Pro-inflammatory cytokines in spondyloarthritis: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the discriminative values of pro-inflammatory cytokines to distinguish spondyloarthritis patients from healthy subjects and to assess the association between these cytokines and spondyloarthritis characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, including 144 subjects matched for age and sex: 72 spondyloarthritis patients(G1) and 72 controls (G2). The disease activity was assessed using ASDAS-CRP and BASDAI. Structural damage was assessed using BASRI. The levels of interleukin (IL) IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα) were measured. RESULTS: Each group included 57 men. The mean age was 44.84 ± 13.42 years. Except for IL-8, all cytokine levels were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (IL-1: p = 0.05, IL-6: p = 0.021, TNFα: p = 0.039, IL-17 and IL-23: p < 0.001). Cutoff values of IL-17 and IL-23 distinguishing patients in G1 from those in G2 were 17.6 and 7.96 pg/mL, respectively. TNFα level correlated to BASDAI (p = 0.029) and BASRI (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that structural damage was associated with the male gender (p = 0.017), longer disease duration (p = 0.038), and high disease activity (p = 0.044). Disease activity was associated with longer disease duration (p = 0.012) and increased IL-6 levels (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that IL-17 was the ablest to distinguish between spondyloarthritis patients and controls, suggesting that IL-17 may be helpful for the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis.

Associated factors with liver fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate.

INTRODUCTION: There are conflicting findings on the link between liver fibrosis and cumulative methotrexate dosages. We aimed to determine the frequency of liver fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate and to identify its associated factors. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study over 9 months (April-December 2021), including rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Liver stiffness was assessed by FibroScan. Fibrosis and significant liver fibrosis were defined as liver stiffness higher than 6 and 7.2 kPa, respectively. Liver tests, albuminemia, lipid profile, and blood glycemia were measured. Metabolic syndrome was also evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. RESULTS: We included 21 men and 47 women. The mean age was 51.60 ± 1.82 years. The mean disease duration was 8.29 ± 6.48 years. The mean weekly intake of methotrexate was 13.76 ± 3.91 mg. The mean methotrexate duration was 4.67 ± 4.24 years. The mean cumulative dose was 3508.87 ± 3390.48 mg. Hypoalbuminemia and metabolic syndrome were found in 34% and 25% of cases. We noted increased alkaline phosphatase levels in four cases. The mean liver stiffness was 4.50 ± 1.53 kPa. Nine patients had liver fibrosis, and four had significant fibrosis. Associated factors with liver fibrosis were as follows: age ≥ 60 years (OR:22.703; 95%CI [1.238-416.487]; p = 0.035), cumulated dose of methotrexate ≥ 3 g (OR: 76.501; 95%CI [2.383-2456.070]; p = 0.014), metabolic syndrome (OR: 42.743; 95%CI [1.728-1057.273]; p = 0.022), elevated alkaline phosphatase levels (OR: 28.252; 95%CI [1.306-611.007]; p = 0.033), and hypoalbuminemia (OR: 59.302; 95%CI [2.361-1489.718]; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Cumulating more than 3 g of methotrexate was associated with liver fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Having a metabolic syndrome, higher age, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels were also likely to be independently associated with liver fibrosis. Key points • Rheumatoid arthritis patients require monitoring hepatic fibrosis when the cumulated dose of methotrexate is above 3 g. • Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for liver fibrosis, suggesting that its management is necessary to prevent this complication. • Hypoalbuminemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels (twice the upper limit) in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate were associated with liver fibrosis.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with low back pain: A comparative study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There are controversial results regarding the value of serum IL-8 and TNFα in patients with non-specific low back pain. This study aimed to compare pro-inflammatory cytokines between patients with non-specific back pain and pain-free controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 106 participants: 46 patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (G1) and 60 pain-free controls (G0). The interleukin (IL-)6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, IL-22, and Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were measured. We collected demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, low back pain duration and radicular pain. The pain degree was assessed using the Visual Analogic Scale. RESULTS: The mean age was 43.17±8.7 years in G1. Radicular pain was found in 37 cases with a Visual Analogic Scale of 3.03±2.5mm. The magnetic resonance imaging was performed in (G1), showing disk herniation and degenerative disk disease in 54.3% (n=25) and 45.7% of cases (n=21), respectively. The IL-8 was higher in G1 (18.84±44.64 versus 4.34±1.23pg/mL, p:0.033). IL-8 levels correlated with TNFα (0.942, p<10-3), IL-6 (0.490, p=0.011) and Visual Analogic ScaleRadicular-pain (r:0.297, p:0.047). IL-17 was higher in patients with restricted lumbar spine mobility (9.64±20.77 versus 1.19±2.54pg/mL, p:0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that IL-8 and TNFα play a role in low back pain and radicular pain due to disk degeneration or herniation. These findings could potentially be used by future studies to develop new non-specific low back pain therapeutic strategies.

