The relationship between low and asymmetric handgrip strength and low muscle mass: results of a cross-sectional study on health and aging trends in western China.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the relationship between low handgrip strength (HGS) only, asymmetric HGS only, and low HGS combined with asymmetric HGS and low muscle mass in the West China Health and Aging Trends Study (WCHAT) data. STUDY DESIGN: Individuals aged at least 50 years old were included in this cross-sectional study using WCHAT data. Demographic characteristics, such as age, marital status, education level, ethnicity, and drinking and smoking history, as well as chronic diseases, were recorded for all participants. The HGS of both hands was tested three times using a grip dynanometer with the participant in a standing position with arms extended, before recording the maximum value for both hands. The maximum value referred to values < 28 kg and < 18 kg for males and females, respectively. HGS ratios (non-dominant HGS/dominant HGS) of < 0.90 or > 1.10 suggest asymmetric HGS. The subjects were then allocated to the low HGS, asymmetrical HGS, and combined low and asymmetrical HGS (BOTH group) groups, and those with neither low nor asymmetric HGS (the normal group). The InBody 770 instrument was used for the analysis of muscle mass, with low muscle mass defined as a skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) of < 7.0 kg/m2 or < 5.7 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively. The associations between the different HGS groups and low muscle mass were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The study included 1748 subjects, of whom 1272 (72.77%) were over the age of 60 years. The numbers of Han, Tibetan, and Qiang were 885 (50.63%), 217 (12.41%), and 579 (33.12%), respectively. A total of 465 individuals (26.60%) were classified as having low muscle mass, while 228 (13.04%), 536 (30.66%), and 125 (7.15%) participants were allocated to the low HGS, asymmetric HGS, and BOTH groups, respectively. The average SMI differed significantly between the normal group and the other groups (normal group vs. asymmetric HGS group vs. low HGS group vs. BOTH group: 6.627 kg/m2 vs. 6.633 kg/m2 vs. 6.492 kg/m2 vs. 5.995 kg/m2, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of low muscle mass in the normal, asymmetric HGS, low HGS, and BOTH groups increased sequentially, with significant differences (normal group vs. asymmetric HGS group vs. low HGS group vs. BOTH group: 21.5% vs. 22.4% vs. 39.5% vs. 56%, respectively, P = 0.001). Further logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of low HGS (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.203-2.402) and both low and asymmetric HGS (OR = 3.378, 95%CI: 2.173-5.252) were predictive of low muscle mass, with the chance being higher for the latter condition. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that although asymmetrical HGS itself does not increase the chances of low muscle mass. When low HGS and a combination of both features (low HGS combined with asymmetric HGS) is present in subjects, the chance of low muscle mass increases.

Associations of parity and cognitive decline, depression, and chronic comorbidity in West China: Results from WCHAT study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between parity (the number of offspring a female has borne) and cognitive function, depression, and chronic comorbidity in Western China. METHODS: A total of 846 women aged 50-55 years were included in the current analysis. Cognitive status was measured using a 10-item short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15). Other characteristics were self-reported. The associations between parity and cognitive decline, depression, and chronic comorbidity were analyzed using univariable and multivariable models. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, ethnic group, occupation, marital status, educational level, lifestyle factors, and sleeping time. RESULTS: Among the enrolled women, 26.71% were either childless or had one child, 47.40% had two children, 18.32% had three children, and 7.57% had ≥4 children. Compared to women with low parity, women with two or more children exhibited a higher risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, having four or more children was significantly associated with depression and chronic comorbidity. After adjusting covariates, women with three or more children exhibited a higher risk of cognitive decline than those with low parity. However, high parity was not significantly associated with depression or chronic comorbidity after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that ≥3 children was associated with cognitive decline in women. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate this conclusion and to investigate the mechanisms involved. More importantly, families and societies should pay more attention to women's long-term health outcomes related to fertility.

The diagnostic agreement of sarcopenic obesity with different definitions in Chinese community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults.

