Ranking the attribution of high-risk genotypes among women with cervical precancers and cancers: a cross-sectional study in Ningbo, China.

BACKGROUND: The region-specific importance of carcinogenic HPV genotypes is required for optimizing HPV-based screening and promoting appropriate multivalent HPV prophylactic vaccines. This information is lacking for Ningbo, one of the first cities of China's Healthy City Innovation Pilot Program for Cervical Cancer Elimination. Here, we investigated high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotype-specific distribution and attribution to biopsy-confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) before mass vaccination in Ningbo, China. METHODS: A total of 1393 eligible CIN2+ archived blocks (including 161 CIN2, 1107 CIN3, and 125 invasive cervical cancers [ICC]) were collected from 2017 to 2020 in Ningbo. HR-HPV DNA was genotyped using the SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25 version 1 detection system and the SureX HPV 25X Genotyping Kit. Genotype-specific attribution to CIN2+ was estimated using a fractional contribution approach. RESULTS: Ranking by the attributable proportions, HPV16 remained the most important genotype in both cervical precancers and cancers, accounting for 36.8% of CIN2, 53.2% of CIN3, and 73.3% of ICC cases. Among cervical precancers, HPV52 (17.3% in CIN2, 12.7% in CIN3) and HPV58 (13.9%, 14.9%) ranked second and third, while HPV33 (8.3%, 7.9%) and HPV31 (6.5%, 4.1%) ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. However, among ICCs, HPV18 (5.7%) accounted for the second highest proportion, followed by HPV33 (5.4%), HPV58 (4.0%), and HPV45 (3.2%). HPV18/45 together accounted for 46.8% of adenocarcinomas, which was slightly lower than that of HPV16 (47.7%). The remaining HR-HPV genotypes (HPV35/39/51/56/59/66/68) combined accounted for only 6.7% of CIN2, 2.9% of CIN3, and 4.2% of ICC. CONCLUSIONS: With Ningbo's strong medical resources, it will be important to continue HPV16/18 control efforts, and could broaden to HPV31/33/45/52/58 for maximum health benefits. However, different strategies should be proposed for other HR-HPV genotypes based on their lower carcinogenic risks.

Identification of FLRT2 as a key prognostic gene through a comprehensive analysis of TMB and IRGPs in BLCA patients.

Introduction: The tumor immune environment and immune-related genes are instrumental in the development, progression, and prognosis of bladder cancer (BLCA). This study sought to pinpoint key immune-related genes influencing BLCA prognosis and decipher their mechanisms of action. Methods and results: We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low- tumor mutational burden (TMB) groups. Subsequently, we constructed a reliable prognostic model based on immune-related gene pairs (IRGPs) and analyzed DEGs between high- and low-risk groups. A total of 22 shared DEGs were identified across differential TMB and IRGPs-derived risk groups in BLCA patients. Through univariate Cox and multivariate Cox analyses, we highlighted five genes - FLRT2, NTRK2, CYTL1, ZNF683, PRSS41 - significantly correlated with BLCA patient prognosis. Notably, the FLRT2 gene emerged as an independent prognostic factor for BLCA, impacting patient prognosis via modulation of macrophage infiltration in immune microenvironment. Further investigation spotlighted methylation sites - cg25120290, cg02305242, and cg01832662 - as key regulators of FLRT2 expression. Discussion: These findings identified pivotal prognostic genes in BLCA and illuminated the intricate mechanisms dictating patient prognosis. This study not only presents a novel prognostic marker but also carves out potential avenues for immunotherapy and targeted therapeutic strategies in BLCA. By demystifying the profound impact of immune-related genes and the tumor immune environment, this study augments the comprehension and prognostic management of bladder cancer.

An analysis of melanoma epidemic characteristics and distribution in the eastern Chinese city Ningbo from 2011 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis and increasing global incidence. Little is known about the burden of melanoma in eastern Chinese cities, as the results of previous studies are inconsistent or unclear. METHODS: In this study, we collected incidence rate data from the Ningbo National Health Information Platform, diagnostic data from the Ningbo Clinicopathological Diagnosis Center, and other relevant data from the Ningbo Bureau of Statistics to evaluate temporal trends and geographic variation in melanoma incidence and to analyze the relationship between melanoma incidence and medical resource availability. RESULTS: The incidence of melanoma in Ningbo has increased significantly in the past 8 years. In 2018, melanoma incidence in Ningbo was 521.67% higher than that in 2011, which was higher than the increase in the national rate. This may be a result of our study including early melanoma, which has a faster increase rate than invasive melanoma. The incidence rate of melanoma in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural districts. From 2011 to 2018, the incidence rate in rural districts increased by 794.15%, which was significantly higher than the incidence rate increase in urban areas (245.03%). CONCLUSIONS: All indicators relating to medical resources had a significant positive impact on melanoma incidence, indicating that the low incidence of melanoma is partly due to a lack of medical resources, which can lead to delayed treatment and increased disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Therefore, it is necessary to continue to strengthen investment in medical resources, especially in China's rural areas and western regions where medical resources are less available.

