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3.
Vet Microbiol ; 233: 11-20, 2019 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31176395

RESUMO

The Chlamydiaceae are Gram-negative bacteria causing diseases in humans and in both, endothermic (mammals and birds) and poikilothermic (e.g. reptiles, amphibians) animals. As most chlamydial species described today were isolated from humans and endothermic animals, the commonly used culturing temperature in vitro is 37 °C, although the centrifugation temperature during experimental infection, a technique necessary to improve the infection rate, may vary from 25 to 37 °C. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different centrifugation (28° or 33 °C) and incubation temperatures (28 °C or 37 °C) on the average inclusion size, infectivity and ultrastructural morphology of human and animal chlamydial strains, as well as two recently described species originating from snakes, C. poikilothermis and C. serpentis, in LLC-MK2 cells at 48 h post infection. Infectivity and average inclusion size was reduced at an incubation temperature of 28 °C compared to 37 °C for all strains including C. poikilothermis, although the latter formed larger, fully matured inclusions at 28 °C in comparison to the other investigated Chlamydia species. C.psittaci displayed a shorter developmental cycle than the other species confirming previous studies. Higher centrifugation temperature increased the subsequent inclusion size of C. trachomatis, C. abortus and C. suis but not their infectivity, while the incubation temperature had no discernable effect on the morphology, inclusion size and infectivity of the other chlamydial strains. In conclusion, we found that all Chlamydia species are viable and can grow at low incubation temperatures, although all strains grew better and more rapidly at 37 °C compared to 28 °C.


Assuntos
Centrifugação , Chlamydia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Chlamydia/fisiologia , Temperatura , Animais , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Humanos , Corpos de Inclusão , Viabilidade Microbiana , Serpentes/microbiologia , Estresse Fisiológico
4.
Dig Dis Sci ; 64(11): 3284-3290, 2019 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31041636

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Simkania negevensis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium (family Simkaniaceae, order Chlamydiales) that has been isolated from domestic and mains water supplies, is able to infect human macrophages, and can induce an inflammatory response in the host. METHODS: From June to December 2016, in a single-center observational study, colonic Crohn's disease patients and controls (subjects undergoing screening for colorectal cancer) underwent blood tests to identify serum-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) to S. negevensis and a colonoscopy with biopsies for detection of S. negevensis DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Forty-three Crohn's disease patients and 18 controls were enrolled. Crohn's disease patients had higher prevalence of IgA antibodies to S. negevensis compared with controls (20.9% versus 0%, p = 0.04). Simkaniaceae negevensis DNA was detected in 34.9% and 5.6% of intestinal biopsies in Crohn's disease patients and controls, respectively (p = 0.02). All Crohn's disease patients with PCR-positive biopsies for S. negevensis were IgG seropositive, with specific IgA in 60% of them (p < 0.001). Immunosuppressive therapies, extraintestinal manifestations, or disease activity did not influence the presence of S. negevensis in the Crohn's disease population. CONCLUSIONS: We identified S. negevensis in Crohn's disease patients by demonstrating the presence of S. negevensis mucosal DNA and seropositivity to the bacterium. These results could support the presence of an acute or persistent S. negevensis infection and suggest a possible role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.


Assuntos
Chlamydiales/isolamento & purificação , Doença de Crohn/sangue , Doença de Crohn/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/sangue , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Colonoscopia/métodos , Doença de Crohn/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
5.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 5660, 2018 04 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29618824

RESUMO

Chlamydia species have recently been recognized as emerging pathogens in snakes. However, isolation of novel snake chlamydiae is critical and their growth characteristics are largely unknown. In this study, two novel chlamydial species are described: Chlamydia serpentis and Chlamydia poikilothermis, isolated after attempts on 23 cloacal and choanal swabs from 18 PCR-positive captive snakes originating from different Swiss snake collections. Isolation success, growth curve and infectivity rates over a 48-hour time period were dependent on temperature (37 °C for C. serpentis, 28 °C for C. poikilothermis). C. serpentis and C. poikilothermis were sensitive to tetracycline and moxifloxacin during evaluation by in vitro antibiotic susceptibility assay but intermediate to resistant (2-4 µg/ml) to azithromycin. Whole genome sequencing of the isolates provided proof of the novel species status, and gives insights into the evolution of these branches of genus Chlamydia.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Chlamydia/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Serpentes/microbiologia , Temperatura , Animais , Chlamydia/classificação , Chlamydia/genética , Infecções por Chlamydia/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Genoma Bacteriano , Metagenômica , Filogenia , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma
6.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis ; 18(4): 222-225, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29595407