Background: In 2022, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) launched a consensus on the diagnostic methods for sarcopenic obesity (SO). The study aimed to identify the prevalence and diagnostic agreement of SO using different diagnostic methods in a cohort of subjects from West China aged at least 50 years old. Methods: A large multi-ethnic sample of 4,155 participants from the West China Health and Aging Trend (WCHAT) study was analyzed. SO was defined according to the newly published consensus of the ESPEN/EASO. Furthermore, SO was diagnosed as a combination of sarcopenia and obesity. The criteria established by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS2019) were used to define sarcopenia. Obesity was defined by four widely used indicators: percent of body fat (PBF), visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI). Cohen's kappa was used to analyze the diagnostic agreement of the above five diagnostic methods. Results: A total of 4,155 participants were part of the study, including 1,499 men (63.76 ± 8.23 years) and 2,656 women (61.61 ± 8.20 years). The prevalence of SO was 0.63-7.22% with different diagnostic methods. The diagnosis agreement of five diagnostic methods was poor-to-good (κ: 0.06-0.67). The consensus by the ESPEN/EASO had the poorest agreement with other methods (κ: 0.06-0.32). AWGS+VFA had the best agreement with AWGS+WC (κ = 0.67), and consensus by the ESPEN/EASO had the best agreement with AWGS+ PBF (κ = 0.32). Conclusion: The prevalence and diagnostic agreement of SO varies considerably between different diagnostic methods. AWGS+WC has the highest diagnostic rate in the diagnosis of SO, whereas AWGS+BMI has the lowest. AWGS+VFA has a relatively good diagnostic agreement with other diagnostic methods, while the consensus of the ESPEN/EASO has a poor diagnostic agreement. AWGS+PBF may be suitable for the alternative diagnosis of the 2022 ESPEN/EASO.

Deep learning model for the prediction of all-cause mortality among long term care people in China: a prospective cohort study.

This study aimed to develop a deep learning model to predict the risk stratification of all-cause death for older people with disability, providing guidance for long-term care plans. Based on the government-led long-term care insurance program in a pilot city of China from 2017 and followed up to 2021, the study included 42,353 disabled adults aged over 65, with 25,071 assigned to the training set and 17,282 to the validation set. The administrative data (including baseline characteristics, underlying medical conditions, and all-cause mortality) were collected to develop a deep learning model by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. After a median follow-up time of 14 months, 17,565 (41.5%) deaths were recorded. Thirty predictors were identified and included in the final models for disability-related deaths. Physical disability (mobility, incontinence, feeding), adverse events (pressure ulcers and falls from bed), and cancer were related to poor prognosis. A total of 10,127, 25,140 and 7086 individuals were classified into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, with actual risk probabilities of death of 9.5%, 45.8%, and 85.5%, respectively. This deep learning model could facilitate the prevention of risk factors and provide guidance for long-term care model planning based on risk stratification.

Exploring the impact of interleukins on sarcopenia development: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The role of interleukins in sarcopenia development has been acknowledged, yet the specifics of their involvement remain to be fully understood. This study aimed to explore alterations in interleukin levels among sarcopenia patients. METHODS: Searches were conducted in Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library for literature published up to May 2023. Eligible observational studies with a diagnosis of sarcopenia were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized for quality assessment. For data synthesis, a random-effects model was used, and the Mantel-Haenszel method was used for pooled estimates. RESULTS: Of the 7685 articles screened, 37 met the inclusion criteria. Statistically significant differences in the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 were detected in sarcopenia patients. Specifically, IL-1ß (95 % CI: 0.33 [0.12, 0.54], P < 0.05), IL-6 (95 % CI: 0.91 [0.59, 1.24], P < 0.05), and IL-10 (95 % CI: 0.11 [0.07,0.15], P < 0.05) were detected. However, no significant associations were found between serum IL-4 (95 % CI: 0.36 [-0.18, 0.42], P = 0.44), IL-8 (95 % CI: -1.05 [-3.06, 0.95], P = 0.3), IL-12 (95 % CI: -3.92 [-8.32,0.48], P = 0.08) or IL-17 (95 % CI: 0.22 [-2.43, 2.88], P = 0.87) and sarcopenia. Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in IL-6 (95 % CI: -0.03 [-0.72, 0.66], P = 0.93) and IL-10 (95 % CI: 0.1 [-0.44, 0.64], P = 0.72) among patients with European standard sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation plays a role in sarcopenia, and the serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 are associated with sarcopenia. Further research is needed to clarify these associations. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024506656.