Evidence of NTRK1 Fusion as Resistance Mechanism to EGFR TKI in EGFR+ NSCLC: Results From a Large-Scale Survey of NTRK1 Fusions in Chinese Patients With Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neurotrophin receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions (NTRK+) are rare but actionable oncogenic drivers present in a wide variety of solid tumors. However, the clinicopathologic characteristics of NTRK1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer are largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lung cancer tissue specimens and/or circulating cell-free DNA from patients with lung cancer who had undergone molecular profiling at a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified genomics laboratory in China were retrospectively reviewed. The laboratory performed NTRK1 fusion detection using hybridization-based targeted next-generation sequencing. The patients' clinical characteristics and treatment history were retrieved from the database for further evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 21,155 Chinese lung cancer cases had undergone molecular profiling from April 2016 to March 2019, including 13,630 adenocarcinoma cases. Of these cases, 12 were positive for NTRK1 fusion, including 10 cases of adenocarcinoma (0.073%), 1 primary sarcomatoid carcinoma, and 1 with an unknown histologic classification. Seven fusion partners (CD74, interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 [IRF2BP2], lamin A/C [LMNA], PHD finger protein 20 [PHF20], sequestosome 1 [SQSTM1], tropomyosin 3 [TPM3], TPR) were identified. Additionally, 1 unique rearrangement occurred upstream of the transcription start site of BCL9 fused to exon 12 of NTRK1 (intragenic region, BCL9-NTRK1). Of the 12 cases of NTRK1+ lung cancer, 6 had had concurrent activating EGFR mutations and/or had received previous treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), with 2 having concurrent EGFR T790M and 1 additional EGFR C797S. CONCLUSIONS: NTRK1+ lung cancer cases are extremely rare with multiple fusion partners. Additionally, emergence of NTRK1+ fusion might act as a resistance mechanism to EGFR TKIs. When performing comprehensive analysis of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs, the ability to detect NTRK1 fusions will be important.

The association between BRAF mutation class and clinical features in BRAF-mutant Chinese non-small cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: BRAF mutations occur in 2-4% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and can be categorized into three functional classes based on signaling mechanism and kinase activity: RAS-independent kinase-activating V600 monomers (class 1), RAS-independent kinase-activating dimers (class 2) and RAS-dependent kinase-inactivating heterodimers (class 3). The association between functional classes and clinical features in Chinese NSCLC patients remains unexplored. Our multi-center study aimed to survey the BRAF mutation rate and analyze the associated clinical features in this population. METHODS: Capture-based sequencing data of either plasma or tissue samples obtained from 8405 Chinese stage I-IV NSCLC patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: BRAF mutations were detected in 238 patients, revealing an overall mutation rate of 2.8%. Among them, 32%, 21% and 13% had BRAF mutant class 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The remaining 34% had other BRAF mutations. V600 (32%) and G469 (13%) were the two most predominant BRAF mutations. Patients with class 2 and 3 mutations were more likely to have concurrent KRAS mutations (P = 0.001). Collectively, BRAF mutations, including non-class 1-3 mutations, were more likely to occur in males (P < 0.01). However, females were more likely to harbor class 1 mutations (P < 0.02). We also compared the overall survival (OS) of first-line chemotherapy-treated advanced-stage patients and revealed comparable OS among the three groups. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed a 2.8% BRAF mutation rate in Chinese NSCLC patients. Our data also showed a male predominance when all BRAF mutations were considered collectively, and a female predominance for class 1 mutations. Furthermore, BRAF V600E is less likely to have concurrent KRAS mutations comparing to the other two classes.

Serum trefoil factor 3 is a promising non-invasive biomarker for gastric cancer screening: a monocentric cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: The search for better non-invasive biomarkers for gastric cancer remains ongoing. We investigated the predictive power of serum trefoil factor (TFF) levels as biomarkers for gastric cancer in comparison with the pepsinogen (PG) test. METHODS: Patients with gastric cancer, chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) or chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG), and healthy people were recruited. Serum concentrations of TFFs, PG I, and PG II, as well as the presence of antibodies against Helicobacter pylori, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were used to compare the predictive powers of the selected factors. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in the control groups were significantly lower than those in the gastric cancer group with the exception of TFF2 which was elevated in CAG. The area under the ROC curve for TFF3 was greater than that for the PG I/II ratio (0.81 vs 0.78). TFF3 also had a significantly higher predictive power for distinguishing gastric cancer than the PG test (odds ratio: 10.33 vs 2.57). Moreover, combining the serum TFF3 and PG tests for gastric cancer had better predictive power than either alone. CONCLUSIONS: Serum TFF3 may be a better predictor of gastric cancer than the PG test, while the combined testing of serum PG and TFF3 could further improve the efficacy of gastric cancer screening.