[Effects of Shugan Tiaoshen intradermal needling intervention on attentional networks in subthreshold depression: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of Shugan Tiaoshen (regulating liver and harmonizing spirit) intradermal needling protocol on the attentional networks of patients with subthreshold depression using the attention network test (ANT). METHODS: Eighty patients with subthreshold depression were randomly divided into an intradermal needling group (40 cases) and a sham needling group (40 cases, 2 cases dropped out), with an additional 43 healthy subjects as a normal group. The intradermal needling group received intradermal needling treatment, while the sham needling group received sham intradermal needling, with the needle tip not penetrating the skin. The bilateral Xinshu (BL 15), Ganshu (BL 18), Shentang (BL 44) as well as auricular points Xin (CO15) and Gan (CO12) were selected alternately. Treatments were administered twice a week for a total of 6 weeks in the two groups. The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) scores were observed before treatment, after 3 weeks of treatment, after treatment, and at 1 month after the end of treatment (follow-up), and the ANT of the two groups of patients with subthreshold depression before and after treatment as well as the normal group of healthy subjects was compared. RESULTS: The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores of the patients with subthreshold depression were decreased after 3 weeks of treatment, after treatment, and in follow-up in the two groups (P<0.05), the differences in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores before and after treatment were greater in the intradermal needling group than those in the sham needling group (P<0.01). Before treatment, the executive control network reaction time of the subthreshold depression group (the intradermal needling group and the sham needling group) was higher than that of the normal group (P<0.05). Compared before treatment, the executive control network reaction time of the patients in the intradermal needling group and the sham needling group was decreased after treatment (P<0.05), and the alerting network reaction time of the intradermal needling group was increased after treatment (P<0.05); the difference in alerting network reaction time before and after treatment was greater in the intradermal needling group than that of the sham needling group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Regulating liver and harmonizing spirit intradermal needling protocol could effectively improve depressive and anxious symptoms in patients with subthreshold depression, and enhance the efficiency of the alerting network.

Perceived stress and brain connectivity in subthreshold depression: Insights from eyes-closed and eyes-open states.

Perceived stress is an acknowledged risk factor for subthreshold depression (StD), and fluctuations in perceived stress are thought to disrupt the harmony of brain networks essential for emotional and cognitive functioning. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between eye-open (EO) and eye-closed (EC) states, perceived stress, and StD. We recruited 27 individuals with StD and 33 healthy controls, collecting resting state fMRI data under both EC and EO conditions. We combined intrinsic connectivity and seed-based functional connectivity analyses to construct the functional network and explore differences between EC and EO conditions. Graph theory analysis revealed weakened connectivity strength in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and right median cingulate and paracingulate gyrus (MCC) among participants with StD, suggesting an important role for these regions in the stress-related emotions dysregulation. Notably, altered SFG connectivity was observed to significantly relate to perceived stress levels in StD, and the SFG connection emerges as a neural mediator potentially influencing the relationship between perceived stress and StD. These findings highlight the role of SFG and MCC in perceived stress and suggest that understanding EC and EO states in relation to these regions is important in the neurobiological framework of StD. This may offer valuable perspectives for early prevention and intervention strategies in mental health disorders.

ABCA8: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer?

None.

Selective Access to Functional Fluoroenones via Palladium-Catalyzed Selenofluoroalkylacylation of Terminal Alkynes.

The trifluoromethylacyl group (-COCF3) is an important motif and widely studied in catalysis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Herein, a novel palladium-catalyzed selenofluoroalkylacylation of terminal alkynes with commercially available fluoroalkyl anhydride and diorganyl diselenides to afford ß-seleno and aryl/alkyl disubstituted enones under mild conditions is disclosed. In addition, selenodifluoroacetylations and selenoperfluoroacetylations are also suitable for this reaction. Mechanistic studies reveal that this reaction proceeds via an oxidative radical-polar crossover process.