Disability level's impact on blood pressure-mortality association in older long-term care adults: evidence from a large Chinese cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of the optimal blood pressure (BP) target for older adults with disability in long-term care is limited. We aim to analyze the associations of BP with mortality in older adults in long-term care setting with different levels of disability. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was based on the government-led long-term care programme in Chengdu, China, including 41,004 consecutive disabled adults aged ≥ 60 years. BP was measured during the baseline survey by trained medical personnel using electronic sphygmomanometers. Disability profile was assessed using the Barthel index. The association between blood pressure and mortality was analyzed with doubly robust estimation, which combined exposure model by inverse probability weighting and outcome model fitted with Cox regression. The non-linearity was examined by restricted cubic spline. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoints were cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: The associations between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and all-cause mortality were close to a U-shaped curve in mild-moderate disability group (Barthel index ≥ 40), and a reversed J-shaped in severe disability group (Barthel index < 40). In mild-moderate disability group, SBP < 135 mmHg was associated with elevated all-cause mortality risks (HR 1.21, 95% CI, 1.10-1.33), compared to SBP between 135 and 150 mmHg. In severe disability group, SBP < 150 mmHg increased all-cause mortality risks (HR 1.21, 95% CI, 1.16-1.27), compared to SBP between 150 and 170 mmHg. The associations were robust in subgroup analyses in terms of age, gender, cardiovascular comorbidity and antihypertensive treatment. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 67 mmHg (HR 1.29, 95% CI, 1.18-1.42) in mild-moderate disability group and < 79 mmHg (HR 1.15, 95% CI, 1.11-1.20) in severe disability group both demonstrated an increased all-cause mortality risk. CONCLUSION: The optimal SBP range was found to be higher in older individuals in long-term care with severe disability (150-170mmHg) compared to those with mild to moderate disability (135-150mmHg). This study provides new evidence that antihypertensive treatment should be administered cautiously in severe disability group in long-term care setting. Additionally, assessment of disability using the Barthel index can serve as a valuable tool in customizing the optimal BP management strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration Number: ChiCTR2100049973).

The associations of daytime napping and motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

INTRODUCTION: Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), characterized by subjective cognitive complaints and slow gait in older populations, is associated with sleep duration. However, the association between MCR and daytime nap duration has not been thoroughly explored. METHODS: Baseline data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used in this study. MCR was defined as the coexistence of subjective cognitive complaints and objective slow gait speed without a history of dementia or mobility disability. Daytime nap duration was categorized into four groups: no napping, short napping (<30 min), moderate napping (30-89 min) and extended napping (≥90 min). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the association of daytime napping duration and MCR. RESULTS: A total of 4230 individuals aged ≥60 were included in the current analysis, of which 463 were diagnosed with MCR. Moderate napping of 30-89 min per day was found to be significantly associated with lower odds of MCR compared with the reference group of no napping. In subgroup analysis, individuals with sleep durations of <7 h per night had lower odds of MCR in the model that adjusted for all potential confounders with ≥30 min daytime nap duration compared with no napping. Interestingly, for people with a night sleep duration of 7-8 h, only those with a moderate nap of 30-89 min had lower odds of MCR than non-nappers after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: A moderate nap of 30-89 min could lower the odds of MCR, especially for older adults with a night sleep duration of ≤8 h.

Relationship between Pain and Dementia: The Mediating Effect of Depression among Chinese Elderly.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain poses a significant problem for older adults and may potentially impact cognitive function. This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between pain severity and cognitive function in elderly individuals residing in the community. Additionally, this study sought to examine the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between pain and dementia. METHODS: The study sample was derived from the 2018 China Health and Aging Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), comprising cross-sectional data from 4559 community residents aged 65 years or older. The primary outcome assessed was the occurrence of dementia, while the main independent variable was pain severity (none, little, somewhat, quite a bit, very). Depression score served as the mediating factor. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between depression and the occurrence of pain and dementia. An intermediate model was constructed by stepwise regression. RESULTS: The study indicates a significant association between cognitive impairment and both chronic pain and depressive symptoms in older adults living in China. Individuals who frequently report experiencing pain exhibit a higher likelihood of developing dementia when compared to those who do not report any pain (odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, p < 0.001). Moreover, depressive symptoms significantly mediate the relationship between pain and dementia, with the mediating effect accounting for 65.25%. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic pain not only directly impacts patients' cognitive function but also indirectly exacerbates cognitive impairment through depressive symptoms as a mediating variable. For elderly individuals experiencing depressive symptoms, it is important to provide appropriate psychological treatment in conjunction with pain management strategies.