Rheumatic Manifestations of Parkinson's Disease: An Overview.

OBJECTIVES: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. It can be responsible for several rheumatological manifestations. AIMS: This article aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on musculoskeletal diseases associated with Parkinson's disease and their management. METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of musculoskeletal features associated with Parkinson's disease. RESULTS: Rheumatological manifestations of Parkinson's disease include postural disorders (antecollis, cervical kyphosis, cervical positive sagittal malalignment, camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, scoliosis), bone disorders (osteoporosis, bone fractures), and joint disorders (frozen shoulder, hand, and foot deformities). Rheumatological manifestations lead to physical disability, long-term pain, and impaired quality of life. However, the management of these manifestations is not yet codified. It can associate botulinum toxin, thoraco-pelvic anterior distraction, orthosis, orthopedic surgical correction, pallidotomy, or deep brain stimulation in patients with camptocormia. Therapeutic management of osteoporosis includes calcium and vitamin D intake and bisphosphonates. CONCLUSION: Rheumatological manifestations are common in Parkinson's disease. Optimal care of patients with Parkinson's disease should include attention to management of postural, bone, and joint disorders since it remains a major cause of functional impairment and disability.

A tale about an unusual cause of pygalgia in non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.

Schwannoma are tumors of Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. Sacral location is rarely reported especially in spondyloarthritis patients. Herein, we report a case of uncommon pygalgia in a 25-year-old man with history of a non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis and in whom the diagnosis of sacral Schwannoma was established.

Assessment Tools for Pulmonary Involvement in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: Is Diaphragmatic Ultrasonography Correlated to Spirometry?

Objective: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that can lead to spinal ankylosis and consequently, restrictive pulmonary dysfunction. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the accuracy of diaphragm ultrasound compared to spirometry in the screening of restrictive pulmonary disorders in radiographic SpA patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 50 patients with radiographic SpA, over six months. Sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics of the disease, as well as biological, radiological, and therapeutic data, were collected. Spirometry and diaphragm ultrasound were performed. Results: The mean age of the study participants (N= 50) was 42.7±11 years [range: 25-66] with male predominance (N= 41). Spirometry showed a restrictive disorder in 32% of cases. The mean chest expansion (CE) value was 3.9±1.81cm [range: 1-9] with a median of 4 cm. A pathological value (<5cm) was observed in 72% of cases. A significant positive correlation was found between the right inspiratory diaphragmatic thickness and forced vital capacity (FVC) (r= 0.36; p = 0.02) and the supine FVC (r=0.29; p = 0.04). The left inspiratory diaphragmatic thickness was correlated with the percentage of the FVC decrease (r= 0.35; p = 0.01) defined as the percentage of difference between FVC and supine FVC. The right expiratory diaphragmatic thickness was associated with the FVC (r=0.32; p = 0.02). A significant positive correlation was found between the CE and the presence of B lines (r=0.32; p = 0.02), but not between the CE and the FVC. Conclusion: The present study showed that diaphragm ultrasonography is correlated with spirometric findings in radiographic SpA patients. Further studies are required to assess its reliability, specificity, and sensitivity in this pathology.

Matrix Metalloproteinases; A Biomarker of Disease Activity and Prognosis in Spondyloarthritis: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases, as components of the proteolytic system, are deemed to be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of several rheumatic diseases. Their role in spondyloarthritis has been investigated by several studies. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to review and summarize the current knowledge related to metalloproteinases in patients with spondyloarthritis. METHODS: To examine the association between matrix metalloproteinases and spondyloarthritis, we conducted a narrative review using a literature search in SCOPUS for English-language sources. The search included studies published from the database inception to December 2020. RESULTS: A total number of 74 articles were included. It was found that levels of matrix metalloproteinases 3 were higher in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patients and seemed to play a role in the progression of joint damage. The levels of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 9 were upregulated in psoriatic arthritis patients compared to psoriasis and could identify psoriasis patients who would develop rheumatic manifestations. The levels of matrix metalloproteinases correlated significantly with disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis and decreased upon treatment with Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors (TNFi). CONCLUSION: Excessive matrix metalloproteinases activity is associated with articular destruction. Their levels can reflect disease activity, structural damage, and response to TNFi in patients with spondyloarthritis. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Reactive arthritis occurring after COVID-19 infection: a narrative review.

