RESUMO
We identified a Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in an American black bear in Pennsylvania, USA, on the basis of its morphological features and molecular analysis. Our finding highlights emergence of a T. callipaeda worm sylvatic transmission cycle in the United States.
Assuntos
Infecções por Spirurida , Thelazioidea , Ursidae , Animais , Pennsylvania , Thelazioidea/isolamento & purificação , Thelazioidea/classificação , Infecções por Spirurida/veterinária , Infecções por Spirurida/parasitologia , Ursidae/parasitologia , Masculino , Feminino , FilogeniaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is commonly formulated into otic preparations to treat otitis externa, although evidence of stability and antimicrobial efficacy with long-term storage is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of storage time on chemical stability and in vitro antimicrobial activity of SSD diluted in sterile water, including two 1% suspensions using SSD pharmaceutical-grade powder stored at room temperature (RT) in plastic or sterile glass bottles, and a 1:9 dilution using prescription SSD 1% cream stored at RT in a sterile glass bottle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assessed chemical stability. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-susceptible and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP), meticillin-resistant (MR) SP, S. schleiferi (SS), MRSS, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli evaluated by 24 h time-kill analysis assessed in vitro antimicrobial efficacy. Each assessment was performed at zero, one, three and six months of storage. RESULTS: LC-MS/MS showed no significant change in concentration over time for any suspension. When adjusted for time and species/strain, all SSD suspensions showed significant reductions in colony forming units (cfu)/mL at 24 h (p < 0.001). Including all suspensions, a bactericidal effect (minimum 3-log cfu/mL reduction at 24 h) occurred against 94% of total isolates, with failure against 33 of 552 isolates (6%). Bactericidal failure was more likely with the cream-based suspension (p < 0.05) and at six months (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Powder-based and cream-based SSD/sterile water suspensions showed no significant change in concentration and demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity for six months. Bactericidal failure was more likely with the cream-based suspension and after six months of storage.
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AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) carriage among pets using faecal specimens submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories throughout the US. A secondary aim was to employ whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize isolates of CPE from companion animals and compare them to publicly available CPE genomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: To estimate the prevalence of CPE in companion animals in the USA, a multicenter surveillance study including 8 different veterinary diagnostic laboratories from across the USA was conducted. Briefly, remnant faecal specimens from dogs and cats were screened using two selective agar plates (CHROMID Carba and MacConkey with 1 mg/L cefotaxime and 0.125 mg/L meropenem) and presumptive CPE isolates screened by the modified carbapenemase inactivation method for carbapenemase production. A total of 2393 specimens were screened and yielded 196 isolates for carbapenemase screening. A total of 5 isolates from 4 dogs and 1 cat at 3 different veterinary diagnostic laboratories were confirmed to produce a carbapenemase (0.21%). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed two E. coli (ST167) isolates that both produced an NDM-5 carbapenemase, two Enterobacter hormaechei (ST171) isolates that produced an NDM-5 carbapenemase and a KPC-4 carbapenemase respectively and one Klebsiella oxytoca (ST199) that produced an Oxa-48-type carbapenemase. Both E. coli isolates were found to be within at least 22 SNPs of previously characterized canine and human CPE isolates. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of CPE among companion animals is relatively low (0.21%) but that given the genetic relatedness of animal isolates to human isolates, additional surveillance is needed.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Fezes , beta-Lactamases , Animais , Cães , Gatos , Fezes/microbiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Prevalência , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/enzimologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are one of the most urgent threats to human healthcare globally. Descriptions of CPE outbreaks in veterinary hospitals suggest the need for screening strategies for CPE from companion animals. Our aim was to optimize a chromogenic agar method with and without selective enrichment to isolate CPE from companion animal feces in an ongoing outbreak of New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamse-5 Escherichia coli. A limit of detection (LOD) assay for spiked canine and feline feces was performed for both methods using a carbapenamase-producing E. coli (24213-18); the LOD (1.5 × 103 cfu/g of feces) was equivalent to that reported for human fecal specimens. We screened 1,247 companion animal fecal specimens for carriage of CPE by 1) direct plating to chromogenic agar and 2) plating to chromogenic agar following selective enrichment. Twenty-one specimens were positive for CPE by both direct culture and enrichment culture. No specimens were positive with selective enrichment and negative by direct culture. A selective enrichment step did not result in any increased recovery of CPE from companion animals, which suggests that enrichment broth may not be necessary for outbreak surveillance testing. It is important to continue to validate methods for the detection of CPE in companion animals as outbreaks become more common in veterinary facilities.