Nutrition Status Plays a Partial Mediation Role in the Relationship between Number of Teeth and Frailty: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Although the relationship between the number of teeth and frailty has been extensively studied, the mediating role of nutrition status in the association between the number of teeth and frailty remains to be clarified. METHODS: A number of 6,664 participants lived in the communities of West China were analyzed in our study. Physical frailty was determined based on the phenotype established by Fried. Nutrition status was evaluated using the Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) scale. Multiple linear regression was employed to evaluate the direct relationships between the number of teeth, nutrition, and frailty. Mediation models and structural equation model (SEM) pathway analysis were used to test the mediating role of nutrition status in the relationship between the number of teeth and frailty. RESULTS: Among the 6,664 participants aged over 50 years old, the prevalence of frailty was 6.2%. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant total relationship between the number of teeth (ß = -0.359, 95% CI: -0.473 to -0.244, p < 0.001) and frailty. After adjusting for MNA-SF scores, the relationship between the number of teeth and frailty remained significant (ß = -0.327, 95% CI: -0.443 to -0.211, p < 0.001), indicating a partial mediating effect of nutrition. Mediation analysis verified that nutrition partially mediated the relationship between the number of teeth and frailty (indirect effect estimate = -0.0121, bootstrap 95% CI: -0.0151 to -0.0092; direct effect estimate = -0.0874, bootstrap 95% CI: -0.1086 to -0.0678) in the fully adjusted model. This mediating effect occurred through influencing weight loss, low level of physical activity, and debility. SEM framework pathway analysis confirmed the association between the number of teeth, nutrition, and frailty. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that frailty was correlated with the number of teeth and poorer nutritional status, with nutrition partially mediating the correlation between the number of teeth and frailty. Our results supported early nutritional evaluation and intervention in oral health to decrease the risk of frailty.

The geriatric nutrition risk index is longitudinally associated with incident Sarcopenia: evidence from a 5-year prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies investigating the association between the geriatric nutrition risk index (GNRI) and sarcopenia either lacked longitudinal evidence or narrowly focused on specific populations. AIMS: We aimed to reveal longitudinal associations of GNRI with sarcopenia risk in community-dwelling Chinese. We also investigated interaction effects of potential factors on such associations. METHODS: We included participants aged ≥ 50 years with sufficient data from the WCHAT study who did not have sarcopenia at baseline and completed sarcopenia assessment during follow-up. GNRI was calculated according to the formula based on serum albumin, height and weight. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the 2019 AWGS consensus. Longitudinal associations between GNRI and sarcopenia were estimated by logistic regression with GNRI as either a continuous or categorical variable by tertiles, using generalized estimating equations (GEE) as sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses by potential covariates were conducted to detect interaction effects. RESULTS: A total of 1907 participants without baseline sarcopenia were finally included, of whom 327 (17.1%) developed incident sarcopenia during 5-year follow-up. After controlling for confounders, sarcopenia risk decreased with each one standard deviation increase in GNRI (ORadjusted=0.36, 95% CI 0.31-0.43), and it also decreased successively from the lowest (< 111.2) through middle (111.2-117.7) to the highest (≥ 117.8) tertile of the GNRI level (P for trend < 0.001). Similar results were yielded by GEE. Such associations generally remained robust across subgroups with distinct characteristics, while significant differences were observed between different age groups (≥ 65 vs. <65 years) (interaction P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: GNRI is longitudinally associated with sarcopenia risk with possibly age-specific differences in association magnitude, which holds implications for policymakers to conduct population-based risk assessment.

