Nanomedicine for drug resistant pathogens and COVID-19 using mushroom nanocomposite inspired with bacteriocin - A review.

Multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a major global health challenge and have severely threatened the health of society. Current conditions have become worse as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection rates in the future will rise. It is necessary to design, respond effectively, and take action to address these challenges by investigating new avenues. In this regard, the fabrication of metal NPs utilized by various methods, including green synthesis using mushroom, is highly versatile, cost-effective, eco-compatible, and superior. In contrast, biofabrication of metal NPs can be employed as a powerful weapon against MDR pathogens and have immense biomedical applications. In addition, the advancement in nanotechnology has made possible to modify the nanomaterials and enhance their activities. Metal NPs with biomolecules composite prevent the microbial adhesion and kills the microbial pathogens through biofilm formation. Bacteriocin is an excellent antimicrobial peptide that works well as an augmentation substance to boost the antimicrobial effects. As a result, we concentrate on the creation of new, eco-compatible mycosynthesized metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite via electrostatic, covalent, or non-covalent bindings. The synergistic benefits of metal NPs with bacteriocin to combat MDR pathogens and COVID-19, as well as other biomedical applications, are discussed in this review. Moreover, the importance of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in risk analysis of manufactured metal nanocomposite nanomaterial and their future possibilities were also discussed.

Phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles, optimization and evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity against human and plant pathogens.

An attempt was made to synthesis of biocompatible silver nanoparticles from ten different Cassia spp. Among them, Cassia roxburghii aqueous leaf extract supported the synthesis of highly efficient and stable AgNPs. The synthesis of AgNPs was optimized at different physico-chemical condition and highly stable AgNPs were synthesized with 1.0mL of C. roxburghii leaf extract, pH 7.0, 1.0mM AgNO3 and at 37°C. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by XPS, DLS and ZETA potential. DLS and ZETA potential analysis, the average AgNPs size was 35nm and the zeta potential was -18.3mV. The AgNPs exhibit higher antifungal activity when compared with the conventional antifungal drug amphotericin B against all the tested human fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp., Candida albicans and the plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Curvularia sp. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed distinct structural changes in the cell membranes of C. albicans upon AgNPs treatment. These results suggest that phytosynthesized AgNPs could be used as effective growth inhibitors in controlling various human and plant diseases caused by fungi.

Quality changes in fish burger from Catla (Catla Catla) during refrigerated storage.

Fish burgers from catla (Catla catla) were assessed for proximate, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality changes over 17 days of refrigerated storage at 4 (±1) °C. The changes in proximate analysis of fish burgers were found to be significant at P < 0.01. The values of peroxide value, free fatty acid, thiobarbutric acid and total volatile base nitrogen at the end of storage increased significantly at P < 0.01 were determined as 4.98 (±0.22) meqO2/kg of fat, 0.94 (±0.01)% of oleic acid, 0.58 (± 0.02) mg MA/kg of sample and 4.78 (±0.02) mg/100 g of sample respectively. Total plate count and psychrophilic bacterial counts increased significantly (P < 0.01) during refrigerated storage. Staphylococcus aureus, Faecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, yeast and molds were found absent. According to sensory scores, the fish burgers have a shelf life of 15 days. A negative correlation was observed between storage period and overall acceptability scores.

Validation and method development of Tadalafil in bulk and tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC.

A novel, precise, rapid and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated estimation of Tadalafil in bulk and tablet dosage form. The separation was achieved on Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µ) using a mobile phase that consists of the buffer (potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate) and acetonitrile in the ration of 50:50 V/V, pH 6 was adjusted with orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was maintained at 1.2 ml/min and the detection wavelength was 285 nm. The method was validated for linearity, specificity, sensitivity as per ICH guidelines. The retention time was found to be 3.181 for Tadalafil. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 10-150 µg/ml. The % RSD was satisfactory which showed the method found to be reliable. The high percentage recovery confirmed the suitability of the method for estimation of Tadalafil in pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed method could be applicable for routine analysis of Tadalafil in bulk and tablet dosage form.

Quality of ready to serve tilapia fish curry with PUFA in retortable pouches.

UNLABELLED: Studies on the physical, chemical, and microbiological qualities of fresh tilapia meat revealed its suitability for the preparation of ready to eat fish curry packed in retort pouches. Studies on the fatty acid profile of tilapia meat suggest fortification with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to increase the nutritional value. Based on the commercial sterility, sensory evaluation, color, and texture profile analysis F(0) value of 6.94 and cook value of 107.24, with a total process time of 50.24 min at 116 °C was satisfactory for the development of tilapia fish curry in retort pouches. Thermally processed ready to eat south Indian type tilapia fish curry fortified with PUFA was developed and its keeping quality studied at ambient temperature. During storage, a slight increase in the fat content of fish meat was observed, with no significant change in the contents of moisture, protein, and ash. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of fish curry significantly increased during storage. Fish curry fortified with 1% cod liver oil and fish curry without fortification (control) did not show any significant difference in the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during thermal processing and storage. Sensory analysis revealed that fortification of fish curry with cod liver oil had no impact on the quality. Tilapia fish curry processed at 116 °C and F(0) value of 7.0 (with or without fortification of cod liver oil) was fit for consumption, even after a period of 1-y storage in retort pouch. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Tilapia is a lean variety of fish with white flesh and therefore an ideal choice as raw material for the development of ready to serve fish products such as fish curry in retort pouches for both domestic and international markets. Ready to eat thermal processed (116 °C and F(0) value of 7.0) south Indian type tilapia fish curry enriched with PUFA and packed in retort pouch was acceptable for consumption even after a storage period of 1 y at ambient temperature.