RESUMO

Until recently, Chlamydia psittaci was considered to be the only etiological agent of avian chlamydiosis, but two new avian species, Chlamydia gallinacea and Chlamydia avium, have recently been described in poultry and pigeons or psittacine birds, respectively. The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence of C. psittaci and C. gallinacea in backyard chickens in Italy. Cloacal swabs were taken from 160 asymptomatic chickens reared in 16 backyard farms. Samples were tested for C. psittaci and C. gallinacea by specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, with 24 (15%) of the 160 chickens resulting positive for C. gallinacea. To attempt chlamydial isolation, new samples were obtained from two farms harboring a high prevalence (60% and 70%, respectively) of C. gallinacea-positive chickens. In total, eight C. gallinacea and one C. psittaci isolates were successfully recovered from 13 chickens. C. gallinacea was confirmed to be the endemic chlamydial species in chickens, with a high ompA intraspecies diversity. The presence of viable C. psittaci and C. gallinacea demonstrated by isolation from chickens in backyard farms poses a potential public health problem.


Assuntos
Galinhas/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Chlamydia/classificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Animais , Chlamydia/genética , Chlamydia/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Itália/epidemiologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Prevalência
7.
Biopolymers ; 108(6)2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28555934

RESUMO

The in vitro activity of six synthetic peptides against 36 strains of Chlamydia from different origins was investigated. Clavanin MO (CMO) proved to be the most active peptide, reducing the inclusion number of all Chlamydia strains from eight different species tested by ≥50% at 10 µg mL-1 . Mastoparan L showed an equal activity against C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. suis, and C. muridarum, but did not exert any inhibitory effect against C. psittaci, C. pecorum, C. abortus, and C. avium even at 80 µg mL-1 . These data suggest that CMO could be a promising compound in the prevention and treatment of chlamydial infections.


Assuntos
Peptídeos/síntese química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Chlamydia/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Venenos de Vespas/síntese química , Venenos de Vespas/química , Venenos de Vespas/metabolismo , Venenos de Vespas/farmacologia
8.
BMC Nephrol ; 18(1): 133, 2017 Apr 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28407799

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Simkania negevensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium belonging to the family Simkaniaceae in the Chlamydiales order. It is considered an ubiquitous microorganism and aquatic environments may be involved as a source of infection for humans. It was just isolated in samples from domestic water supplies and from mains water supplies, like spa water or swimming pool water, confirming its ability to resist to the common chlorination treatments. Evidence indicates a possible role of the microorganism in respiratory tract infections, in gastroenteric disorders and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, furthermore it has hypothesized that it could play a role in lung transplant rejection. Prevalence and possible effects in nephrology are unknown. METHODS: We examined the occurrence of Simkania negevensis in two differents populations, both characterized by a high susceptibility to infectious complications: 105 hemodialysis patients, 105 renal transplant recipients and 105 healthy subjects through the IgG and IgA response to Simkania negevensis in their sera. Serum antibodies to Simkania negevensis were detected by a homemade ELISA performed according to the Kahane's protocol. Furthermore water samples from hemodialytic circuit were collected, to evaluate Simkania negevensis resistance to usual treatment of disinfection. RESULTS: Our results were unexpected, showing a higher seroprevalence of antibodies against Simkania negevensis in the hemodialysis patients, compared to renal transplant patients (IgG 22% vs 9% - IgA 9% vs 3%). S. negevensis was isolated in all water samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study detected for the first time the occurrence of S. negevensis in hemodialysis and in renal transplant patients. Our findings suggest that water used in hemodialysis could be one of the possible sources of S. negevensis infection, without clinical involvement risk for patients.