Association between sarcopenia grade and fall history among older adults in West China: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: The association between sarcopenia severity and fall history remains under-researched at present. Accordingly, this study was developed to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenic status and prior fall events in a multiethnic group of older community-dwelling adults in Western China. DESIGN: A retrospective survey study, the data comes from the West China Health and Aging Trend study. SETTING: The study was based in Western China. PARTICIPANTS: In total, this retrospective analysis incorporated data from 2719 older adults (59.2% women). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Grip strength, gait speed and skeletal muscle mass index values were analysed for all participants, and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2014 and 2019 consensus criteria were leveraged to assess sarcopenia status in these individuals. Prior fall history was defined by any incidents in which an individual unintentionally came to rest on the floor within the past year. The association between sarcopenia status and fall history was examined through a binary logistic regression approach, with p<0.05 as the threshold for significance. RESULTS: Using the AWGS2014 and AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria, of the individuals included in this study cohort 1851 (68.1%) were free of sarcopenia, 160 (5.9%) and 56 (2.1%) showed only muscle-mass loss, 322 (11.8%) and 267 (9.8%) exhibited non-severe sarcopenia and the remaining 386 (14.2%) and 545 (20.0%) exhibited severe sarcopenia, respectively. Previous fall events were reported for 14.8% of study cohort members. After full adjustment for potential confounders, a significant link between severe sarcopenia diagnosed by the AWGS2014 diagnostic criteria and fall history was observed (OR 1.397, 95% CI 1.029 to 1.896, p=0.032), while the AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria did not (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.982 to 1.694, p=0.068). CONCLUSIONS: Severe sarcopenia, as defined per the AWGS2014 criteria, was associated with a significantly higher risk of falls in this multiethnic cohort of older adults from Western China, while the AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria did not. However, this relationship was not observed for individuals who experienced muscle mass loss or had non-severe sarcopenia, according to both the AWGS2014 and AWGS2019 diagnostic criteria.

Effect of long-term care insurance in a pilot city of China: Health benefits among 12,930 disabled older adults.

BACKGROUND: The surge of disabled older people have brought enormous burdens to society. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of long-term care insurance (LTCI) implementation on mortality and changes in physical ability among disabled older adults. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study based on data from the government-led LTCI program in a pilot city of China from 2017 to 2021. Administrative data included the application survey of activities of daily living (ADL), the baseline characteristics and all-cause mortality. Return visit surveys of ADL were conducted between August 2021 and December 2021. A regression discontinuity model was used to analyze the impact of LTCI on mortality. RESULTS: A total of 12,930 individuals older than 65 years were included in this study, and 10,572 individuals were identified with severe disability and participated in the LTCI program. LTCI implementation significantly reduced mortality by 5.10 % (95 % CI, -9.30 % to -0.90 %) and extended the survival time by 33.74 days (95 % CI, 13.501 to 53.970). The ADL scores of the LTCI group dropped by 2.5 points on average, while the ADL scores of those did not participated in LTCI dropped by 25.0 points. The heterogeneity analysis revealed that the impact of LTCI on mortality reduction was more significant among females, individuals of lower age, those who were married, cared for by family members, and who lived in districts with rich care resources. CONCLUSIONS: LTCI implementation had a favorable impact on the mortality and physical ability of participants.

Longitudinal associations between social support and sarcopenia: findings from a 5-year cohort study in Chinese aged ≥50 years.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate longitudinal associations of overall social support and its sub-domains with risk of sarcopenia and its related traits in community-dwelling Chinese aged ≥ 50 years. We also explored interaction effects of potential factors on such associations. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Community-based setting in western China. PARTICIPANTS: We included participants aged ≥50 years with complete information necessary for analysis from the WCHAT study who did not have sarcopenia at baseline (2018) and had sufficient data for sarcopenia assessment during 2021-2023. MEASUREMENTS: Exposures included overall social support, subjective support, objective support and support utilization, which were assessed with the Social Support Rating Scale. Outcomes included sarcopenia, low muscle mass (LMM), low muscle strength and low physical performance, which were diagnosed with the 2019 AWGS consensus. Longitudinal associations between the exposures and outcomes were estimated by logistic regression, with generalized estimating equations (GEE) as sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses by potential covariates were conducted to detect interaction effects. RESULTS: A total of 1905 participants were finally included in the analytic sample, of whom 326 (17.1%) developed incident sarcopenia during 5-year follow-up. After controlling for confounders, higher degree of overall social support (OR = 0.87, 95%CI 0.76-0.99), subjective support (OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.77-0.99) and support utilization (OR = 0.87, 95%CI 0.77-0.99) correlated with lower sarcopenia risk, among which higher support utilization degree was indicative of lower risk for LMM (OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.79-0.98). GEE further revealed that overall support degree was negatively associated with risk for sarcopenia (OR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.76-0.98) and LMM (OR = 0.87, 95%CI 0.77-0.99). Objective support was neither significantly associated with sarcopenia nor its traits. No significant interaction effect was observed between overall support and the concerned confounders on sarcopenia (interaction P-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Overall social support degree was negatively associated with sarcopenia risk, possibly primarily through affecting muscle mass rather than muscle strength or physical performance, and such an association remained robust across subgroups with distinct characteristics. This holds implications for policymakers to conduct population-based risk assessment, and supportive strategies against sarcopenia should focus on enhancing subjective support and support utilization rather than objective support alone.

