Improved assessment of baseline and additionality for forest carbon crediting.

In the California compliance cap-and-trade carbon market, improved forest management (IFM) projects generate carbon credits in the initial reporting period if their initial carbon stocks are greater than a baseline. This baseline is informed by a "common practice" stocking value, which represents the average carbon stocks of surveyed privately owned forests that are classified into the same general forest type by the California Air Resources Board. Recent work has called attention to the need for more ecologically informed common practice carbon stocking values for IFM projects, particularly those in areas with sharp ecological gradients. Current methods for estimating common practice produce biases in baseline carbon values that lead to a clustering of IFM projects in geographical areas and ecosystem types that in fact support much greater forest carbon stocks than reflected in the common practice. This phenomenon compromises additionality, or the increases in carbon sequestration or decreases in carbon emissions that would not have occurred in the absence of carbon crediting. This study seeks to expand upon recent work on this topic and establish unbiased common practice estimates along sharp ecological gradients using methods that do not rely upon discrete forest classification. We generated common practice values for credited IFM projects in the Southern Cascades using a principal components analysis on species composition over an extensive forest inventory to determine the ecological similarity between inventoried forests and IFM project sites. Our findings strengthen the results of recent research suggesting common practice bias and adverse selection. At several sites, even after controlling for private ownership, 100% of the initial carbon stocks could be explained by ecological variables. This result means that improved management did not preserve or increase carbon stocks above what was typical, suggesting that no carbon offsets should have been issued for these sites. This result reveals greater bias than that been found at project sites in this region by research that has used discrete forest categorization.

Land management can contribute to net zero.

The voluntary carbon market needs to embrace changes for the land sector.

Crediting agricultural soil carbon sequestration.

Regional consistency is necessary for carbon credit integrity.

Laparoscopic latero-abdominal colposuspension: Description of the technique, advantages and preliminary results. / Colposuspensión latero-abdominal laparoscópica: descripción, ventajas y resultados preliminares.

INTRODUCTION: There are currently various fixation or suspension techniques for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery. Laparoscopic colposacropexy is considered the gold standard. We present the surgical steps of the laparoscopic latero-abdominal colposuspension (LACS) technique and the preliminary results obtained. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with anterior and/or apical compartment symptomatic POP undergoing LACS are included. The Baden-Walker scale, the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire-Short Form (OAB-q SF), the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) scale were used to assess the degree of prolapse, urinary filling and sexual symptoms and the level of satisfaction before and after surgery, respectively. Conventional laparoscopic material and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) mesh were used. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included with a minimum follow-up time of 6months. The mean surgical time was 70.3±23.8min. Anatomic correction of prolapse was seen in all cases. Only one recurrence was detected. High levels of patient satisfaction were achieved. CONCLUSION: LACS allowed the anatomical reconstruction of the pelvic floor and proved to be a minimally invasive, fast, effective, safe and reproducible technique. More series are needed to evaluate its role against laparoscopic colposacropexy.

Seroprevalencia a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis en bovinos criollos colombianos Romosinuano y costeño con cuernos / Seroprevalence to Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis in the colombian creole cattle Romosinuano and costeño con cuernos

