Trends in avascular necrosis and related arthroplasties in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a devastating complication often necessitating arthroplasty, particularly common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Limited research exists on arthroplasty trends since new steroid-sparing agents. We analyzed trends and characteristics associated with AVN and AVN-related arthroplasties among SLE and RA hospitalizations using two decades of data from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study used NIS (2000-2019) to identify hospitalized adults with SLE and RA, with or without AVN, using ICD codes. AVN was further grouped by arthroplasty status. Primary outcomes were AVN and AVN-related arthroplasty rates and time trends in SLE and RA. Baseline sociodemographics and comorbidities were compared. Analyses used STATA and Joinpoint regression to calculate annual percent change (APC). RESULTS: Overall, 42,728 (1.3 %) SLE and 43,600 (0.5 %) RA hospitalizations had concomitant AVN (SLE-AVN and RA-AVN). Of these, 16,724 (39 %) and 25,210 (58 %) underwent arthroplasties, respectively. RA-AVN increased (APC: 0.98*), with a decrease in arthroplasties (APC: -0.82*). In contrast, SLE-AVN initially increased with a breakpoint in 2011 (APC 2000-2011: 1.94* APC 2011-2019 -2.03), with declining arthroplasties (APC -2.03*). AVN hospitalizations consisted of individuals who were younger and of Black race; while arthroplasties were less likely in individuals of Black race or Medicaid coverage. CONCLUSION: We report a breakpoint in rising SLE-AVN after 2011, which may relate to newer steroid-sparing therapies (i.e., belimumab). AVN-associated arthroplasties decreased in SLE and RA. Fewer AVN-associated arthroplasties were noted for Black patients and those with Medicaid, indicating potential disparities. Further research should examine treatment differences impacting AVN and arthroplasty rates.

Epidemiology and outcomes of emergency department visits in systemic lupus erythematosus: Insights from the nationwide emergency department sample (NEDS).

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are prone to frequent emergency department (ED) visits. This study explores the epidemiology and outcomes of ED visits by patients with SLE utilizing the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). METHODS: Using NEDS (2019), SLE ED visits identified using ICD-10 codes (M32. xx) were compared with non-SLE ED visits in terms of demographic and clinical features and primary diagnoses associated with the ED visits. Factors associated with inpatient admission were analyzed using logistic regression. Variations in ED visits by age and race were assessed. RESULTS: We identified 414,139 (0.35%) ED visits for adults ≥ 18 years with SLE. ED visits with SLE comprised more women, Black patients, ages 31-50 years, Medicare as the primary payer, and had higher comorbidity burden. A greater proportion of Black and Hispanic SLE patients who visited the ED were in the youngest age category of 18-30 years (around 20%) compared to White patients (less than 10%). Non-White patients had higher Medicaid utilization (27%-32% vs 19% in White patients). Comorbidity patterns varied based on race, with more White patients having higher rates of hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease (IHD) and more Black patients having chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertension, and heart failure. Categorizing by race, SLE/connective tissue disease (CTD) and infection were the most prevalent primary ED diagnosis in non-White and White patients, respectively. Age ≥ 65 years, male sex, and comorbidities were linked to a higher risk of admission. Black race (OR 0.86, p = .01) and lowest income quartile (OR 0.78, p = .003) had lower odds of inpatient admission. CONCLUSION: Infection and SLE/CTD were among the top diagnoses associated with ED visits and inpatient admission. Despite comprising a significant proportion of SLE ED visits, Black patients had lower odds of admission. While the higher prevalence of older age groups, hyperlipidemia, and IHD among White patients may partly explain the disparate results, and further study is needed to understand the role of other factors including reliance on the ED for routine care compared among Black patients, differences in insurance coverage, and potential socioeconomic biases among healthcare providers.

Infection-related hospitalisation in young adults with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the National Inpatient Sample.