PURPOSE: Reactive arthritis is acute aseptic arthritis occurring 1 to 4 weeks after a distant infection in a genetically predisposed individual. It may occur after COVID-19 infection. We summarize, in this article, the current findings of reactive arthritis following COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A literature search has been performed from December 2019 to December 2021. We included case reports of reactive arthritis occurring after COVID-19 infection. We collected demographic, clinical, and paraclinical data. RESULTS: A total of 22 articles were reviewed. There were 14 men and 11 women with a mean age of 44.96 + 17.47 years. Oligoarticular involvement of the lower limbs was the most frequent clinical presentation. The time between arthritis and COVID infection ranged from 6 to 48 days. The diagnosis was based on clinical and laboratory findings. The pharmacological management was based on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 20 cases. Systemic or local steroid therapy was indicated in 13 patients. Sulfasalazine was indicated in two cases. Alleviation of symptoms and recovery were noted in 22 cases. The mean duration of the clinical resolution was 16 + 57 days. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of reactive arthritis should be considered in patients with a new onset of arthritis following COVID-19 infection. Its mechanism is still unclear.

Osteoarticular manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: a literature review.

Osteoarticular manifestations such as arthritis and bone pain are scarce among adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We present a systematic review of osteoarticular first clinical manifestation related to ALL in adults, and we report a case of an adult patient with a B-cell ALL revealed by refractory pygalgia and arthritis. A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline using the MEDLINE database, including case reports and case series describing osteoarticular manifestations revealing ALL in adults. There were 29 patients with osteoarticular manifestations, revealing ALL (including our case). The mean age was 34.00 ± 13.29 years. Osteoarticular manifestations were peripheral articular signs (7 cases), axial manifestations (17 cases), and osteolytic lesions (21 cases). Vertebral fractures were reported in 4 cases. MRI was performed in 15 cases, showing heterogeneous signal changes in the vertebra, skull, and sacroiliac bones. It showed avascular necrosis of the femoral head in one case. PET scan, performed in 7 cases, showed diffuse or localized FDG uptakes in the bone marrow. Hypercalcemia was noted in 9 cases. The treatment was based on chemotherapy (23 patients) and radiotherapy (4 cases). During the follow-up, remission was noted in 14 cases, death in 9 cases, and was not available in 6 patients. Our review showed that axial manifestations, joint swelling, bone pain, and hypercalcemia could be the first and only symptoms of ALL in adults, making the diagnosis of ALL difficult to recognize, leading to a diagnosis delay. Key Points • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults revealed by osteoarticular manifestations can be misdiagnosed as rheumatic diseases. • Axial manifestations, joint swelling, bone pain, and hypercalcemia could be the first and only symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. • Complete blood count and calcium blood test should be performed as first-line investigations in adults with axial or peripheral articular symptoms. • Physicians should be aware of this clinical presentation to avoid diagnosis delay and improve prognosis.

Ultrasonography of heel entheses in axial spondyloarthritis patients: frequency and assessment of associated factors.

PURPOSE: Foot entheses involvement is a common manifestation of spondyloarthritis. The superiority of ultrasonography examination in foot entheses damages detection has been reported. We aimed to compare the ultrasonography findings of foot entheses between spondyloarthritis patients. and healthy controls and to identify factors associated with enthesitic heel involvement. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 37 patients with axial spondyloarthritis (G1) and 37 healthy subjects matched by age and gender (G0). The following pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured: Interleukin (IL-)1, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23. A blind ultrasonography of foot entheses was performed to examine calcaneal tendon (CT) and plantar fascia (PF). RESULTS: The mean age was 44.62 ± 12.31 years. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were taken in 92% of patients. Clinical heel enthesopathy was noted in 10 patients (27%) of G1. No participant has enthesitic pain in G0. Ultrasonography changes in CT and PF were more frequent in G1 than G0 (p = 0.001 and p = 10-3, respectively). In the PF, tendon thickening was significantly higher in G1 than G0 (p = 0.03). Power Doppler in both enthesitic sites was exclusively observed in G1 (p = 10-3). Regarding associated factors, CT enthesophytes were less frequent in patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs continuously or having regular physical activity. PF structural damages were associated with higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.02), higher IL-23 level (p = 0.01), and higher disease activity (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography lesions of heel entheses were frequent in spondyloarthritis. Disease activity and inflammatory markers were higher in patients with heel enthesitis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs intake and regular physical activity may prevent enthesophytes' occurrence.

