Nirsevimab and Hospitalization for RSV Bronchiolitis.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, resulting in 3 million hospitalizations each year worldwide. Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody against RSV that has an extended half-life. Its postlicensure real-world effectiveness against RSV-associated bronchiolitis is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter, matched case-control study to analyze the effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against hospitalization for RSV-associated bronchiolitis in infants younger than 12 months of age. Case patients were infants younger than 12 months of age who were hospitalized for RSV-associated bronchiolitis between October 15 and December 10, 2023. Control patients were infants with clinical visits to the same hospitals for conditions unrelated to RSV infection. Case patients were matched to control patients in a 2:1 ratio on the basis of age, date of hospital visit, and study center. We calculated the effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against hospitalization for RSV-associated bronchiolitis (primary outcome) by means of a multivariate conditional logistic-regression model with adjustment for confounders. Several sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: The study included 1035 infants, of whom 690 were case patients (median age, 3.1 months; interquartile range, 1.8 to 5.3) and 345 were matched control patients (median age, 3.4 months; interquartile range, 1.6 to 5.6). Overall, 60 case patients (8.7%) and 97 control patients (28.1%) had received nirsevimab previously. The estimated adjusted effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against hospitalization for RSV-associated bronchiolitis was 83.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.4 to 89.2). Sensitivity analyses gave results similar to those of the primary analysis. The effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against RSV-associated bronchiolitis resulting in critical care was 69.6% (95% CI, 42.9 to 83.8) (27 of 193 case patients [14.0%] vs. 47 of 146 matched control patients [32.2%]) and against RSV-associated bronchiolitis resulting in ventilatory support was 67.2% (95% CI, 38.6 to 82.5) (27 of 189 case patients [14.3%] vs. 46 of 151 matched control patients [30.5%]). CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world setting, nirsevimab therapy was effective in reducing the risk of hospitalized RSV-associated bronchiolitis. (Funded by the National Agency for AIDS Research-Emerging Infectious Disease and others; ENVIE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT06030505.).

Patient Perspectives on Solid Organ Transplantation From Donors With Hepatitis C Viremia to Recipients Without Hepatitis C Viremia.

Background: Organ transplantation from donors with hepatitis C viremia (HCV) to recipients without HCV (HCV D+/R-) has excellent medical outcomes. Less is known about the psychosocial impact and experiences of HCV D+/R- recipients, particularly outside of clinical trials. Methods: We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with 24 HCV D+/R- recipients (kidney, n = 8; lung, n = 7; liver, n = 5; heart, n = 3; simultaneous heart and kidney, n = 1) who received transplants outside of clinical trials and were treated for HCV after transplant to assess their experiences and perspectives. We used thematic analysis to analyze the interviews. Results: Interviewees' reasons for accepting an HCV D + organ were based on perceived benefits and confidence in the effectiveness of HCV treatment. The majority (62%) received HCV treatment within 1 month after transplant (range, 1 day-2 months). Most interviewees reported positive transplant outcomes, including reduced wait times and improved survival, health, physical activity, and quality of life. Overall, themes and experiences did not differ significantly between different organ transplant types. Generally, interviewees did not perceive stigma from those aware of the HCV D+ transplant; yet, disclosure was selective and a few recipients reported concerns from family members about posttransplant HCV transmission risk. Other common concerns included treatment costs and delays, which were not always anticipated by recipients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that HCV D+/R- kidney, liver, and heart and lung transplant recipients outside of clinical trials had overall positive experiences. However, HCV transmission risk, treatments costs, and treatment delays were a source of concern that might be mitigated with targeted pretransplant education.

Comparison of high-risk HPV detection by the AmpFire® HPV Screening 16/18/HR technique (Atila Biosystems) and the hybrid capture 2 test (Qiagen).

BACKGROUND: Detection of high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPV) is widely used at the first line of cervical cancer screening, requiring rigorous validation of the clinical performance of commercial kits designed for this indication. METHODS: Performance of the AmpFire HPV Screening 16/18/HR test (AF, Atila Biosystems) and the Hybrid Capture 2 test (HC2, Qiagen) for detecting hrHPV was cross-compared in 200 cervical samples in our institution. RESULTS: The global percentage of agreement between the 2 techniques was 95.0% (95%CI 92-98%) with a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.85 (95%CI 0.75-0.94). Ten samples showed discordant results between the 2 techniques in both directions (5 HC2+/AF- and 5 HC2-/AF+). Among possible explanations for these discrepancies was the detection of HPV66 and HPV53 genotypes in two samples, since these genotypes are targeted by the Ampfire test but not by the HC2 test, as well as intrinsic differences in analytical performance to target specific genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: A high level of agreement was observed between the two techniques, which encourages further testing in order to definitively validate the use of the Ampfire kit for primary cervical cancer screening.

Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Rechallenge in Advanced Melanoma Patients' Responders to a First Course of ICI: A Multicenter National Retrospective Study of the French Group of Skin Cancers (Groupe de Cancérologie Cutanée, GCC).

BACKGROUND: The long-term effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) rechallenge for progressive or recurrent advanced melanoma following previous disease control induced by ICI has not been thoroughly described in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective multicenter national real-life study, we enrolled patients who had been rechallenged with an ICI after achieving disease control with a first course of ICI, which was subsequently interrupted. The primary objective was to evaluate tumor response, while the secondary objectives included assessing the safety profile, identifying factors associated with tumor response, and evaluating survival outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients from 12 centers were included in the study. These patients had advanced (unresectable stage III or stage IV) melanoma that had been previously treated and controlled with a first course of ICI before undergoing rechallenge with ICI. The rechallenge treatments consisted of pembrolizumab (n = 44, 52%), nivolumab (n = 35, 41%), ipilimumab (n = 2, 2%), or ipilimumab plus nivolumab (n = 4, 5%). The best overall response rate was 54%. The best response was a complete response in 30 patients (35%), a partial response in 16 patients (19%), stable disease in 18 patients (21%) and progressive disease in 21 patients (25%). Twenty-eight adverse events (AEs) were reported in 23 patients (27%), including 18 grade 1-2 AEs in 14 patients (16%) and 10 grade 3-4 AEs in nine patients (11%). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 21 months, and the median overall survival (OS) was not reached at the time of analysis. Patients who received another systemic treatment (chemotherapy, targeted therapy or clinical trial) between the two courses of ICI had a lower response to rechallenge (p = 0.035) and shorter PFS (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Rechallenging advanced melanoma patients with ICI after previous disease control induced by these inhibitors resulted in high response rates (54%) and disease control (75%). Therefore, ICI rechallenge should be considered as a relevant therapeutic option.

The association between real-life markers of phone use and cognitive performance, health-related quality of life and sleep.

INTRODUCTION: The real-life short-term implications of electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on cognitive performance and health-related quality of life have not been well studied. The SPUTNIC study (Study Panel on Upcoming Technologies to study Non-Ionizing radiation and Cognition) aimed to investigate possible correlations between mobile phone radiation and human health, including cognition, health-related quality of life and sleep. METHODS: Adult participants tracked various daily markers of RF-EMF exposures (cordless calls, mobile calls, and mobile screen time 4 h prior to each assessment) as well as three health outcomes over ten study days: 1) cognitive performance, 2) health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and 3) sleep duration and quality. Cognitive performance was measured through six "game-like" tests, assessing verbal and visuo-spatial performance repeatedly. HRQoL was assessed as fatigue, mood and stress on a Likert-scale (1-10). Sleep duration and efficiency was measured using activity trackers. We fitted mixed models with random intercepts per participant on cognitive, HRQoL and sleep scores. Possible time-varying confounders were assessed at daily intervals by questionnaire and used for model adjustment. RESULTS: A total of 121 participants ultimately took part in the SPUTNIC study, including 63 from Besancon and 58 from Basel. Self-reported wireless phone use and screen time were sporadically associated with visuo-spatial and verbal cognitive performance, compatible with chance findings. We found a small but robust significant increase in stress 0.03 (0.00-0.06; on a 1-10 Likert-scale) in relation to a 10-min increase in mobile phone screen time. Sleep duration and quality were not associated with either cordless or mobile phone calls, or with screen time. DISCUSSION: The study did not find associations between short-term RF-EMF markers and cognitive performance, HRQoL, or sleep duration and quality. The most consistent finding was increased stress in relation to more screen time, but no association with cordless or mobile phone call time.