Ru(OAc)3-Catalyzed Regioselective Difunctionalization of Alkynes: Access to (E)-2-Bromo-1-alkenyl Sulfonates.

A new approach is proposed for the divergent and regioselective synthesis of (E)-2-bromo-1-phenylvinyl trifluoromethanesulfonates through alkyne difunctionalization by employing a compatible system of abundantly available alkynes, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) catalyzed by ruthenium(III) acetate [Ru(OAc)3]. It is a novel method for the preparation of vinyl triflate and it offers a fundamental basis for the development of advanced functional compounds, including drugs and organic functional materials. Unlike previously reported methods, the proposed protocol can tolerate a broad range of functional groups. Alkynes derived from bioactive molecules, such as l(-)-borneol, demonstrate the potential value of this new reaction in organic synthesis.

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes Mediated by Trimethylsilyl Triflate.

Here we describe a ruthenium-catalyzed regioselective hydrohalogenation reaction of alkynes under mild conditions. Commercially simple halogen sources such as KI, ZnBr2, and ZnCl2 were employed to achieve this transformation. Alkynes derived from bioactive molecules such as l-(-)-borneol, l-menthol, and estrone were also suitable for the transformation, demonstrating the potential synthetic value of this new reaction in organic synthesis.

Fully Automatic Scar Segmentation for Late Gadolinium Enhancement MRI Images in Left Ventricle with Myocardial Infarction.

Numerous methods have been published to segment the infarct tissue in the left ventricle, most of them either need manual work, post-processing, or suffer from poor reproducibility. We proposed an automatic segmentation method for segmenting the infarct tissue in left ventricle with myocardial infarction. Cardiac images of a total of 60 diseased hearts (55 human hearts and 5 porcine hearts) were used in this study. The epicardial and endocardial boundaries of the ventricles in every 2D slice of the cardiac magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement images were manually segmented. The subsequent pipeline of infarct tissue segmentation is fully automatic. The segmentation results with the automatic algorithm proposed in this paper were compared to the consensus ground truth. The median of Dice overlap between our automatic method and the consensus ground truth is 0.79. We also compared the automatic method with the consensus ground truth using different image sources from different centers with different scan parameters and different scan machines. The results showed that the Dice overlap with the public dataset was 0.83, and the overall Dice overlap was 0.79. The results show that our method is robust with respect to different MRI image sources, which were scanned by different centers with different image collection parameters. The segmentation accuracy we obtained is comparable to or better than that of the conventional semi-automatic methods. Our segmentation method may be useful for processing large amount of dataset in clinic.

Corrigendum: Physical Organohydrogels With Extreme Strength and Temperature Tolerance.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00102.].

Physical Organohydrogels With Extreme Strength and Temperature Tolerance.

Tough gel with extreme temperature tolerance is a class of soft materials having potential applications in the specific fields that require excellent integrated properties under subzero temperature. Herein, physically crosslinked Europium (Eu)-alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) organohydrogels that do not freeze at far below 0°C, while retention of high stress and stretchability is demonstrated. These organohydrogels are synthesized through displacement of water swollen in polymer networks of hydrogel to cryoprotectants (e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerol, and d-sorbitol). The organohydrogels swollen water-cryoprotectant binary systems can be recovered to their original shapes when be bent, folded and even twisted after being cooled down to a temperature as low as -20 and -45°C, due to lower vapor pressure and ice-inhibition of cryoprotectants. The physical organohydrogels exhibit the maximum stress (5.62 ± 0.41 MPa) and strain (7.63 ± 0.02), which is about 10 and 2 times of their original hydrogel, due to the synergistic effect of multiple hydrogen bonds, coordination bonds and dense polymer networks. Based on these features, such physically crosslinked organohydrogels with extreme toughness and wide temperature tolerance is a promising soft material expanding the applications of gels in more specific and harsh conditions.