Increased serum interleukin 22 levels in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: The role of IL-22 in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is not fully elucidated. Thus, there is a need for new insights into this cytokine in this disease. We aimed to compare interleukin (IL)-22 level between spondyloarthritis, nonspecific-low back pain patients, and pain-free controls, and to evaluate associations between this cytokine and spondyloarthritis characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 62 patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (G1), 46 with nonspecific low back pain (G2), and 42 healthy volunteers (G3). IL-22 was measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We evaluate disease activity and structural damage of spondyloarthritis. RESULTS: IL-22 level was higher in G1 than in G2 and G3 (38±40 versus14.42±8.17 versus14.3±18.67 pg/mL, p<0.01). IL-22 discriminated patients in G1 from G2 with a cutoff of 22.28pg/mL (Sensitivity: 62.9%, Specificity: 97.8%, area under the curve (AUC): 0.808). IL-22 cutoff of 19.27pg/mL discriminated patients in G1 from G3 (Sensitivity: 67%, Specificity: 94.3%, AUC: 0.855). No associations were found between IL-22 levels and disease activity and structural damage. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that IL-22 level was higher in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patients compared to controls. It was also able to differentiate G1 patients from G2 and G3. This finding suggests that the IL-22 pathway showed to play a pathological role in spondyloarthritis.

Cutaneous and rheumatological manifestations of reactive arthritis: A case report.

Reactive arthritis is a rare form of spondyloarthropathies occurring after genital or enteric infection. It is most often self-limited but can progress to chronic spondylarthritis. We report the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with acute arthritis occurring 2 months after an episode of urethral discharge. Physical examination revealed polyarthritis, dactylitis, sacroiliac joint involvement, and plantar papulosquamous plaques. The human leukocyte antigen B27 was positive. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Gonococcus in the first catch urine specimen was negative. Hepatitis B and C, Chlamydia trachomatis, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis serologic test results were negative. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging revealed left sacroiliitis. The patient was treated with antibiotics, diclofenac, and sulfasalazine. After 6 months of follow-up, a significant clinical improvement was obtained without remission, suggesting an evolution to chronic spondylarthritis. Diagnosis of Reactive arthritis is difficult since microbiologic examinations are commonly negative. This disease should be considered in patients with rheumatologic manifestations occurring after a urogenital or enteric infection, mainly when associated with skin manifestations and human leukocyte antigen B27.

Obesity, Lipid Profile and Cytokines in Spondyloarthritis.

Context: Chronic rheumatic diseases seem to be associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The link between cytokines and lipid profile in spondyloarthritis is not well elucidated. Aims: We aimed to assess the relationship between cytokines and obesity, lipid profile and atherogenic indexes in spondyloarthritis. Methods and Material: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 45 patients with axial radiographic spondyloarthritis. For each patient, we measured the following pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin (IL-) 1, IL-8, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa), and anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-10. We also measured total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc). We calculated the following ratios: TC/HDLc, TG/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc and Log[TG/HDLc]. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS. Results: The mean age was 46 ± 11.9 years. IL-8 levels were increased in obese patients (P = 0.003). IL-8 and IL-22 levels were significantly higher in patients with abdominal obesity (P = 0.024 and P = 0.042, respectively). IL-6 levels were lower in patients with hypercholesterolemia (P = 0.009). IL-1 levels correlated to TG (r = 0.413; P = 0.005). IL-1 and IL-6 were correlated to TG/HDLc (IL-1: r = 0.484, P = 0.001; IL-6; r = 0.700, P = 0.012) and Log[TG/HDLc] (IL-1: r = 0.354; P = 0.012; IL-6: r = 0.309, P = 0.041). IL-10 level was correlated to TC/HDLc (r = 0.333, P = 0.027) and LDLc/HDLc (r = 0.342, P = 0.023). Conclusions: IL-8 and IL-22 were higher in patients with abdominal obesity, highlighting the contribution of the adipocytes to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The correlation between cytokines and atherogenic indexes suggests the role of these cytokines in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in spondyloarthritis.

Synovial hemangioma: A rare cause of chronic knee pain.

Synovial hemangioma is a rare benign vascular tumor responsible for chronic knee pain and swelling. Given its non-specific symptoms, synovial hemangioma is often misdiagnosed. We report a case of synovial hemangioma of bilateral knee joints occurring in a young military man.

