fibrillation occurring transiently with stress. Neither of these studies used prospective, systematic monitoring. Recurrence rates at 5 years ranged from 42% to 68%. CONCLUSIONS:: The incidence of atrial fibrillation with medical illness may be as high as 44%, with higher estimates in reports using continuous ECG monitoring. Within 5 years following hospital discharge, atrial fibrillation recurrence is documented in approximately half of patients; however, the true rate may be higher. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016043240.
Assuntos
Doença Aguda , Fibrilação Atrial/epidemiologia , Fibrilação Atrial/etiologia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Incidência , RecidivaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) is a mostly asymptomatic condition that is strongly associated with 30-day mortality; however, it remains mostly undetected without systematic troponin T monitoring. We evaluated the cost and consequences of postoperative troponin T monitoring to detect MINS. METHODS: We conducted a model-based cost-consequence analysis to compare the impact of routine troponin T monitoring versus standard care (troponin T measurement triggered by ischemic symptoms) on the incidence of MINS detection. Model inputs were based on Canadian patients enrolled in the Vascular Events in Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION) study, which enrolled patients aged 45 years or older undergoing inpatient noncardiac surgery. We conducted probability analyses with 10â¯000 iterations and extensive sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: The data were based on 6021 patients (48% men, mean age 65 [standard deviation 12] yr). The 30-day mortality rate for MINS was 9.6%. We determined the incremental cost to avoid missing a MINS event as $1632 (2015 Canadian dollars). The cost-effectiveness of troponin monitoring was higher in patient subgroups at higher risk for MINS, e.g., those aged 65 years or more, or with a history of atherosclerosis or diabetes ($1309). CONCLUSION: The costs associated with a troponin T monitoring program to detect MINS were moderate. Based on the estimated incremental cost per health gain, implementation of postoperative troponin T monitoring seems appealing, particularly in patients at high risk for MINS.
CONTEXTE: Les lésions myocardiques après chirurgie non cardiaque (CNC) sont majoritairement asymptomatiques et fortement associées au risque de mortalité dans les 30 jours; toutefois, dans la plupart des cas, elles ne sont pas détectées en l'absence d'une surveillance systématique de la troponine T. Nous avons évalué les coûts et les conséquences d'une telle surveillance pour détecter les lésions myocardiques après CNC. MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une analyse coût-conséquence modélisée pour comparer la surveillance systématique de la troponine T aux soins habituels seuls (mesure de la troponine T seulement s'il y a présence de symptômes d'ischémie) sur la fréquence de détection de lésions myocardiques après CNC. Les données ayant servi à l'analyse provenaient des patients canadiens ayant participé à l'étude de cohorte VISION, qui visait à évaluer les complications vasculaires chez les patients de 45 ans et plus ayant subi une CNC. Nous avons mené des analyses de probabilité avec 10 â¯000 itérations et des analyses de sensibilité approfondies. RÉSULTATS: Les données portaient sur 6021 patients (48â¯% du sexe masculin; âge moyen de 65 ans [écart-type de 12 ans]). Le taux de mortalité dans les 30 jours associé à une lésion myocardique après CNC était de 9,6â¯%. Nous avons déterminé que le coût marginal de la détection de la présence d'une lésion par surveillance de la troponine T était de 1632â¯$ (dollars canadiens en 2015). Le rapport coût-efficacité était plus bas pour les sous-groupes de patients à risque élevé de lésion myocardique après CNC, comme les patients de 65 ans et plus ou ceux ayant des antécédents d'athérosclérose ou de diabète (1309â¯$), que pour leurs pairs. CONCLUSION: Les coûts associés à un programme de surveillance de la troponine T pour détecter les lésions myocardiques après CNC étaient modérés. Le coût marginal estimé par gain de santé indique que la mise en Åuvre de ce type de programme pourrait être une option intéressante, surtout pour les patients à risque élevé de lésion myocardique après CNC.