A pooled analysis of risk factors of surgically treated leiomyosarcoma of the colon in adults.

BACKGROUND: This current systematic review aimed to evaluate the role of surgical management and risk factors by pooled cases from all identified patients with colonic leiomyosarcomas. METHODS: The authors searched the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases using the keywords "colonic," "colon," and "leiomyosarcoma." Risk factors of colonic leiomyosarcoma in the pooled cohort were also evaluated. RESULTS: Between 1923 and 2019, 41 cases of colonic leiomyosarcoma were identified in 22 (53.7%) males and 19 (46.3%) females, with a mean and median age of 58.7 ± 2.2 years and 56.0 years. According to univariate analysis, smaller tumor size < 8 cm was significantly associated with longer progression-free survival (HR = 6.957, 95% CI 1.405-34.442; p = 0.017), and younger age < 60 years was trending toward better overall survival (HR = 2.765, 95% CI 0.924-8.272; p = 0.069). CONCLUSIONS: Colonic leiomyosarcomas are rare neoplasms with aggressive clinical behaviors. Age < 60 years and tumor size < 8 cm were favorable factors for patients' better survival.

Impact of Arsenite on the Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Soil.

The impact of arsenite (As[III]) on the bacterial community structure and diversity in soil was determined by incubating soil slurries with 50, 500, and 5,000 µM As(III). As(III) was oxidized to arsenate (As[V]), and the microbial contribution to As(III) oxidation was 70-100%. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that soil bacterial diversity decreased in the presence of As(III). Bacteria closely related to the family Bacillaceae were predominant in slurry spiked with 5,000 µM As(III). The population size of culturable As(III)-resistant bacteria was 37-fold higher in this slurry than in unspiked slurry (p < 0.01), indicating that high levels of As(III) stimulate the emergence of As(III)-resistant bacteria. As(III)-resistant bacteria isolated from slurry spiked with 5,000 µM As(III) were mainly affiliated with the genus Bacillus; however, no strains showed As(III)-oxidizing capacity. An As(III)-oxidizing bacterial community analysis based on As(III) oxidase gene (aioA) sequences demonstrated that diversity was the lowest in slurry spiked with 5,000 µM As(III). The deduced AioA sequences affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria accounted for 91-93% of all sequences in this slurry, among which those closely related to Bosea spp. were predominant (48-86%). These results suggest that exposure to high levels of As(III) has a significant impact on the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community, including the As(III)-oxidizing bacterial community. Certain As(III)-oxidizing bacteria with strong As(III) resistance may be enriched under high As(III) levels, while more sensitive As(III) oxidizers are eliminated under these conditions.

Arsenite oxidation by a facultative chemolithoautotrophic Sinorhizobium sp. KGO-5 isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil.

A chemolithoautotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain KGO-5, was isolated from arsenic-contaminated industrial soil. Strain KGO-5 was phylogenetically closely related with Sinorhizobium meliloti with 16S rRNA gene similarity of more than 99%, and oxidized 5 mM arsenite under autotrophic condition within 60 h with a doubling time of 3.0 h. Additions of 0.01-0.1% yeast extract enhanced the growth significantly, and the strain still oxidized arsenite efficiently with much lower doubling times of approximately 1.0 h. Arsenite-oxidizing capacities (11.2-54.1 µmol h(-1) mg dry cells(-1)) as well as arsenite oxidase (Aio) activities (1.76-10.0 mU mg protein(-1)) were found in the cells grown with arsenite, but neither could be detected in the cells grown without arsenite. Strain KGO-5 possessed putative aioA gene, which is closely related with AioA of Ensifer adhaerens. These results suggest that strain KGO-5 is a facultative chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizer, and its Aio is induced by arsenic.