Acute arthritis revealing Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Rheumatic manifestations can reveal hypothyroidism, such as arthritis and nonspecific musculoskeletal symptoms. We report herein the case of an acute polyarthritis revealing Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Hormone replacement therapy leads to the resolution of arthritis related to HT, suggesting the role of thyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of arthritis.

Fibrolipoma of the Median Nerve: An Overview.

INTRODUCTION: Fibrolipoma of the median nerve is a rare benign lesion responsible for carpal tunnel syndrome. Fibrolipoma is often misdiagnosed. This article aimed to review and summarize current knowledge regarding fibrolipoma of the median nerve. We emphasize the clinical and imaging features of this disease. METHODS: To examine the characteristics of fibrolipoma of the median nerve, we performed a litera-ture review using MEDLINE. The search included only English studies published from database in-ception to June 2021. RESULTS: Forty-six cases of fibrolipoma of the median nerve were included. Fibolipoma is characterized by diffuse infiltration of peripheral nerves by normal-appearing fibrous and adipose tissues. The fibrolipoma of the median nerve can be responsible for macrodactyly, numbness, paresthesia, and weakness within the median nerve distribution. Ultrasonography shows a fusiform hyperechoic mass along the nerve containing hypoechoic bands corresponding to nerve fascicles. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for the diagnosis of fibrolipoma. It typically shows a contrast between the low signal nerve fibers and the high signal fatty tissues, revealing a characteristic « cable-like ¼ appearance on axial sections and a «spaghetti-like¼ appearance on coronal sections. CONCLUSION: Fibrolipoma should be considered in young patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. This review emphasizes the clinical and radiological features of fibrolipoma. We highlight the images of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of rare structural causes of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Atlanto-odontoid pyogenic arthritis revealing a Jugular Vein Thrombosis.

Pyogenic arthritis of the atlantoaxial joint is scarce. It can lead to several complications, such as spinal cord compression and cerebral vein thrombosis. A 51-year-old man presented with a twenty-day history of inflammatory neck pain. Physical examination revealed paravertebral muscle contracture, restricted neck movement, and fever. Spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed synovitis of atlanto-odontoid joint, anterior epidural collection, and cerebral vein thrombosis. Transthoracic echocardiography was unremarkable. The patient was successfully treated with anti-staphylococcal antibiotic treatment for 12 weeks associated with immobilization of the cervical spine. MRI performed one month after the initiation of the treatment showed disappearance of the epidural collection. The diagnosis of septic arthritis of the atlantoaxial joint should be considered in a patient with inflammatory neck pain. MRI findings are relevant in making the diagnosis of a septic atlanto-odontoid joint. Conservative treatment, including antibiotic and neck immobilization, can be sufficient for the treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the atlantoaxial joint. Cerebral vein thrombosis is a rare complication due to septic arthritis of the atlantoaxial joint.

Rectal carcinoma revealed by isolated mixed bone metastases.

Isolated bone metastases secondary to rectal neoplasia are scarce. Radiographic findings may include lytic, sclerotic, or mixed lesions. We presented a case of rectal carcinoma revealed by isolated osseous metastases. We emphasize the radiological features of mixed bone metastases with the differential diagnoses that may be raised.

Rheumatoid arthritis occurring after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: Case based review.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease. Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers including infections are the major players of autoimmunity. We present a case of rheumatoid arthritis occurring after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) infection. Case presentation: A 72-year-old woman with a medical history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation presented for a 2-month history of bilateral symmetric polyarthritis starting 2 weeks after asymptomatic COVID-19 infection. Physical examination showed swelling and tenderness of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, wrists, and knees. She had increased inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein:108 mg/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 95 mm, alpha-2 and gamma-globulins, interleukin 6: 16.5 pg/mL). Immunological tests revealed positive rheumatoid factor (128 UI/mL), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (200UI/mL), anti-nuclear antibodies (1:320), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (12.24U/mL). She had the genotype: HLA-DRB1*04:11, HLA-DQB1*03:01, and HLA-DQB1* 03:02. Hands and feet radiographs did not show any erosion. Ultrasonography showed active synovitis and erosion of the 5th right metatarsal head. The diagnosis of RA was made. The patient received intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone (250 mg/day for 3 consecutive days) then oral corticosteroids (15 mg daily) and methotrexate (10 mg/week) were associated, leading to clinical and biological improvement. Conclusion: Despite its rarity, physicians should be aware of the possibility of the occurrence of RA after COVID-19 infection. This finding highlights the autoimmune property of this emerging virus and raises further questions about the pathogenesis of immunological alterations.