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia y los factores epidemiológicos asociados a Mycobacterium avium subsp Paratuberculosis (MAP) en dos razas de bovinos criollos del centro de investigación AGROSAVIA-Turipaná. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal. Fueron muestreados 848 bovinos criollos, 403 Romosinuanos y 445 costeño con cuernos (CCC); para el diagnóstico serológico de anticuerpos se utilizó la prueba Elisa Indirecta mediante el kit comercial Parachek® de Prionics. Las variables sexo, edad, raza y tipo de hato fueron los factores epidemiológicos evaluados y correlacionados con la presencia de anticuerpos contra MAP; la asociación estadística fue determinada mediante Odds Ratio y con un modelo multivariado de regresión logística, utilizando un nivel de significancia con p<0.05. Resultados. La seroprevalencia general de los bovinos criollos a MAP fue de 2.35% (IC 95%, 1.34-3.38); sin embargo, en los Romosinuano fue de 0.74% y en los CCC fue de 3.82%, siendo las diferencias estadísticamente significativas (valor p=0.003). También, empleando un análisis univariado, fueron más afectados las hembras y los animales mayores a un año. El análisis multivariado identificó como factores epidemiológicos las variables raza y sexo. Conclusiones. En las razas criollas del centro de investigación AGROSAVIA-Turipaná, la seroprevalencia a MAP fue baja; sin embargo, en la raza CCC el riesgo de contraer la enfermedad es seis veces mayor con relación a la raza Romosinuano. Más aún, se pudo evidenciar que las hembras tienen mayor riesgo de adquirir la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine the seroprevalence and epidemiological factors associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in two Creole cattle breeds of the Turipaná research center -AGROSAVIA. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted,a total of 848 Creole bovine animals were sampled, 403 Romosinuano and 445 costeño con cuernos (CCC); for the serological diagnosis of antibodies, the Elisa Indirect test was used with the commercial kit Parachek®2 by Prionics. The variables sex, age, breed and herd type were the epidemiological factors evaluated and correlated with the presence of antibodies against MAP; the statistical association was established using the Odds Ratio and a multivariate logistic regression model, employing a significance level with p<0.05. Results. The general seroprevalence of the Creole cattle to MAP was 2.35% (95% CI, 1.34-3.38); however, in the Romosinuano it was 0.74% and in the CCC it was 3.82%, being this difference statistically significant (p=0.003). Furthermore, employing a univariate way analysis, females and animals older than one year of age were more affected. The multivariate analysis identified the breed and sex variables as epidemiological factors. Conclusions. In the Creole breeds of the AGROSAVIA-Turipaná research center, MAP seroprevalence was low; however, in the Costeño Con Cuernos breed, the risk of contracting the disease is six times higher than in the Romosinuano breed. Moreover, it was shown that females have a higher risk of acquiring the disease.

Ileal impaction resolution in a horse with colic via a standing right flank laparotomy ˗ case report / [Laparotomia de equino em estação para resolução de compactação de íleo ˗ relato de caso]

This report describes a horse presenting ileal impaction that went through a right flank laparotomy procedure while standing. The decision to use this technique was made under the influence of several factors: the patient exhibited a calm temperament and demonstrated responsiveness to the analgesic treatment for pain control; the abdominal lesion was amenable to correction by a standing right flank approach. Also, the owner reported financial problems. Ileal obstruction was relieved successfully, and the horse recovery was satisfactory. This case highlights that, in specific cases of colic syndrome, the use of surgical procedures in the standing position might be a viable option and promote fast recovery.(AU)

Este relato de caso descreve um equino com compactação de íleo corrigida por laparotomia em estação pelo flanco direito. A decisão dessa abordagem foi influenciada por vários fatores: o paciente exibiu um temperamento calmo e demonstrou responsividade ao tratamento analgésico para controle da dor; a afecção intestinal em questão foi passível de correção pela abordagem pelo flanco direito em estação; e o proprietário relatou limitações financeiras. A desobstrução ileal foi realizada com sucesso e o cavalo apresentou recuperação satisfatória. Este caso destaca que, em casos específicos da síndrome de cólica, o uso de um procedimento em estação pode ser uma abordagem viável e promover uma rápida recuperação.(AU)

Physical and electrocardiographic evaluation of horses used for wagon traction / Avaliação física e eletrocardiográfica de cavalos utilizados para tração de carroças