[Clinical analysis of patients with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis complicated with inferior vena cava thrombus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical profiles of patients with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) complicated with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus and summarize their clinical diagnostic and therapeutic experiences. METHODS: The clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of 20 hospitalized patients with DVT complicated with inferior vena cava thrombus were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: All of them were of proximal DVT. There were phlegmasia cerulea dolens (n = 3), pulmonary embolism (n = 3) and completely occlusion of IVC (n = 5). Clinical manifestations were severe. Retrievable inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) was implanted for 17 cases. Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) through ipsilateral popliteal vein was applied for 7 cases and systemic thrombolysis therapy for 8 cases. The effective rate of thrombolysis for fresh IVC thrombus was 100%. Among 5 cases with Cockett Syndrome, 3 cases underwent balloon dilatation angioplasty and endovascular stenting of iliac vein. And 17 IVCFs were retrieved successfully within 3 weeks. IVC thrombus disappeared completely in 15 cases. CONCLUSION: Systemic or local thrombolysis with protective IVCF is a safe and effective therapy for nonocclusive IVC thrombus in DVT. And CDT is recommended for symptomatic occlusive IVC thrombus.

Arsenic dissolution from Japanese paddy soil by a dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacterium Geobacter sp. OR-1.

Dissimilatory As(V) (arsenate)-reducing bacteria may play an important role in arsenic release from anoxic sediments in the form of As(III) (arsenite). Although respiratory arsenate reductase genes (arrA) closely related to Geobacter species have been frequently detected in arsenic-rich sediments, it is still unclear whether they directly participate in arsenic release, mainly due to lack of pure cultures capable of arsenate reduction. In this study, we isolated a novel dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacterium, strain OR-1, from Japanese paddy soil, and found that it was phylogenetically closely related to Geobacter pelophilus. OR-1 also utilized soluble Fe(III), ferrihydrite, nitrate, and fumarate as electron acceptors. OR-1 catalyzed dissolution of arsenic from arsenate-adsorbed ferrihydrite, while Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 did not. Furthermore, inoculation of washed cells of OR-1 into sterilized paddy soil successfully restored arsenic release. Arsenic K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis revealed that strain OR-1 reduced arsenate directly on the soil solid phase. Analysis of putative ArrA sequences from paddy soils suggested that Geobacter-related bacteria, including those closely related to OR-1, play an important role in arsenic release from paddy soils. Our results provide direct evidence for arsenic dissolution by Geobacter species and support the hypothesis that Geobacter species play a significant role in reduction and mobilization of arsenic in flooded soils and anoxic sediments.

Release of arsenic from soil by a novel dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacterium, Anaeromyxobacter sp. strain PSR-1.

A novel arsenate-reducing bacterium, designated strain PSR-1, was isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil. Strain PSR-1 was phylogenetically closely related to Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-1(T) with 16S rRNA gene similarity of 99.7% and coupled the oxidation of acetate with the reduction of arsenate. Arsenate reduction was inhibited almost completely by respiratory inhibitors such as dicumarol and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. Strain PSR-1 also utilized soluble Fe(III), ferrihydrite, nitrate, oxygen, and fumarate as electron acceptors. Strain PSR-1 catalyzed the release of arsenic from arsenate-adsorbed ferrihydrite. In addition, inoculation of washed cells of strain PSR-1 into sterilized soil successfully reproduced arsenic release. Arsenic K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that the proportion of arsenite in the soil solid phase actually increased from 20% to 50% during incubation with washed cells of strain PSR-1. These results suggest that strain PSR-1 is capable of reducing not only dissolved arsenate but also arsenate adsorbed on the soil mineral phase. Arsenate reduction by strain PSR-1 expands the metabolic versatility of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans. Considering its distribution throughout diverse soils and anoxic sediments, Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans may play a role in arsenic release from these environments.