Assuntos
Chlamydiales/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Transplante de Rim/estatística & dados numéricos , Diálise Renal/estatística & dados numéricos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/microbiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
9.
Ultrastruct Pathol ; 41(2): 147-153, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28277149

RESUMO

Castanea sativa Mill (ENC®), containing tannins against 33 Chlamydia strains, was compared to SMAP-29 with inhibitory effect against C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. The ENC® activity against Chlamydia spp. was evaluated determining the lowest concentration to achieve more than half reduction of intact chlamydial inclusions versus controls. ENC® reduced all Chlamydia strains tested at 1 µg/mL, while SMAP-29 induced reductions of C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infectivity at 10 µg/mL. A great reduction of C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. abortus infectivity was achieved with a 10 µg/mL ENC® concentration, whereas their infectivity was almost inhibited at 100 µg/mL ENC® concentration.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Chlamydia/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Chlamydia/ultraestrutura , Técnicas In Vitro , Macaca mulatta , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Casca de Planta
10.
Genome Biol Evol ; 9(3): 750-760, 2017 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28338777

RESUMO

Chlamydia suis is an endemic pig pathogen, belonging to a fascinating genus of obligate intracellular pathogens. Of particular interest, this is the only chlamydial species to have naturally acquired genes encoding for tetracycline resistance. To date, the distribution and mobility of the Tet-island are not well understood. Our study focused on whole genome sequencing of 29 C. suis isolates from a recent porcine cohort within Switzerland, combined with data from USA tetracycline-resistant isolates. Our findings show that the genome of C. suis is very plastic, with unprecedented diversity, highly affected by recombination and plasmid exchange. A large diversity of isolates circulates within Europe, even within individual Swiss farms, suggesting that C. suis originated around Europe. New World isolates have more restricted diversity and appear to derive from European isolates, indicating that historical strain transfers to the United States have occurred. The architecture of the Tet-island is variable, but the tetA(C) gene is always intact, and recombination has been a major factor in its transmission within C. suis. Selective pressure from tetracycline use within pigs leads to a higher number of Tet-island carrying isolates, which appear to be lost in the absence of such pressure, whereas the loss or gain of the Tet-island from individual strains is not observed. The Tet-island appears to be a recent import into the genome of C. suis, with a possible American origin.


Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/genética , Chlamydia/genética , Genômica , Resistência a Tetraciclina/genética , Animais , Chlamydia/patogenicidade , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Gado/genética , Gado/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plasmídeos/genética , Suínos/genética , Suínos/microbiologia , Tetraciclina/uso terapêutico
11.
PLoS One ; 11(11): e0166917, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27893834

RESUMO

In pigs, Chlamydia suis has been associated with respiratory disease, diarrhea and conjunctivitis, but there is a high rate of inapparent C. suis infection found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Tetracycline resistance in C. suis has been described in the USA, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Cyprus and Israel. Tetracyclines are commonly used in pig production due to their broad-spectrum activity and relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to isolate clinical C. suis samples in cell culture and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro under consideration of antibiotic treatment on herd level. Swab samples (n = 158) identified as C. suis originating from 24 farms were further processed for isolation, which was successful in 71% of attempts with a significantly higher success rate from fecal swabs compared to conjunctival swabs. The farms were divided into three treatment groups: A) farms without antibiotic treatment, B) farms with prophylactic oral antibiotic treatment of the whole herd consisting of trimethoprime, sulfadimidin and sulfathiazole (TSS), or C) farms giving herd treatment with chlortetracycline with or without tylosin and sulfadimidin (CTS). 59 isolates and their corresponding clinical samples were selected and tested for the presence or absence of the tetracycline resistance class C gene [tet(C)] by conventional PCR and isolates were further investigated for their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro. The phenotype of the investigated isolates was either classified as tetracycline sensitive (Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] < 2 µg/ml), intermediate (2 µg/ml ≤ MIC < 4 µg/ml) or resistant (MIC ≥ 4 µg/ml). Results of groups and individual pigs were correlated with antibiotic treatment and time of sampling (beginning/end of the fattening period). We found clear evidence for selective pressure as absence of antibiotics led to isolation of only tetracycline sensitive or intermediate strains whereas tetracycline treatment resulted in a greater number of tetracycline resistant isolates.


Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Chlamydia/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Tetraciclina , Administração Oral , Animais , Carga Bacteriana , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Chlamydia/genética , Chlamydia/isolamento & purificação , Chlamydia/patogenicidade , Reações Falso-Negativas , Fazendas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Seleção Genética , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Suíça , Tetraciclina/administração & dosagem , Resistência a Tetraciclina/genética
12.
PLoS One ; 11(2): e0149914, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26913523

RESUMO

The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia suis in an Italian pig herd, determine the tetracycline susceptibility of C. suis isolates, and evaluate tet(C) and tetR(C) gene expression. Conjunctival swabs from 20 pigs were tested for C. suis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 55% (11) were positive. C. suis was then isolated from 11 conjunctival swabs resampled from the same herd. All positive samples and isolates were positive for the tet(C) resistance gene. The in vitro susceptibility to tetracycline of the C. suis isolates showed MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 4 µg/mL. Tet(C) and tetR(C) transcripts were found in all the isolates, cultured both in the absence and presence of tetracycline. This contrasts with other Gram-negative bacteria in which both genes are repressed in the absence of the drug. Further investigation into tet gene regulation in C. suis is needed.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Chlamydia/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Resistência a Tetraciclina/genética , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Chlamydia/genética , Chlamydia/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Itália/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia
13.
PLoS One ; 10(11): e0143576, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26619187

RESUMO

Chlamydial infections in pigs are associated with respiratory disease, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and other pathologies. The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae in Swiss fattening pigs by applying sensitive and specific detection methods and to correlate prior antibiotic treatment and farm related factors with differences in prevalence. Conjunctival and fecal swabs were collected from 636 pigs in 29 Swiss fattening pig farms with and without antibiotic treatment, at the beginning and the end of the fattening period. The swabs were screened by real-time PCR for Chlamydiaceae. For the chlamydial detection and species-identification, a DNA-microarray analysis was performed. All farms were positive for Chlamydiaceae with 94.3 and 92.0% prevalence in fecal swabs as well as 45.9 and 32.6% in conjunctival swabs at the first and second time points, respectively. Antibiotic treatment could not clear the infection on herd level. Potential contact with wild boars was a significant risk factor, while hygiene criteria did not influence chlamydial prevalence. A correlation of chlamydial positivity to diarrhea, but not to conjunctivitis was evident. Chlamydia suis was the predominant species. Mixed infections with C. suis and C. pecorum were common, with a substantial increase in C. pecorum positivity at the end of the fattening period, and this finding was associated with ruminant contact. C. abortus was detected in one conjunctival swab. In this study, C. suis inhabited the intestinal tract of nearly all examined pigs, implying a long-term infection. C. pecorum was also common and might be transmitted to pigs by ruminants.


Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Animais , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Chlamydiaceae/genética , Chlamydiaceae/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Intestinos/microbiologia , Masculino , Sus scrofa
14.
Atherosclerosis ; 241(2): 471-9, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26086356

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Chlamydia pneumoniae has been linked to atherosclerosis, strictly associated with hyperlipidemia. The liver plays a central role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Since in animal models C. pneumoniae can be found at hepatic level, this study aims to elucidate whether C. pneumoniae infection accelerates atherosclerosis by affecting lipid metabolism. METHODS: Thirty Balb/c mice were challenged intra-peritoneally with C. pneumoniae elementary bodies and thirty with Chlamydia trachomatis, serovar D. Thirty mice were injected with sucrose-phosphate-glutamate buffer, as negative controls. Seven days after infection, liver samples were examined both for presence of chlamydia and expression of genes involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism. RESULTS: C. pneumoniae was isolated from 26 liver homogenates, whereas C. trachomatis was never re-cultivated (P < 0.001). C. pneumoniae infected mice showed significantly increased serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels compared both with negative controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.0197, respectively) and C. trachomatis infected mice (P < 0.001). Liver bile acids were significantly reduced in C. pneumoniae compared to controls and C. trachomatis infected mice. In C. pneumoniae infected livers, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) mRNA levels were reduced, while inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (Idol) expression was increased. Hypertriglyceridemia was associated to reduced expression of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (Cpt1a) and medium chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (Acadm). Pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression was increased compared to negative controls. Conversely, in C. trachomatis infected animals, normal serum lipid levels were associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression, linked to only a mild disturbance of lipid regulatory genes. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that C. pneumoniae mouse liver infection induces dyslipidemic effects with significant modifications of genes involved in lipid metabolism.


Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Colesterol/metabolismo , Falência Hepática Aguda/microbiologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Acil-CoA Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Animais , Aterosclerose/complicações , Aterosclerose/microbiologia , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferase/metabolismo , Infecções por Chlamydia/complicações , Chlamydia trachomatis , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Ácido Glutâmico/química , Inflamação , Infusões Parenterais , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fosfatos/química , Sacarose/química
15.
Pathog Dis ; 73(1): 1-3, 2015 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25854004

RESUMO

A mouse model for Chlamydia suis genital infection was developed. Ninety-nine mice were randomly divided into three groups and intravaginally inoculated with chlamydia: 45 mice (group 1) received C. suis purified elementary bodies (EBs), 27 (group 2) were inoculated with C. trachomatis genotype E EBs and 27 mice (group 3) with C. trachomatis genotype F EBs. Additionally, 10 mice were used as a negative control. At seven days post-infection (dpi) secretory anti-C. suis IgA were recovered from vaginal swabs of all C. suis inoculated mice. Chlamydia suis was isolated from 93, 84, 71 and 33% vaginal swabs at 3, 5, 7 and 12 dpi. Chlamydia trachomatis genotype E and F were isolated from 100% vaginal swabs up to 7 dpi and from 61 and 72%, respectively, at 12 dpi. Viable C. suis and C. trachomatis organisms were isolated from uterus and tubes up to 16 and 28 dpi, respectively. The results of the present study show the susceptibility of mice to intravaginal inoculation with C. suis. A more rapid course and resolution of C. suis infection, in comparison to C. trachomatis, was highlighted. The mouse model could be useful for comparative investigations involving C. suis and C. trachomatis species.


Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/patologia , Chlamydia/isolamento & purificação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções do Sistema Genital/microbiologia , Infecções do Sistema Genital/patologia , Animais , Tubas Uterinas/microbiologia , Feminino , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/análise , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Útero/microbiologia , Vagina/química , Vagina/imunologia , Vagina/microbiologia
16.
J Wildl Dis ; 51(1): 214-7, 2015 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25375950

RESUMO

We investigated the Chlamydia spp. occurrence in Eurasian Collared Doves (Streptopelia decaocto) from urban and suburban areas in northern Italy. Among 76 doves screened, prevalence of Chlamydia spp. was 61%. Chlamydia psittaci genotype E was identified in 33 of the 46 positive samples. The multilocus sequence typing pattern of one highly positive sample showed a new allelic combination. The same molecular features were observed in a C. psittaci strain subsequently isolated from a live dove. Our results reveal a high C. psittaci prevalence in S. decaocto. The spread of this zoonotic pathogen from collared doves to other birds or humans seems to be a potential risk.


Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Chlamydophila psittaci/isolamento & purificação , Columbidae , Psitacose/veterinária , Animais , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Feminino , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Psitacose/epidemiologia , Psitacose/microbiologia
17.
Genome Announc ; 2(3)2014 May 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24812227

RESUMO

Chlamydia suis is a natural pathogen of pigs (Sus scrofa) and causes conjunctivitis, pneumonia, enteritis, and various reproductive disorders that adversely impact this economically important animal. Here, we report the first C. suis genome, that of C. suis MD56, isolated from a conjunctival swab of a weaned piglet.