INTRODUCTION: Care of young adults with SLE (YA-SLE, 18-24 years) is challenging due to major life transitions co-occurring with chronic healthcare needs. Studies have demonstrated poorer outcomes in the post-transition period. Epidemiological studies focused on serious infection-related hospitalisation (SIH) in YA-SLE are lacking. METHODS: We used National Inpatient Sample from 2010 to 2019 to study the epidemiology and outcomes of SIH for five common infections in SLE, namely sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and opportunistic infections. For time trends, we extended the dataset to cover 2000-2019. The primary outcome was the rate of SIH in YA-SLE compared with adults (25-44 years) with SLE and with young adults without SLE (YA-no SLE). RESULTS: From 2010 to 2019, we identified 1 720 883 hospital admissions with SLE in patients aged ≥18 years. Rates of SIH were similar in young adults and adults with SLE (15.0% vs 14.5%, p=0.12), but considerably higher than in the YA-no SLE group (4.2%, p<0.001). Among SLE with SIH, sepsis followed by pneumonia was the most common diagnosis. Significantly higher proportions of SIH among young adults than adults with SLE were comprised of non-white patients, belonged to the lowest income quartile and had Medicaid. However, only race/ethnicity was associated with SIH among YA-SLE. There was a higher prevalence of comorbid lupus nephritis and pleuritis among young adults compared with adults with SLE and SIH, and both comorbidities were associated with SIH in YA-SLE. Increasing rates of SIH, driven by sepsis, were seen over time. DISCUSSION: YA- SLE had similar rates of SIH to adults with SLE. While hospitalised YA-SLE differed sociodemographically from SLE adults and YA-no SLE, only race/ethnicity was associated with SIH in the YA-SLE group. Lupus nephritis and pleuritis were associated with higher SIH in YA-SLE. Among SLE with SIH, increasing trends of sepsis deserve further study.

A Retrospective Study of Hospitalizations in the USA: Proportion of Hospitalizations With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Non-Obese Population.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the leading causes of end-stage liver disease, is known to be associated with obesity. However, only a few studies in the United States (US) have described non-obese NAFLD, most of which were on the outpatient population. Aim We aimed to investigate the proportion of hospitalizations in the US with a diagnosis code that included NAFLD in the non-obese population. Methods We analyzed adult discharges from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample with a diagnosis of NAFLD from January 2010 to December 2014. We created two groups: obese (overweight or obese) and non-obese (normal or underweight) groups. Basic demographic and clinical characteristics were compared using the chi-square test and Student's t-test. Results A total of 194,787 hospitalizations with NAFLD were identified over the five-year period. It was observed that the prevalence of non-obese NAFLD hospitalizations increased yearly. Non-obese NAFLD hospitalizations had a higher mean age (57.5 vs 51.5 years, p < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of males (43.3% vs 36.1%, p < 0.0001) than obese NAFLD hospitalizations. With univariate analysis, non-obese NAFLD hospitalizations had lower odds of hypertension (OR 0.74, p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.65, p < 0.0001). Non-obese hospitalizations had higher odds of cirrhosis (OR 1.30, p < 0.001) and decompensated cirrhosis (OR 1.30, p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Hospitalizations with non-obese NAFLD had higher odds of death (OR 1.49, p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, gender, race, co-morbidities, cirrhosis, and liver decompensation. Conclusion There is a continued rise in the proportion of non-obese NAFLD among hospitalizations in the US. Non-obese NAFLD hospitalizations were less likely to have hypertension and diabetes, but more likely to have decompensated liver disease. Further studies are needed to better characterize these patients to enable early detection, treatment, and reduction in complications of liver disease.

Trends in hospitalizations for vertebral compression fracture in ankylosing spondylitis: data from the National Inpatient Sample 2000-2014.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients are at increased risk of vertebral compression fractures (VCF). Our objective was to examine the yearly trend of VCF hospitalizations in AS patients as compared to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the general population. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2000-2014) was used to identify adult (≥ 18 years) hospitalizations, based on validated ICD-9 diagnosis codes. The rate of VCF hospitalizations, as a primary diagnosis, was assessed in three mutually exclusive groups: AS, RA, and the general population. The prevalence of VCF hospitalization was highest in AS (2.70%), compared to 0.77% in RA and 0.35% in the general population. Over the 15-year period, VCF hospitalization in AS was noted to have an increasing trend (Annual Percent Change (APC) = 4.73, p < 0.05) in contrast to the stable trend in the general population (APC = 0.34, p = NS) and a declining trend in RA (APC -3.61, p < 0.05). VCF related to AS was also associated with a longer hospital stay as compared to the general population (8.1 days vs. 5.1 days, p < 0.05) and higher inpatient mortality (3.4% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.05). A higher rate of VCF hospitalization along with an increasing trend was noted in AS as compared to RA and compared to the general population. Better screening approaches and treatment strategies for AS patients with VCF risk are urgently needed to reduce hospitalizations and related complications. Key Points • An increasing trend of VCF hospitalization was noted in AS, in contrast to a declining trend in RA and a stable trend in the general population. • VCF in AS was associated with longer hospital stay and higher inpatient mortality than in RA and the general population.

Hospitalization Rates, Prevalence of Cardiovascular Manifestations and Outcomes Associated With Amyloidosis in the United States.