[Clinical analysis of 20 pregnant women with venous thromboembolic disease].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) during pregnancy. METHODS: From June 2006 to June 2011, a total of 20 pregnant women were diagnosed VTE at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. Clinical data of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: (1) Characteristics of patients:the symptoms of all the 20 patients commenced in pregnancy. Of these, 6(30%) happened in the first trimester, 7 (35%) in the second trimester, and 7 (35%) in the third trimester. Twelve (60%) patients went to hospital in one week after they had symptoms, while 8 (40%) went to hospital after one week. (2) Clinical manifestation: 18 patients were diagnosed deep venous thrombosis (DVT), one was diagnosed pulmonary embolism (PE). One patient was diagnosed DVT and PE simultaneously. Among the 19 DVT patients, 16 (16/19)were on the left side, 3(3/19)were on the other. They all came with sudden swelling and pain of the affected lower extremity. In 17 (17/19) patients, the circumference differences between two legs were beyond (4.0 ± 0.5) cm. In all the 20 patients, 12(60%) had elevated plasma level of D-dimmer. The diagnosis of DVT was made mainly by a Doppler ultrasound. Among the 19 DVT events, 7 (7/19) were proximal DVT, 2 (2/19) were distal, and 10(10/19) were mixed type. (3) Anticoagulant therapy: patients with VTE during pregnancy were treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (enoxaparin, once 1 mg/kg subcutaneous, twice a day). After delivery, patients were treated with subcutaneous LMWH and warfarin simultaneously for at least 5 days, until the prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) was > 2.0 for 24 hours. (4) Thrombolytic therapy: for most patients with VTE, we are against the routine use of thrombolytic therapy, especially before delivery. For patients with acute massive PE, urokinase of 600 000 units intravenously daily was recommended for 3 days. For those patients with DVT whose standard anticoagulation therapy was < 30 days, an inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) placement was recommended before delivery or abortion. If it was ≥ 30 days, IVCF was not recommended as a routine, and anticoagulant therapy was used 24 hours after delivery. If there was no recurrent DVT or PE, IVCF was retrieved routinely in 12 days. (5) OUTCOME: among patients treated with LMWH (95%, 19/20). Three received IVCF placement, which was retrieved successfully in 12 days, with no interventional complication. All patients recovered well after 2 weeks, and the circumference differences between two legs were within (2.0 ± 0.3) cm. Of the 18 patients maintained to the third trimester, 17 received anticoagulant therapy, and no abnormal findings were found during antenatal examination. Ten patients received cesarean section (50%, 10/20), while 8 had vaginal delivery (40%, 8/20). Neither neonatal asphyxia nor malformation was observed. The patients were followed-up for 1 - 24 months, no venous thrombus extension was found in 17 cases by Doppler ultrasound, thrombus disappeared in 2 cases of distal DVT after 4 weeks and 8 weeks respectively. By echocardiography, the pulmonary arterial pressure of the 2 patients with PE was found normal 3 months after hospital discharge. There was no maternal death during the study, no recurrent PE or bleeding occured. CONCLUSIONS: LMWH is safe and effective for VTE during pregnancy. Routine use of thrombolytic therapy is not recommended. VTE in pregnancy is not the absolute indication of termination of pregnancy. The indication of an IVCF placement should be stricter, and a retrievable suprarenal IVCF is recommended under certain circumstances.

[Early and mid-term results of endovascular aneurysm repair for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm].