18.
BMC Res Notes ; 7: 230, 2014 Apr 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24721461

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of studies suggest that chlamydiae can infect immune cells. The altered immune cell function could contribute to the progression of several chronic inflammatory diseases.The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) interactions with in vitro infected human blood monocytes. RESULTS: Fresh isolated monocytes were infected with viable CP and CT elementary bodies and infectivity was evaluated by recultivating disrupted monocytes in permissive epithelial cells.The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was studied in the presence of specific fluorescent probes. Moreover, TNF-α, INF-α, INF-ß and INF-γ gene expression was determined. CT clearance from monocytes was complete at any time points after infection, while CP was able to survive up to 48 hours after infection. When NADPH oxydase or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors were used, CT infectivity in monocytes was restored, even if at low level, and CT recovery's rate was comparable to CP one.CT-infected monocytes produced significantly higher levels of reactive species compared with CP-infected monocytes, at very early time points after infection. In the same meanwhile, TNF-α and INF-γ gene expression was significantly increased in CT-infected monocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that CP, but not CT, is able to survive in infected monocytes up to 48 hours post-infection. The delay in reactive species and cytokines production by CP-infected monocytes seems to be crucial for CP survival.


Assuntos
Chlamydia trachomatis/fisiologia , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/fisiologia , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Monócitos/microbiologia , Células Cultivadas , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/genética , Interferon-alfa/metabolismo , Interferon beta/genética , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Viabilidade Microbiana , Monócitos/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidases/antagonistas & inibidores , NADPH Oxidases/genética , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Nitrogênio , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Especificidade da Espécie , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
19.
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther ; 11(11): 1215-24, 2013 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24111488

RESUMO

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause serious diseases in a wide range of hosts. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the leading sexually transmitted pathogens in the world. Because vaccines are not currently available, effective drugs are essential. In both animals and humans, chlamydial infections are often treated with tetracycline or its derivatives. A stable tetracycline-resistant phenotype was described in Chlamydia suis strains from pigs in the USA and in Europe. In humans, there are reports of tetracycline treatment failure and the in vitro adaptability of C. trachomatis to evolve to antibiotic resistance has been described, suggesting the pressing need to search for alternative and effective classes of antimicrobial drugs. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are known as direct antimicrobial agents as well as innate immune modulators. Being active against multidrug-resistant bacteria, HDPs are attractive candidates as templates for new drugs. A number of studies evaluated the activity of natural and synthetic HDPs against Chlamydia spp., showing C. trachomatis to be the most sensitive among chlamydia species tested. Protegrins and α-helical peptides were the most active among the HDPs assessed.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Tetraciclina/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Catelicidinas/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/tratamento farmacológico , Chlamydia trachomatis/efeitos dos fármacos , Defensinas/imunologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Tetraciclina/farmacologia
20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24009891

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spheroid particles released by all Gram-negative bacteria as a result of the budding out of the outer membrane. Since they carry many of the bacterial surface-associated proteins and feature a potent built-in adjuvanticity, OMVs are being utilized as vaccines, some of which commercially available. Recently, methods for manipulating the protein content of OMVs have been proposed, thus making OMVs a promising platform for recombinant, multivalent vaccines development. METHODS: Chlamydia muridarum DO serine protease HtrA, an antigen which stimulates strong humoral and cellular responses in mice and humans, was expressed in Escherichia coli fused to the OmpA leader sequence to deliver it to the OMV compartment. Purified OMVs carrying HtrA (CM rHtrA-OMV) were analyzed for their capacity to induce antibodies capable of neutralizing Chlamydia infection of LLC-MK2 cells in vitro. RESULTS: CM rHtrA-OMV immunization in mice induced antibodies that neutralize Chlamydial invasion as judged by an in vitro infectivity assay. This was remarkably different from what observed with an enzymatically functional recombinant HtrA expressed in, and purified from the E. coli cytoplasm (CM rHtrA). The difference in functionality between anti-CM rHtrA and anti-CM rHtrA-OMV antibodies was associated to a different pattern of protein epitopes recognition. The epitope recognition profile of anti-CM HtrA-OMV antibodies was similar to that induced in mice during Chlamydial infection. CONCLUSIONS: When expressed in OMVs HtrA appears to assume a conformation similar to the native one and this results in the elicitation of functional immune responses. These data further support the potentiality of OMVs as vaccine platform.

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