Background Amyloidosis is a multisystem disease characterized by the deposition of misfolded insoluble precursor protein fibrils in several organs including the heart. Cardiac amyloidosis can result in a wide range of complications that may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. However, contemporary data in the United States (US) on cardiac amyloidosis is scarce despite these negative consequences. In view of this lack of contemporary data, we sort to assess the prevalence, trends of hospitalization, and outcomes of cardiovascular manifestations in amyloidosis. We also explored this retrospective data for factors that may be associated with in-hospital mortality of amyloidosis hospitalization. Methods We used the national (nationwide) inpatient sample (NIS) database from January 1, 2007 - December 31, 2014, of adult hospitalizations. We studied the prevalence and trends of hospitalizations of amyloidosis among patient with or without cardiovascular co-morbidities. Results We identified 137,797 amyloidosis hospitalizations from 2007 to 2014 of which 87,164 (63.2%) had cardiovascular manifestations. The overall mean age was 70.3±12 years. There were more males (54.5%) overall. The trend of amyloidosis hospitalizations increased significantly from 2007 through 2014 (34 to 73 per 100,000, Ptrend <0.001) and in-hospital mortality decreased from 8.4 to 6.8 per 100 amyloidosis hospitalizations, Ptrend <0.001). Conclusion Our study showed that hospitalizations of amyloidosis have increased considerably over the past decades with a concurrent decline in in-hospital mortality. Despite this decline and after adjusting for other factors, amyloidosis hospitalization with cardiovascular manifestations was still associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Screening of patients with amyloidosis for cardiovascular manifestations should be more accessible to prevent undesired outcomes.

Sweet's syndrome in a granulocytopenic patient with acute myeloid leukemia on FLT3 inhibitor.

INTRODUCTION: Gilteritinib is a FLT3 kinase inhibitor approved for FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We present a case of febrile neutropenia and neutrophilic dermatosis consistent with Sweet's syndrome (SS). CASE HISTORY: A 55-year-old woman presented with fever and skin lesions after 4 weeks of initiation of Gilteritinib for AML. She was febrile, pancytopenic and neutropenic with absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 0.1x10E3/UI. Examination revealed reddish and violaceous rashes on her extremities. Pathology showed superficial dermal edema, widespread epidermal spongiosis and multiple neutrophils in the dermal infiltrate. Rash improved with prednisone 60 mg daily and started to flare with taper. She was still on Gilteritinib all this time. Gilteritinib was finally stopped due to non-response and possible contribution in flaring her SS. Shortly after, the patient succumbed to progressive disease and complications of sepsis. DISCUSSION: There have been reports of SS in neutropenic patients although SS is typically a neutrophilic dermatosis. The pathogenesis of SS in neutropenia remains uncertain. Our study represents an additional medication-associated cutaneous complication of AML therapy. Clinicians need to be aware of potential neutrophilic dermatoses with FLT-3 inhibition, even with peripheral neutropenia.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Risk Factor for Arrhythmias, Conduction Disorders, and Cardiac Arrest.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been described as a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias. Its association with atrial fibrillation has been established. However, relationships with other arrhythmias and conduction disorders have not been fully studied. Methods We used the National Inpatient Sample database from 2009 to 2011 to explore the relationship between OSA and arrhythmias and conduction disorders. The presence of diagnosis was determined based on the International Classification of Disease-9 (ICD-9) codes. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to establish mortality risks among all groups. Results Multivariate logistic regression showed increased mortality in patients with OSA in comparison to patients without OSA and patients across all categories of arrhythmias and conduction disorders. One significant finding was the increased association of cardiac arrest in patients with OSA versus patients without OSA (OR: 95.72; CI: 89.13-105.81, p < 0.001). Conclusions OSA is significantly associated with non-atrial fibrillation arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac arrest. Awareness regarding this association is important for early screening for OSA in obese patients to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) might be beneficial against all kinds of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin use in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) syndrome is an immune-mediated disorder producing thrombocytopenia and thrombosis, with or without prior exposure to heparin. Although avoidance of heparin products and nonheparin anticoagulants are used, immune-based therapies including intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) have been tried when the thrombocytopenia persists or there is breakthrough thrombosis. We sought to systematically review and analyze the published literature on use of IVIg in the treatment of HIT. A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and SCOPUS for all study designs and reports were carried out from inception until April 2019. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel and Stata version 13. In 34 patients with HIT, the mean age was 60 years. About 70% cases were by unfractionated heparin exposure and 30% by low-molecular weight heparin. The most common precipitant in the patients without heparin exposure was recent surgery. Average nadir platelet count for which IVIg was used was 28 000/µl. Time from resolution of the thrombocytopenia after IVIg treatment was 3 days with average platelet count recovery to 159 000/µl. Mean time from diagnosis to administration of IVIg was day 18. Thrombosis was identified in 32% of patients. About 77% patients improved (platelet count >100 000/µl or cessation of thrombosis) following use of IVIg. Logistic regression did not identify any factors that predicted IVIg response (P > 0.05). No thrombotic events or other adverse events were noted with use of IVIg. IVIg appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for HIT-related thrombocytopenia and for refractory thrombosis.