Effects of long-acting bronchodilators on cardiac autonomic control in COPD.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies in COPD have shown a significant and early increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality attributable to inhaled bronchodilators including long acting ß2 agonists (LABAs) and muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs). Cardiac autonomic system impairment may be a potential mechanism involved. METHODS: We performed a phase 4, investigator-initiated, prospective, randomized, blinded, cross-over trial (LAB-Card trial - NCT02872090) to evaluate the effect of two LAMAs and one LABA on the cardiac autonomic system in patients with COPD by using three major assessment approaches: heart rate variability (HRV, a predictor of cardiovascular death), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and autonomic function (tilt test). RESULTS: 34 patients attended four visits to receive either tiotropium 18µg, glycopyrronium 44µg, indacaterol 150 µg or placebo (lactose) in a randomized order followed by the assessment of HRV and BRS in supine position and after passive rising. Neither LAMAs (tiotropium or glycopyrronium) nor LABA (indacaterol) induced a higher LF/HF ratio (reflect of sympathetic/parasympathetic balance) measured in supine position at rest compared to placebo (primary outcome). Solely indacaterol induced an increase in heart rate compared to placebo. No significant differences were observed for HRV and BRS between active drugs and placebo in supine position or after passive rising. CONCLUSION: We did not found evidence of a deleterious effect of 2 LAMAs and one LABA on the autonomic cardiovascular control in COPD patients. Further investigations are needed to explore mechanisms by which long-acting bronchodilators may increase cardiovascular events in COPD.

The use of digital technology to improve and monitor handwashing among children 12 years or younger in educational settings: a scoping review.

Our scoping review aimed to identify and describe the application of digital technology in hand hygiene research among children in educational settings. We searched for articles in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science. Original hand hygiene research with a form of digital technology used among children ≤12 years in educational settings was eligible for inclusion. Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria and the data were extracted by two teams of independent co-authors for narrative synthesis. Ten studies used digital technology as an intervention tool and two for monitoring purposes. Three main digital technologies were identified including computer games (n = 2), videos (n = 8), and video cameras (n = 2). Digital technologies found in our scoping review were reported to be effective in hand hygiene studies over short temporal periods especially when used in combination with other measures. Future research may demonstrate the effectiveness of digital technology in helping children develop sustainable handwashing behaviors.

[Multifocal tuberculosis simulating multimetastatic colon cancer in an immunocompetent black African patient: a case report]. / Tuberculose multifocale simulant un cancer du côlon multi-métastatique chez un Noir africain immunocompétent: à propos d´un cas.

Multifocal tuberculosis is rare in immunocompetent subjects. It is characterized by the involvement of at least two extra-pulmonary sites, associated or not with lung disease. It is often difficult to diagnose. We here report a case of multifocal tuberculosis in a non-immunocompromised black African subject at the Hubert Koutoukou Maga National Hospital and University Center (CNHU-HKM) in Cotonou, Benin. The study involved a 23-year-old man, with no particular previous history, admitted with diffuse abdominal pain associated with alteration of general state. Clinical examination showed severe malnutrition and medium-volume ascites. Imaging tests (chest X-ray, ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan) showed multiple lung, liver, pancreatic, bone, lymph nodes and colic lesions suggesting multimetastatic tumor. Colonoscopy then showed budding lesion of the cecum. GeneXpert test showed Koch´s bacilli. The anatomo-pathological examination of colic biopsies and GeneXpert sputum test confirmed multifocal tuberculosis. The patient received antituberculosis treatment and nutritional support. However he died. Multifocal tuberculosis is a serious disease that is difficult to diagnose. Then it is frequently mis-diagnosed in tropical areas, especially when it occurs in immunocompetent patients.

Prior surveillance and antiviral treatment improve the prognosis of HCC developed in HBV patients in the West.

BACKGROUND: In Western countries, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B (HBV) patients without cirrhosis was poorly studied. The aim was to describe the characteristics and outcome of HBV-related HCC according to fibrosis stage. METHOD: All patients with chronic HBV infection and HCC discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively included. RESULTS: A total of 152 out of 2,038 HCC patients had underlying HBV infection. HBV viral load>2000IU/ml, positive HBeAg and Hepatitis D coinfection were observed in 41%, 13% and 13% of cases, respectively. HCC was uninodular in 53%, associated with portal thrombosis in 16% and/or metastasis in 9% of cases. 130 patients (86%) had cirrhosis. No difference regarding HCC risk factors and viral characteristics was observed according to fibrosis stage. 5-year survival was 48%(47% on cirrhosis versus 57% without cirrhosis, P=0.26). At HCC diagnosis, 47% and 32% of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients received an antiviral treatment (AVT), which was associated with less aggressive tumor and better survival (P=0.005). In cirrhosis, screening was associated with a lower tumor burden and patients were more amenable to curative treatment with better outcome (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: HBV represents 8% of HCC etiologies without differences of viral characteristics according to fibrosis stage. AVT and surveillance were associated with less aggressive tumors, better access to curative treatment and outcome.

