Acetylcholinesterase activity and bone biochemical markers in premature and full-term neonates.

Background Almost 30% of the premature infants have low body weight and bone mineral density due to prematurity. There is no consensus of screening premature neonates for metabolic bone disease; therefore, it is important to investigate the use of bone biochemical parameters. Latest studies involved the activity of acetylcholinesterase as a mediator in bone remodeling. It is hypothesized that there is a possible correlation of bone biochemical biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in premature infants. Methods We studied 50 neonates (26 preterm with gestational age <32 weeks, 24 full-term). Clinical data (sex, gestational week) and anthropometric parameters (body weight) were recorded. We directly measured the bone biochemical markers in serum such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In addition, we measured the AChE activity. Results ALP and parathyroid hormone levels were higher, but Ca, P and AChE were lower in premature neonates group compared with full-term ones. There is a significant positive correlation of gestational age with body weight, Ca and AChE. A significant negative correlation was observed for ALP and PTH with gestational age. Conclusions We found a gestational age-related increase of AChE activity. There were significant relationships between AChE activity with P and PTH.

Clinical-laboratory findings of bone metabolism in healthy premature and full-term neonates: preliminary results.

Premature infants are a major risk group for bone metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study is to clarify certain aspects of bone metabolism in healthy preterm and full-term neonates. Forty neonates (20 preterm and 20 full-term) were the material of the study. For each neonate demographic data (gender, gestational week) and anthropometric data (body weight) were recorded. Blood samples were collected and biochemical markers of bone metabolism (serum ALP, Ca, P, Mg) were immediately estimated. According to the results there is a statistically significant difference in average ALP of preterm neonates compared to full term neonates. Slightly higher values of Ca, P, Mg occurred in premature neonates while there was a statistically significant difference in the weeks of gestation and body weights between the two groups. It is typical in premature neonates the decrease in levels of ALP by the weeks of gestation and the stable levels of Ca. Gestational week seems to positively affect P and Mg levels in preterm neonates. Conclusively from our study's results arises that the week of gestation and not so much the body weight influence the alterations of bone biochemical biomarkers in healthy premature newborns. It seems that very premature neonates have high levels of serum ALP in decompensation of lower levels of Mg and P from all the newborns in this study. Therefore in very premature neonates, it is recommended to estimate serum ALP, Mg and P for assessment of bone turnover.

Inside the "fragile" infant: pathophysiology, molecular background, risk factors and investigation of neonatal osteopenia.

Current research in bone mineral metabolism reveals many aspects of osteopenia occurred in premature infants. This review examines not only the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of newborn osteopenia but also the risk factors and investigation. Osteopenia of premature infants has increased incidence among other diseases of prematurity. Identification of risk factors is essential for monitoring of osteopenia. Some of the risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, long term administration of drugs such as corticosteroids, methyloxanthines, furosemide, abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism, poor maternal nutritional and mineral uptake etc. Neonatologists, pediatricians and endocrinologists should investigate premature, low birth weight infants that have high serum alkaline phosphatase and have at least one risk factor.

Antifungal chemoprophylaxis in children and adolescents with haematological malignancies and following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: review of the literature and options for clinical practice.

Invasive opportunistic fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents with cancer or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Difficulties in establishing the diagnosis continue to delay antifungal therapy, and this has been shown to adversely impact on survival. Apart from ongoing attempts to improve early recognition, effective chemoprophylaxis of invasive fungal infections remains a goal of high priority in populations with disease-related incidence rates of 10% or higher. These include patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, recurrent leukaemias and those following allogeneic HSCT. Incidence rates in other paediatric cancer entities, including autologous HSCT, are considerably lower and do not justify the general implementation of antifungal prophylaxis. The difficulties in obtaining a timely diagnosis, the consequences of infectious morbidity on delaying anticancer treatment, and mortality rates >20% and >50% for invasive yeast and mould infections, respectively, provide a clear rationale for antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk populations. However, while antifungal prophylaxis has become part of infectious disease supportive care algorithms in most paediatric leukaemia and allogeneic transplantation programmes, antifungal prophylaxis remains a topic of controversy, with no clear consensus amongst different centres and groups. This is largely based on the limited paediatric data, with only a small number of meaningful studies, and on the fact that the scientific evidence for the benefit of antifungal prophylaxis has been generated exclusively by prospective, randomized, clinical phase III trials conducted in adults with comparable, but not similar conditions. In this article, we briefly review the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in children and adolescents with cancer and following HSCT; delineate regulatory principles of paediatric drug development with relevant examples for their successful implementation with new antifungal compounds; provide information on the pharmacology and paediatric development of current antifungal compounds; discuss for each compound the evidence for effectiveness as primary or secondary antifungal prophylaxis in adults and the pertinent data published in paediatric patients; and conclude by providing practical options for prophylaxis in children and adolescents with haematological malignancies and following allogeneic HSCT.

Is there a necessity for multiple doses of surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome of premature infants?

Both prophylactic and early surfactant (SF) replacement therapy reduce pulmonary complications and mortality in ventilated infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The effectiveness of one or more doses and the impact on morbidity and mortality of premature neonates with RDS need to be further clarified. The objective of this study was to investigate the necessity of repeated surfactant replacement therapy in premature infants ≤32 weeks of gestational age and the possibility of an underlying pathology. This study included 126 premature neonates of 24-32 weeks of gestation. We used 200 mg/kg per dose of porcine surfactant (Curosurf®) as primary treatment and 100 mg/kg in cases that required retreatment. The subjects were classified into two groups: the first group (Group 1) received a single dose of surfactant (n=98) and the second group (Group 2) included infants who required more than one dose (n=28). The 1st dose was administered in the first 20 minutes after birth while the second was given six hours later. In four cases, a 3rd dose was required, that was provided 12 hours after birth. Recorded data included: clinical and radiological classification of RDS, extubation time, oxygenation estimation indexes (OI: oxygenation index, A-aDO2: alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, a/APO2: arterial-alveolar ratio of partial oxygen pressure), requirement and duration of oxygen administration, total duration of mechanical ventilation, and survival rate. Patient Group 1 did not present any radiological findings of RDS of grade 3 or 4 six hours after SF administration, whereas such findings were recorded in three neonates of Group 2. Therefore, we assumed that failure of a single-dosing treatment indicates a more severe RDS and might reflect an underlying pathology. The impact of maternal chorioamnionitis in the neonates that necessitated further replacement therapy was statistically significant (p=0.045); moreover, infection markers were positive in the majority of the patient population of the second group. Twenty-two neonates (22%) of the first group needed intubation in the delivery room compared to 16 (57%) of the second group (p=0.0001). In conclusion, premature infants treated with a single dose of surfactant can usually be successfully extubated. Requirement of retreatment could be attributed to other pathogenetic mechanisms. A positive history of maternal chorioamnionitis was the commonest reason.