Herbaspirillum Infection in Humans: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Introduction. Herbaspirillum seropedicae are Gram-negative oxidase-positive nonfermenting rods of Betaproteobacteria class, commonly found in rhizosphere. More recently, some Herbaspirillium species have transitioned from environment to human hosts, mostly as opportunistic (pathogenic) bacteria. We present a 58-year-old female with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who presented with pneumonia and was found to have Herbaspirillum seropedicae bacteremia. Case History. A 58-year-old woman with NSCLC on Pralsetinib presented with fevers and rigors for 2 days. Coarse breath sounds were auscultated on the right upper lung field. Labs revealed leukopenia and mild neutropenia. CT chest revealed right upper lobe pneumonia. She was admitted for sepsis secondary to pneumonia and placed on broad spectrum antibiotics with intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin. The patient continued to have fever 2 days after admission (max: 102.8°F). Preliminary blood cultures grew Gram-negative rods. The patient continued to have temperature spikes on the 3rd day of antibiotics (T max 101.5°F). Blood cultures revealed oxidase-positive nonfermenting rods. The patient's antibiotic was changed to IV meropenem on the 4th day of hospitalization. Ultimately, on the seventh day of hospitalization, the blood culture was confirmed from outside lab as Herbaspirillum seropedicae. The patient started feeling better and defervesced after about 24 hours. Discussion. More recently, Herbaspirillum spp. have been recovered from humans. Our patient had Herbaspirillum bacteremia, and reported regularly cleaning her pond and weeding her garden with possible exposure to this environmental proteobacterium. Herbaspirillum may be more prevalent than earlier thought owing to misidentification. With the institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, the outcomes seem mostly favorable.

All-cause hospitalizations and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus in the US: results from a national inpatient database.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disorder. While several studies have outlined risk factors for hospitalization and mortality in SLE; the frequency of hospitalizations from various causes has varied among studies and over the years. We aimed to assess the causes of SLE hospitalizations and inpatient mortality compared to those without SLE in the United States in a recent year (2016) using a large national inpatient database. We used National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify hospitalizations with SLE using the ICD-10 code M32. Among hospitalizations with SLE as secondary diagnosis, we used ICD-10 codes to assess the primary diagnoses associated with hospitalizations and mortality. Our study included 174,105 SLE hospitalizations matched to controls (similar age, sex, and NIS stratum) in the year 2016. Mean age of hospitalization with SLE was 51.82 years, and 89% of hospitalized SLE patients were females. Mean length of stay, cost and mortality for SLE were 5.6 ± 7.2 days, US $ 14,450 and 1.96%, respectively. SLE was the primary diagnosis in 10,185 (5.85%) of all SLE related hospitalizations. Among SLE hospitalizations, infection was the most common primary diagnosis (15.80%) followed by cardiac and renal manifestations (7.03% and 4.91% respectively). Infection was the leading cause of mortality (38.18%) followed by cardiac manifestations (12.04%). Infections and cardiac involvement were the leading causes of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality in SLE. Whether this is related to the disease itself, its associated comorbidities or immunosuppressive agents would require further studies.

Acute vascular insufficiency of intestine: incidence highest in summer, outcomes worst in winter.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of acute vascular insufficiency of intestine (AVII) is on the rise in the USA and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Seasonal variations have been observed in the onset of several gastrointestinal diseases. It is thus far unknown whether the incidence, in-hospital mortality rates, and length of hospital stay (LOS) of AVII vary in different seasons. AIMS: The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in the (1) incidence, (2) in-hospital mortality, and (3) LOS of AVII in the USA. METHODS: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalized from the years 2000-2014. We used the Edwards recognition with estimation of cyclic trend method to study the seasonal variation of AVII hospitalizations and z test to compare the seasonal incidences (peak-to-low ratio), mortalities, and LOS. RESULTS: A total of 1,441,447 patients were hospitalized with AVII (0.3% of all hospitalizations). Patients with AVII were older (69.0 ± 0.1 vs 56.9 ± 0.1) and more commonly females (65.4% vs 35.5%) than patients without AVII (p < 0.001). The incidence of AVII increased through the summer to peak in September (peak/low ratio 1.028, 95% CI 1.024-1.033, p < 0.001). Patients with AVII hospitalized in winter had the highest mortality (17.3%, p < 0.001) and LOS (9.2 ± 0.7 days, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AVII in the USA peaks in late summer. The in-hospital mortality rates and LOS associated with AVII are the highest in winter. Physicians could be cognizant of the seasonal variations in the incidence, in-hospital mortality, and LOS of AVII.

