Multiparametric ultrasound for the assessment of testicular lesions with negative tumoral markers.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of multiparametric ultrasound (mpUS; grayscale US, color Doppler US, strain elastography, and contrast-enhanced US) in the assessment of testicular lesions with negative tumoral markers. MpUS imaging data, patient age, serum tumor markers, scrotal pain, cryptorchidism, and related clinical information were retrospectively collected for patients who underwent mpUS examination between January 2013 and December 2019. Histologic results or follow-up examinations were used as the reference standard. In total, 83 lesions from 79 patients were included in the analysis. Fifty-six patients were finally diagnosed with benign tumors, and 23 patients were ultimately diagnosed with malignant tumors. Chi-square tests or Fisher's exact tests were used to assess the difference between the two groups. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lesion diameter (odds ratio [OR] = 1.072, P = 0.005), vascularization on color Doppler US (OR = 4.066, P = 0.001), and hyperenhancement during the early phase (OR = 6.465, P = 0.047) were significant independent risk factors for malignancy; however, when compared with neoplastic lesions, pain (OR = 0.136, P < 0.001), absence of vascularization on color Doppler US (OR = 1.680, P = 0.042), and nonenhancement during the late phase (OR = 3.461, P = 0.031) were strongly associated with nonneoplastic lesions. MpUS features are useful for differentiating testicular lesions with negative tumoral markers and improving the preoperative diagnosis, which may avoid inappropriate radical orchiectomy.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the assessment of Crohn's disease activity: comparison with computed tomography enterography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Continuous assessment of disease activity remains a huge challenge during the follow-ups of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) by comparing with computed tomography enterography (CTE) in the assessment of disease activity in CD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two patients diagnosed with CD were included in this study, using the CEUS and CTE as imaging methods for comparison. The selected parameters included the location and thickness of the thickest part of the intestinal wall, mesenteric fat proliferation, mesenteric vessels change, enhancement pattern and the presence of complications. Patients were clinically assessed using the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI), C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) was regarded as the reference standard. RESULTS: The location of the thickest part of the intestinal wall (κ = 0.653), bowel wall thickness (ICC = 0.795), mesenteric vessels change (κ = 0.692) and complications (κ = 0.796) displayed substantial agreement (0.61-0.80) between CEUS and CTE, while the detection of mesenteric fat proliferation (κ = 0.395) and enhancement pattern (κ = 0.288) showed fair consistency (0.21-0.40) for comparison. In CEUS, bowel wall thickness, mesenteric fat proliferation, enhancement pattern and mesenteric vessels change were statistically significant in assessing CD activity, while bowel wall thickness, mesenteric fat proliferation and mesenteric vessels change in CTE. Bowel wall thickness showed the best diagnostic performance in the assessment of CD activity at CEUS and CTE. CONCLUSION: CEUS provides a radiation-free and effective way to assess the CD activity in comparison with CTE, which also avoids frequent colonoscopy examinations, improves tolerance of patients, and reduces the cost of medical care, thereby serving as a useful tool for CD follow-up.

Diagnostic Performance Evaluation of Practice Guidelines, Elastography and Their Combined Results for Thyroid Nodules: A Multicenter Study.

The purpose of this multicenter study was to compare the differential diagnostic value of the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) and 2017 American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guidelines and elastography in thyroid nodules. This study also investigated whether the diagnostic value of practice guidelines can be improved, and the unnecessary biopsy rate decreased in combination with elastography. A total of 498 thyroid nodules were evaluated using the ATA and the ACR guidelines. Strain elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and point-shear wave elastography were used to assess the nodules. The suspicious levels were downgraded or upgraded after combination and unnecessary biopsy rates were calculated, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the practice guidelines was better than that of elastography. The ACR guidelines had a lower unnecessary biopsy rate and similar diagnostic performance compared with the ATA guidelines. The unnecessary biopsy rates significantly decreased when the ACR guidelines were combined with elastography, but the rates did not decrease when the ATA guidelines were combined with elastography.

Correlation between ultrasound consolidated score and simple endoscopic score for determining the activity of Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop an ultrasound consolidated score (UCS) in determining the activity of Crohn's disease (CD) and evaluate it with reference to simple endoscopic score (SES). METHODS: From June 2014 to June 2017, 66 patients with CD were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Each patient underwent endoscopy and transabdominal ultrasound (US) examination. The morphological symmetry, echogenicity of bowel wall, bowel wall layer structure, echogenicity of peri-bowel fat, bowel wall thickness (BWT), and Limberg type on power Doppler US were assessed with transabdominal US, and an UCS scoring system was developed based on these characteristics. Endoscopic results were used as the reference standard and SES was calculated to determine the CD activity. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic performance for determining CD activity and the correlation between UCS and SES was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: 330 intestinal segments in 66 patients were included. The UCS of the segments in the remission phase ranged from 3.0 to 9.0 (mean, 3.6 ± 0.9) whereas in the active phase from 3.0 to 20.0 (mean, 10.6 ± 4.0) (p < 0.001). The cut-off value of UCS was 6. The associated area under ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 0.980, 88.3%, 95.5%, 93.8%, 91.3%, and 92.3%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between UCS and SES was 0.90, which was higher than the correlation coefficient of 0.83 between BWT and SES. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed UCS with transabdominal US has a good performance and potentially provides an effective alternative for evaluating the activity of CD. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: UCS is an effective method to evaluate the activity of CD because it provides comprehensive information of the disease. Therefore, it could be employed as an alternative for diagnosis of CD.