Relationship between neck vessel abnormalities and sarcopenia: results of a study examining trends in health and aging in western China.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the association between cervical vascular abnormalities (high Crouse score, high carotid intima-media thickness [CIMT], high plaque score [PS]) and sarcopenia and its diagnostic elements. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional investigation selected patients from the Western China Health and Aging Trends Study (WCHAT) aged 60 years and older. High CIMT and high Crouse score was defined as values ≥ upper quartile cutoff. Moreover, PS ≥ 3 was set as an high PS. Sarcopenia diagnosis and the definition of sarcopenia diagnostic elements were based on the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus. Lastly, associations between high Crouse score, high PS, high CIMT, and sarcopenia and its diagnostic elements were assessed using logistic regression. RESULT: In all, we recruited 932 subjects in this study, among which, 138 people (14.81%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. The rates of high Crouse score (sarcopenia vs. non-sarcopenia: 37.68% vs. 23.30%, P < 0.001) and high PS (sarcopenia vs. non-sarcopenia: 34.78% vs. 18.39%, P < 0.001) in subjects with sarcopenia were higher than those in subjects without sarcopenia. Logistic regression analysis and the correction of possible confounding factors showed that high Crouse score and high PS were related to sarcopenia (high Crouse score: OR = 1.573; 95%CI: 1.032-2.4; high PS: OR = 1.845; 95%CI: 1.195-2.851). Further analysis indicated that high Crouse score were associated with low muscle mass (OR = 1.403; 95%CI: 1.002-1.966) and low physical function (OR = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.3-2.866). High PS was found to be related to low physical function (OR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.209-2.771). CONCLUSION: While both high Crouse score and high PS are related to sarcopenia, further analysis showed that high Crouse score were mainly associated with low muscle mass and low physical function while high PS was associated with low physical function.

Multidomain interventions for non-pharmacological enhancement (MINE) program in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a multicenter randomized controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and therefore early intervention could have the best chance of preserving brain health. There are significant differences in health awareness, living customs, and daily behaviors among Chinese older adults compared to Europeans and Americans. Because the synergistic benefits of multidomain non-pharmacological interventions are consistent with the multifactorial pathogenicity of MCI, such interventions are more appealing, easier to adhere to, and more relevant to daily life than single-mode interventions. One of the aims of this study is to verify the effect of multidomain intervention strategies for MCI patients based on Chinese population characteristics, and the other is to establish a biobank and image database to investigate the pathogenesis and pathways of cognitive impairment. METHODS: Our study was designed as a national multicenter, community-based randomized controlled trial (RCT). Twelve medical institutions in ten Chinese cities will participate in our study from 2020 to 2024, and 1080 community residents aged 50 and above will be enrolled as participants. Each sub-center will be responsible for 90 participants (30 people per community) across three communities (non-contact control group, health education group, and multidomain intervention group). The community will be the basic unit of the present study, and all participants in each community will receive the same intervention/control measure. Three working groups are set up in each sub-center to manage the three communities independently to minimize interference at the implementation level between the groups. The multidomain intervention group will receive integrated interventions including exercise, nutrition, sleep, health education and mindfulness meditation. All data generated by the research will be analyzed and processed by statistical software (such as SPSS 21.0, Python 3.0, etc.), and part of the research data will be displayed in the form of graphs and tables. DISCUSSION: In order to achieve a high-quality community intervention study, it is crucial to have a well-designed experimental protocol that follows rigorous scientific methodology. In addition, effective management of quality control measures and monitoring compliance throughout the study process are essential components. This study provides a detailed discussion of stakeholder compliance, research quality control, potential harm and mitigation, auditing, and future plans in order to better address research issues. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2000035012 (July 27, 2020).