Fine-scale geographic variations of rates of renal replacement therapy in northeastern France: Association with the socioeconomic context and accessibility to care.

BACKGROUND: The strong geographic variations in the incidence rates of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease are not solely related to variations in the population's needs, such as the prevalence of diabetes or the deprivation level. Inequitable geographic access to health services has been involved in different countries but never in France, a country with a generous supply of health services and where the effect of the variability of medical practices was highlighted in an analysis conducted at the geographic scale of districts. Our ecological study, performed at the finer scale of townships in a French area of 8,370,616 inhabitants, investigated the association between RRT incidence rates, socioeconomic environment and geographic accessibility to healthcare while adjusting for morbidity level and medical practice patterns. METHODS: Using data from the Renal Epidemiology and Information Network registry, we estimated age-adjusted RRT incidence rates during 2010-2014 for the 282 townships of the area. A hierarchical Bayesian Poisson model was used to examine the association between incidence rates and 18 contextual variables describing population health status, socioeconomic level and health services characteristics. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs) for each variable were estimated for a 1-SD increase in incidence rate. RESULTS: During 2010-2014, 6,835 new patients ≥18 years old (4231 men, 2604 women) living in the study area started RRT; the RRT incidence rates by townships ranged from 21 to 499 per million inhabitants. In multivariate analysis, rates were related to the prevalence of diabetes [RR (95% CrI): 1.05 (1.04-1.11)], the median estimated glomerular filtration rate at dialysis initiation [1.14 (1.08-1.20)], and the proportion of incident patients ≥ 85 years old [1.08 (1.03-1.14)]. After adjusting for these factors, rates in townships increased with increasing French deprivation index [1.05 (1.01-1.08)] and decreased with increasing mean travel time to reach the closest nephrologist [0.92 (0.89-0.95]). CONCLUSION: These data confirm the influence of deprivation level, the prevalence of diabetes and medical practices on RRT incidence rates across a large French area. For the first time, an association was found with the distance to nephrology services. These data suggest possible inequitable geographic access to RRT within the French health system.

Social Media Use in Emergency Response to Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review With a Public Health Perspective.

Social media research during natural disasters has been presented as a tool to guide response and relief efforts in the disciplines of geography and computer sciences. This systematic review highlights the public health implications of social media use in the response phase of the emergency, assessing (1) how social media can improve the dissemination of emergency warning and response information during and after a natural disaster, and (2) how social media can help identify physical, medical, functional, and emotional needs after a natural disaster. We surveyed the literature using 3 databases and included 44 research articles. We found that analyses of social media data were performed using a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. Social media platforms were identified as broadcasting tools presenting an opportunity for public health agencies to share emergency warnings. Social media was used as a tool to identify areas in need of relief operations or medical assistance by using self-reported location, with map development as a common method to visualize data. In retrospective analyses, social media analysis showed promise as an opportunity to reduce the time of response and to identify the individuals' location. Further research for misinformation and rumor control using social media is needed.

Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B in a cohort of HIV-infected children in the Pediatric Department at Donka National Hospital, Guinea.

INTRODUCTION: children pay a heavy price for infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and describe the associated factors in children at the pediatric department of Donka Hospital. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study of a cohort of children in the pediatric department of Donka Hospital. HBsAg was performed by using an immunochromatographic method. The analysis of the data was done with software R. The proportions were compared using the Chi-square test or the Fisher test at the significance level of 5%. A logistic regression model was used to explain the prevalence of hepatitis B. RESULTS: one hundred and forty-nine children were recruited between February and July 2017. HBsAg was present in 12 children, i.e. 8.16% (95% CI: 4.29-13.82). The average age was 93.32 months (IQR: 6-180). Male children were the most affected (n = 11, P <0.05), with a sex ratio of 1.01. The majority (51.35%) were on AZT + 3TC + NVP pediatric form and 25% were on AZT + 3TC + NVP adult form and 23.65% on TDF + FTC + EFV. In univariate analysis, ALT, HBsAg positivity, and maternal HBV vaccination status were associated with the prevalence of HBsAg (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: the prevalence of co-infection in children and adults is almost identical in our context. Hence the importance of strengthening preventive measures at all levels, especially the vaccination of children and mothers.