Conventional US and 2-D Shear Wave Elastography of Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging Quantification: Correlation with Immunohistochemical Subtypes of Breast Cancer.

Our study aimed to investigate the correlation of the imaging features obtained using conventional ultrasound (US) and elastography (conventional strain elastography of elasticity imaging [EI], virtual touch tissue imaging [VTI] and 2-D shear wave elastography [2-D-SWE] of virtual touch tissue imaging quantification [VTIQ]) with the clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical (IHC) subtypes of breast cancer. The sample consisted of images from 202 patients with 206 breast lesions that were confirmed as breast cancers. Lesions with HER2 overexpression (luminal B HER2+ or HER2+) had higher mean shear wave velocity (SWV) values than the others. Older patients, lower histologic grade, no lymphovascular invasion and no lymph node metastasis were associated with luminal A (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in SWV values, histologic grade and lymph node status among the different pathologic types. This association may allow the use of 2-D-SWE in the pre-operative prediction of tumor characteristics and biologic activity, which may determine the prognosis in a non-invasive manner.

Shear-wave elastography: role in clinically significant prostate cancer with false-negative magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the diagnostic value of adding SWE to MRI for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer with false-negative MRI results. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 367 patients who underwent MRI, SWE, and prostate biopsy between March 2016 and November 2018 at the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and free PSA (fPSA) were measured preoperatively. Diagnostic value and accuracy was determined for MRI alone and MRI + SWE using the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: MRI misdiagnosed 17.9% (21/117) clinically significant prostate cancers, including 15 lesions in the peripheral zone and 6 in the central zone. Both qualitative and quantitative SWE could help detect 66.7% (10/15) significant prostate cancers with false-negative MRI, but there was no association with the Gleason score (p > 0.05). When considering the sextant of the peripheral zone, a significant association was not seen with histopathology in qualitative SWE (p = 0.071) and quantitative SWE (p = 0.598). Among age, PSA, fPSA, volume of the prostate gland, fPSA/PSA, and PSAD, only PSAD (p = 0.019) was associated with SWE results in patients with negative MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Adding SWE to MRI in patients with negative MRI for prostate examination could allow the correct diagnosis of additional patients and reduce the false-negative rate. KEY POINTS: • MRI plays an important role in clinically significant prostate cancers diagnosis. • SWE plays an important role in clinically significant prostate cancers with negative MRI. • Adding SWE to MRI in patients with negative MRI for prostate examination could allow the correct diagnosis of additional patients and reduce the false-negative rate.

Usefulness of Strain Elastography, ARFI Imaging, and Point Shear Wave Elastography for the Assessment of Crohn Disease Strictures.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of strain elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging and point shear wave elastography (p-SWE) for assessment of the predominant types of intestinal stenosis in Crohn disease. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study, among whom 25 suspicious stenoses in 25 intestinal segments were studied using gray scale ultrasonography. All 3 elastography methods were performed, and all patients underwent endoscopy within 24 hours with pathologic biopsy. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), Youden index, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were calculated. Pathologic findings were regarded as the gold standard. RESULTS: For SE, the optimal cutoff value was a score of 4 or greater (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 66.7%; accuracy, 68%; PPV, 30%; NPV, 93.3%; AUROC, 0.708; however, P > .05). The results of ARFI imaging were similar: the optimal cutoff value was a score of 4 or greater (sensitivity, 50%; specificity, 81%; accuracy, 76%; PPV, 33.3%; NPV, 89.4%; AUROC, 0.669; P < .05). However, for p-SWE, the optimal cutoff value was reached when the shear wave velocity exceeded 2.73 m/s (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 100%; accuracy, 96%; PPV, 100%; NPV, 95.5%; AUROC, 0.833; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: p-SWE had the best performance for evaluating and differentiating intestinal stenosis in Crohn disease, while neither SE nor ARFI imaging achieved satisfactory outcomes for evaluating inflammatory stenosis and fibrotic stenosis of Crohn disease.

Radiofrequency-Sensitive Longitudinal Relaxation Tuning Strategy Enabling the Visualization of Radiofrequency Ablation Intensified by Magnetic Composite.

As a minimally invasive heat source, radiofrequency (RF) ablation still encounters potential damages to the surrounding normal tissues because of heat diffusion, high power, and long time. With a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the art on RF ablation, a magnetic composite using porous hollow iron oxide nanoparticles (HIONs) as carriers to load dl-menthol (DLM) has been engineered. This composite involves two protocols for enhancing RF ablation, that is, HION-mediated magnetothermal conversion in RF field and RF solidoid vaporation (RSV)-augmented inertial cavitation, respectively. A combined effect based on two protocols is found to improve energy transformation, and further, along with hydrophobic DLM-impeded heat diffusion, improve the energy utilization efficiency and significantly facilitate ex vivo and in vivo RF ablation. More significantly, in vitro and in vivo RSV processes and RSV-augmented inertial cavitation for RF ablation can be monitored by T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) via an RF-sensitive longitudinal relaxation tuning strategy because the RSV process can deplete DLM and make HION carriers permeable to water molecules, consequently improving the longitudinal relaxation rate of HIONs and enhancing T1-weighted MRI. Therefore, this RF-sensitive magnetic composite holds a great potential in lowering the power and time of RF ablation and improving its therapeutic safety.