Influences of long-term care insurance on pulmonary and urinary tract infections among older people with disability.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary infection (PI) and urinary tract infection (UTI) have been the most common cause of hospitalization and most frequent infection respectively in older people with disability (OPWD). Long-term care insurance (LTCI) policy, intending to provide services to reduce the disease burden of OPWD, it remains unclear whether LTCI could reduce PI-, and UTI-related hospitalizations. This quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the influences of LTCI on all-cause, especially PI- and UTI-related hospitalizations among OPWD and the variation across sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: 32,120 participants in the Chengdu Long-term Care Insurance cohort were considered the intervention group, and 2,704 not covered by the LTCI were in the control group. A total of 3,134,160 hospitalization records were collected between January 2014 and June 2021. A doubly robust difference-in-differences (DID) method was used to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), indicating the average effect of LTCI on intervention group. RESULTS: The average monthly all-cause, PI-, and UTI-related hospitalization rates were 16.3%, 4.0% and 0.5% in the intervention group, respectively, and were 19.3%, 3.9% and 0.5% in the control group, respectively. Under LTCI, all-cause (ATT [95% CI]: 7.15% [6.41%, 7.88%]), PI- (3.25% [2.76%, 3.74%]), and UTI-related hospitalizations (0.46% [0.28%, 0.64%]) were decreased. The influences of LTCI became significant after 5 months since the LTCI implementation and remained stable over time. The impact was more pronounced among those with longer coverage. The overall reduction was stronger in those who were not married, lived alone, and resided in institutions. CONCLUSIONS: LTCI may reduce the occurrence of all-cause, PI-, and UTI-related hospitalizations in OPWD, with stronger influences observed over an extended period of implementation. The implementation of LTCI can play a role in reducing the burden of infectious diseases in OPWD and the care burden of families and society.

Prevotella copri alleviates sarcopenia via attenuating muscle mass loss and function decline.

BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome and fecal metabolites have been found to influence sarcopenia, but whether there are potential bacteria that can alleviate sarcopenia has been under-investigated, and the molecular mechanism remains unclear. METHODS: To investigate the relationships between the gut microbiome, fecal metabolites and sarcopenia, subjects were selected from observational multi-ethnic study conducted in Western China. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2014. The gut microbiome was profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed to analyse the differences in fecal metabolites. We investigated bacterium with the greatest relative abundance difference between healthy individuals and sarcopenia patients, and the differences in metabolites associated with the bacteria, to verify its effects on muscle mass and function in a mouse model. RESULTS: The study included 283 participants (68.90% females, mean age: 66.66 years old) with and without sarcopenia (141 and 142 participants, respectively) and from the Han (98 participants), Zang (88 participants) and Qiang (97 participants) ethnic groups. This showed an overall reduction (15.03% vs. 20.77%, P = 0.01) of Prevotella copri between the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia subjects across the three ethnic groups. Functional characterization of the differential bacteria showed enrichment (odds ratio = 15.97, P = 0.0068) in branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism in non-sarcopenia group. A total of 13 BCAA and their derivatives have relatively low levels in sarcopenia. In the in vivo experiment, we found that the blood BCAA level was higher in the mice gavaged with live P. copri (LPC) (P < 0.001). The LPC mice had significantly longer wire and grid hanging time (P < 0.02), longer time on rotor (P = 0.0001) and larger grip strength (P < 0.0001), indicating better muscle function. The weight of gastrocnemius mass and rectus femoris mass (P < 0.05) was higher in LPC mice. The micro-computed tomography showed a larger leg area (P = 0.0031), and a small animal analyser showed a higher lean mass ratio in LPC mice (P = 0.0157), indicating higher muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that there were lower levels of both P. copri and BCAA in sarcopenia individuals. In vivo experiments, gavage with LPC could attenuate muscle mass and function decline, indicating alleviating sarcopenia. This suggested that P. copri may play a therapeutic potential role in the management of sarcopenia.

Cut-off points of the Ishii test to diagnosing severe sarcopenia among multi-ethnic middle-aged to older adults: results from the West China Health and Aging Trend study.