Yearly trend of acute venous thromboembolism in patients admitted with heart failure in the United States.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) patients are at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the hospital stay. We aim to study the recent trend of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and VTE in heart failure patients from years 2000-2013. Methods: We utilized the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample database and selected non-pregnant patients over the age of 18 years for this purpose. We selected HF, DVT, PE, and VTE based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). We used STATA for analysis. Results: We noted an increase in prevalence of DVT, PE and composite VTE among HF hospitalizations from 0.55%, 0.17% and 0.76% in 2000 to 0.96%, 0.4% and 1.46%, respectively, in 2013 and a decrease in trend of mortality among HF hospitalizations associated with DVT, PE and VTE from 8.95%, 16.36% and 10.80% in 2000 to 6.78%, 7.92% and 7.20%, respectively, in 2013. Conclusion: Increasing prevalence of VTE is concerning and suggests that we still need to work on delivering prophylaxis to all HF inpatients.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of apixaban compared to rivaroxaban in acute VTE in the real world.

Both apixaban and rivaroxaban have been approved for use in acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). Although indirect comparison through network meta-analyses of randomized trials have been performed to compare the efficacy and safety of these agents, further comparison between these agents was lacking until recently. We sought to systematically review and carry out a meta-analysis of studies to further compare apixaban with rivaroxaban from multiple studies done in the real-world settings. Studies comparing rivaroxaban with apixaban in patients with acute VTE were identified through electronic literature searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and the Cochrane library up to May 2019. Study-specific risk ratios (RRs) were calculated and combined using a random-effects model meta-analysis. In an analysis involving 24 041 patients, recurrent VTE within 6 months occurred in 56 of 4897 patients (1.14%) in the apixaban group and 258 of 19 144 patients (1.35%) in the rivaroxaban group (RR, 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-1.19; P = .45). Clinically relevant major bleeding occurred in 85 of 11 559 patients (0.74%) in the apixaban group and 350 of 33 909 patients (1.03%) in the rivaroxaban group (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58-0.93; P = .01). Clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding occurred in 169 of 3417 patients (4.95%) in the apixaban group and 1094 of 12 475 patients (8.77%) in the rivaroxaban group (RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.50-0.70; P < .01). Apixaban shows equivalent efficacy in prevention of recurrent VTE but decreased risk of major and minor bleeding events compared with rivaroxaban.

Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene Associated with Low Output Cardiac Failure.

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is a rare entity characterized by ischemic changes of the distal extremities with maintained vascular integrity. We present the case of a 64-year-old man with bilateral necrotic toes and deranged liver function tests. This was thought to be related to severely depressed ejection fraction from non-ischemic etiology, presumably chronic alcohol ingestion. We hope that awareness of SPG and association with a low output state will aid in early detection and prevention.

The trend of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fragility fractures in inpatients: results from a national database.

Osteoporosis is associated with an increased risk of pathologic fractures; however, most patients do not receive diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of our study was to compare the yearly trends of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fragility fractures in the USA (US) inpatients. We used National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample database to identify adults ≥18 years with diagnoses of osteoporosis and pathologic fractures and excluded pathologic fractures due to other etiologies. We then studied the annual trends, in terms of annual percentage change (APC), of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Among overall hospitalizations, osteoporosis was noted to have an increasing trend from 2000 to 2009 (APC = 5.81, p < 0.05) with a decline thereafter (APC = - 3.88, p < 0.05). In contrast, osteoporotic fracture showed an initial downward trend from 2000 to 2010 (APC = -7.31, p < 0.05), followed by a slowly rising trend (APC = 2.0, p = NS). The initially increasing trend of osteoporosis was followed by a decreasing trend thereafter. In contrast, there was a halt in a previously declining trend of osteoporotic fracture. Potential explanations include inadequate screening and treatment per guidelines along with decreasing patient compliance. In conclusion, primary and secondary prevention measures for osteoporosis have been underutilized by both physicians and patients alike.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: a rare side effect of clindamycin.

Introduction: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare adverse effect of clindamycin characterized by widespread papules and pustulosis 1 - 3 weeks of its use. Case description: We present a case of a 71-year-old woman diagnosed with AGEP after clindamycin use for a tooth infection. She had been started on empiric prednisone without benefit. She did not have any systemic involvement and had an unremarkable blood work . Her rash resolved completely in a month.