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) has become a viable alternative to open surgical repair in the last decade. We report here our experience on the mid-term results of EVAR and analysis of the outcomes associated with endograft AAA repair. METHODS: Between Nov 2002 and Mar 2007, 26 patients with AAA were enrolled in a single institution. Indications for EVAR included unfavorable condition of body (eg. Heart, lung, or renal dysfunction, etc) for open surgery and maximum diameter of AAA > 5.0 cm. Customized stent-grafts were Talent TM, Zenith and some of products made in China. All of the patients were followed up with ultrasonography or computed tomography angiography every 3 months first year after EVAR and every year after. RESULTS: The mean (SD) follow-up was 38.8 ± 12.7 months (median, 35.0 months; range, 24 to 64 months), and no patients were lost to follow-up. All cause mortality was 15.4% (4/26), with all deaths occurring within the first 2 postoperative year; 30-day mortality was 4.1%. No patient died during the operation. Completion angiography demonstrated successful sealing in 25 of 26 patients. There was no stent occlusion of renal artery. The mid term complication were observed including 2 type I endoleak after 3 months of the operation, 2 sustained type II endoleak caused by lumber artery, 1 aneurysm of left femoral artery after 16 months of operation, 1 proximal neck dilation after 12 month of operation. The aneurysm sac size didn't increase significantly during follow time, except one of the type I endoleak. CONCLUSIONS: The mid-term results of EVAR support the continued use in patients with contraindications for traditional open surgery of AAA. Close surveillance is mandatory for endoleak, especially for type I endoleak. Some proximal neck dilation can be caused by the stent-graft expansion, injury, and aortic pathological changes. Endoleak of type II can not lead to enlargement of aneurysm sac probably.

Lateral subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery as treatment for lateral perforating vein incompetence and venous ulceration.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of lateral subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery (SEPS). METHODS: Our study was conducted from February 2002 to January 2007. Sixty-three patients with lateral incompetent perforating veins (IPVs) and venous ulceration were allocated to two groups. Group 1 comprised 31 patients (33 limbs) who underwent only routine surgery (saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal ligation, stripping, phlebectomies, endovascular laser treatment [EVLT], medial SEPS, and skin grafting). Group 2 comprised 32 patients (35 limbs) who underwent our routine surgery with the addition of lateral SEPS. Bidirectional ultrasonography was performed before the operation, and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Clinical score and disability score were collected at the same time. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (87.9%) of 33 limbs with active ulcers in group 1 healed, with recurrence in four (12.1%) limbs at follow-up at 25.9 +/- 10.0 months. All 35 limbs in group 2 healed, with recurrence in 0 (0.0%) limbs at follow-up at 25.4 +/- 10.1 months. Lateral SEPS could reduce the rate of recurrence of ulcers (Kaplan-Meier analysis). Patients in group 2 also showed improvement in clinical and disability scores, although they were not statistically significant differences (t test, p > 0.05). A significantly higher proportion of patients in group 1 had IPVs on the lateral aspect of the lower leg on ultrosonography imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral SEPS could contribute to ulcer healing and reduce ulcer recurrence. The addition of lateral SEPS to routine surgery did reduce the number of IPVs. Lateral SEPS may be safe and effective for lateral perforating vein incompetence and venous ulceration.

[Microbial degradation of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its relations to soil bacterial population diversity].

A laboratory simulation test was conducted to study the microbial remediation of soils contaminated by medium and low concentration polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the relationships between the degradation of PAHs and the inoculated and indigenous microbes. The addition of high-effective PAHs-degrading bacteria promoted the biodegradation of soil PAHs, and the effect was remarkable in the first two weeks. The biodegradation of test PAHs was phenanthrene < anthracene < pyrene < benzo [a] pyrene < chrysene, and negatively correlated with the diversity/abundance of soil bacterial population. In the same treatments, soil bacterial population structure varied less with time, and hence, to increase the activity of indigenous microbes would be an effective way to remediate the farmland soils contaminated by medium and low concentration PAHs.

[Interaction of tributyltin (TBT) compound and bovine serum albumin (BSA)].

Tributyltin (TBT) compound is one of the main components of antifouling paint for boats and ships. The interaction of TBT compound and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by ultraviolet, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The influences of concentration, acidity and organic solvent were also studied. The results showed that the interaction of TBT and BSA was dual, showing not only the hydrophobic actions of butyl groups but also the coordination action of tin cation with BSA molecule, which resulted in the exposures of aromatic amino acids residues of tryptophane and tyrosine in BSA molecule, the destruction of BSA secondary structure, the decrease in alpha-helix content, and the transformation of the conformation.