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Humanos , Escherichia coli , Enterobacteriaceae , Ágar , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/veterinária , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a coagulase-negative commensal organism of both people and companion animals. It has pathogenic potential and when cultured is often meticillin- and multidrug-resistant. OBJECTIVES: To characterise the clinical features of dogs and cats with clinical skin disease that had positive S. haemolyticus skin cultures, and to employ whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify resistance genes and characterise the genetic relatedness of strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolates were identified by the institutional clinical microbiology laboratory by routine aerobic culture and susceptibility from seven veterinary hospitals across the United States. Then, WGS and analysis of each isolate were performed and clinical data collected via a retrospective clinician questionnaire. RESULTS: S. haemolyticus was identified from superficial (seven of 12) and deep (five of 12) cutaneous infections in our study. Most animals had received antimicrobials (10 of 12) and/or immunomodulatory drugs (nine of 12) within the six months before culture. WGS analysis revealed a variety of genetic lineages and a wide array of antimicrobial resistance genes. Meticillin resistance was identified in nine of 12 isolates and four of 12 isolates demonstrated mupirocin tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Staphylococcus haemolyticus may be an under-recognised pathogen in companion animals, and its demonstrated potential for multidrug-resistance, meticillin-resistance, and high-level mupirocin tolerance may create a therapeutic challenge. Further studies should evaluate the prior antimicrobial use and immunocompromised status as risk factors for infection with S. haemolyticus.
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Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Gatos , Cães , Animais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Mupirocina/farmacologia , Mupirocina/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Meticilina , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , GenômicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential contamination of commercial raw dog food products with bacteria of the Enterobacterales order that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase enzymes, determine risk factors for contamination, and understand isolate genetic diversity. SAMPLES: A total of 200 canine raw food products. METHODS: Products were cultured on selective chromogenic agar following enrichment steps. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for isolates that were confirmed to produce an ESBL. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial resistance genes, and multilocus sequences typing, and compared to other isolates in the NCBI database for clonality. Preservation method and protein sources were assessed as potential risk factors for contamination with ESBL and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the Enterobacterales order. RESULTS: No carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) were identified, but ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria were isolated from 20/200 products (10.0%; 95% CI, 7.3 to 16.5%), all of which were frozen. Pork-derived protein source products were 8.1 times (P = .001; 95% CI, 2.53 to 26.2) more likely to carry ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria than other protein sources. WGS analysis confirmed the presence of ESBL genes in a total of 25 distinct isolates (19 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter braakii). Genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL enzymes were the most common (24/25 isolates, 96.0%) with blaCTX-M-27 being the most common allele (8/25, 32.0%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Frozen, raw food products may serve as a route of transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria to companion animals. Veterinarians should advise owners about the risks of raw food diets, including potential exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
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Ração Animal , Doenças do Cão , Enterobacteriaceae , Alimentos Crus , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos , Bactérias , Proteínas de Bactérias , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Cães , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos , Alimentos Crus/microbiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
In companion animal medicine, urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common indications for antimicrobial therapy. Definitive diagnosis of UTI requires isolation of bacteria with routine urine culture from an animal with concurrent clinical signs. Urine culture is typically performed at reference laboratories where paired susceptibility testing can be performed, but delays in shipment or processing can affect results. This study evaluated the use of a selective chromogenic, point-of-care culture system (UTid+) compared to conventional urine culture. A total of 119 (73 canine and 46 feline) cystocentesis urine samples were evaluated. Conventional urine culture was positive for 28 (23.5%) of the 119 cultures and UTid+ culture was positive for 26 (21.8%). The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 92.3%, 97.8%, 92.3%, 97.8 and 96.6% for UTid+ respectively. Overall, the UTid+ culture system showed an acceptable level of accuracy when compared to conventional urine culture. Agreement of identification results was high (κ = 0.90) with an important exception being Proteus spp. which was only identified in 1/3 positive cultures. UTid+ may be useful in scenarios where a common UTI pathogen is expected and identification within 24 h is ideal; however, conventional urine culture remains the gold standard.