Objective: This study was designed to establish the cut-off value and diagnostic utility of the Ishii test, which gauges the odds of severe sarcopenia based on the results of an equation based upon age, grip strength, and calf circumference among middle-aged and older adults in Western China. Methods: This study incorporated adults ≥ 50 years of age from the West China Health and Aging Trend (WCHAT) study. Severe sarcopenia was defined as per the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus (AWGS2019) recommendations, with the odds of severe sarcopenia being estimated with the Ishii test score chart. The diagnostic utility of the Ishii test in this patient cohort was assessed by analyzing its sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results: In total, 4,177 individuals ≥ 50 years of age were included in this study including 2668 females (63.9%) and 1,509 males (36.1%). These included 568 (13.6%) participants affected by severe sarcopenia, of whom 237 were male (15.7%) and 331 were female (12.4%). Optimal Ishii test cut-off values established based on Youden's index were ≥ 114 for males and ≥ 120 for females when using the AWGS2019 reference standard. The sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV of the Ishii test when screening for severe sarcopenia were 89.45%/77.15%/0.42/0.98 in males and 90.03%/77.05%/0.36/0.98 in females. The AUC values for the Ishii test in males and females were 0.899 (95% CI, 0.883-0.916) and 0.905 (95% CI, 0.892-0.917), respectively. Conclusion: These data indicate that the Ishii test offers value as a candidate diagnostic test that can be used to screen for severe sarcopenia, with recommended diagnostic cut-off values of ≥ 114 for males and ≥ 120 for females.

The Mediating Effects of Nutritional Status on the Relationship between Number of Residual Teeth and Cognitive Function among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study.

The underlying mechanisms of the relationship between the number of teeth and cognition is still unclear. We aimed to construct a mediation model between the number of residual teeth and cognitive function, using nutritional status as a mediating factor. This study was completed using the West China Health and Aging Trend cohort. A total of 6634 multi-ethnic older adults, aged 50 years or older, were included. This study measured cognitive function using the Short-Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, and nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form. The mediation analysis examined the potential mediating role of nutritional status. The pathway analysis was supplemented and validated using the structural equation modelling framework. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that a higher number of residual teeth was correlated with enhanced cognitive function (ß = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.19 to -0.111). The mediation model, from the number of residual teeth to cognitive impairment, was partially mediated by nutritional status (ß = -0.0608; 95% CI: -0.0762 to -0.0461). The proportion of the mediating effect, expressed as a percentage, was 40.66%. Furthermore, the estimated coefficients for the number of residual teeth and nutritional status varied across ethnic groups. This study indicated that enhancing the nutrition of older adults could reduce the adverse effects of the number of residual teeth on cognitive function among older adults.

Effect of China's long-term care insurance on health outcomes of older disabled people: role of institutional care.

Since the public long-term care insurance (LTCI) system was piloted in Chengdu, China, in October 2017, there has been considerable growth of LTC institutions in China. This study aimed to evaluate the health value effect of LTCI in older patients with severe disabilities in an LTC institution. This prospective study was based on data from 985 severe disability patients with or without LTCI from October 2017 to May 2021 in the Eighth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China. The Cox proportional hazard model estimated LTCI's health value, including survival probability and risk of pneumonia/pressure ulcers. Subgroup analysis was performed for sex, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and the number of drugs. In the analysis, 519 and 466 patients in LTCI and non-LTCI groups were included, respectively. In adjusted Cox analyses, the LTCI group had a significantly elevated survival rate compared with the non-LTCI groups at 12 months (P < .001, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.758, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.300-2.376). At 40 months, the adjusted survival rate was 62.6% in the LTCI group, which was significantly higher (53.7%; P = .003, HR = 1.438, 95% CI 1.131-1.831). The subgroups of patients aged 60 to 79 years (interaction P = .007) and with CCI ≥ 3 (interaction P = .026) were more significantly associated with survival improvement than those aged >80 years and with CCI< 3. The LTCI group was also at lower risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia (P = .016, HR 0.622, 95% CI 0.422-0.917) and pressure ulcers (P = .008, HR 0.695, 95% CI 0.376-0.862). The improved survival of LTCI remained stable in sensitivity analyses. For older patients with severe disabilities, in a LTC institution, LTCI significantly improved their health profile and longevity after a year, suggesting the large role and development potentiality of institution care in the LTCI system of China.