The objective of this research was to evaluate the electrocardiogram (ECG) of horses used for wagon traction and to compare the results with the parameters obtained from inactive horses or horses submitted to a training routine. Fifty-six 3-15-year-old healthy horses (22 females and 34 males) were divided into three groups: control (without a work routine; N=21), wagon traction (N=25) and athlete (N=10) and submitted to physical examination and ECG (at rest). The rhythm, heart rate (HR), amplitude and duration of ECG waveforms and intervals were obtained from the frontal plane and base-apex leads. Heart score (HS) was calculated using the arithmetic mean of QRS duration in LI, LII and LIII. Measurements of ECG waves were smaller in control group, in comparison with wagon traction and athlete groups, suggesting that exercise can change ECG. Similar results were observed in the wagon traction and athlete groups, but the electrophysiological adjustments to exercise were not the same for these groups.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de cavalos que tracionavam carroças (carroceiros; N=25), comparando os resultados com os parâmetros de cavalos que não realizavam essa atividade (controles; N=21), ou que apresentavam uma rotina de treinamento (atletas; N=10). O ECG foi precedido pelo exame físico do animal e, a partir das derivações no plano frontal e na base-ápice, determinou-se o ritmo, a frequência cardíaca, a amplitude e a duração das ondas e dos intervalos, em repouso. O escore cardíaco foi calculado pela média aritmética da duração do complexo QRS em DI, DII e DIII. O grupo controle apresentou menores valores de amplitude e duração das ondas do ECG, em comparação aos grupos carroceiro e atleta, sugerindo que o exercício pode alterar o ECG. Resultados semelhantes foram observados nos grupos carroceiro e atleta; contudo, os ajustes eletrofisiológicos ao exercício não foram os mesmos para esses dois grupos.(AU)

Predicting Plant Invasions Following China's Water Diversion Project.

China's South to North Water Diversion (SNWD) project connects portions of the Yangtze River in the south to the Yellow River system in the north, overcoming biogeographic barriers to water movement. The diversion will supply potable water to over 110 million people and provide multiple other socioeconomic benefits. However, an inadvertent negative impact of this connection includes creation of conduits for species invasions. Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) are the only aquatic plant species on China's shortlists for special control. These species are mainly invasive in the Yangtze River basin. If these species are able to invade the SNWD and further spread via the SNWD, they have the potential to alter water supply, including water quantity and quality, as well as local ecology and agriculture, threatening the goals of the diversion. Understanding the full potential for these species to invade northern China is critical to early management decisions to avoid costly negative impacts. We used Maxent modeling to evaluate the probability that each of these species might become invasive in the receiving water regions. The models predict that all three species will be able to expand their ranges northward, with alligator weed and water hyacinth having the greatest potential for range expansion. These results suggest the need for prevention, monitoring, and management strategies for these species to reduce the risk and costs of impacts.

Prolapso de uretra y retención urinaria postembolización prostática. A propósito de un caso / Urethral prolapse and urinary retention post- prostatic embolization. About a case

Introducción y Objetivos: Entre las complicaciones de la embolización prostática figuran el ardor miccional, la infección urinaria, la hematuria, la rectorragia, la retención urinaria, la balanitis y la hemospermia, pero hasta la fecha no se había comunicado el prolapso uretral, una patología exclusiva del sexo femenino en la especie humana, a diferencia de otras especies vertebradas donde sólo afecta a los machos.El objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar el primer caso de prolapso uretral en un varóntras haberle practicado una embolización de las arterias prostáticas como tratamiento de su hiperplasia prostática benigna.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Complications of prostatic embolization include voiding pain, urinary tract infection, hematuria, rectal bleeding, urinary retention, balanitis and hemospermia, but to date no urethral prolapse in man has been reported , being an exclusive pathology of the female sex in the human species, unlike other vertebrate species where it only affects males. The aim of this report is to present the first case of urethral prolapse in a male after having performed an embolization of the prostatic arteries to treat his benign prostatic hyperplasia.(AU)

Modeled Sea Level Rise Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems at Six Major Estuaries on Florida's Gulf Coast: Implications for Adaptation Planning.

The Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) was applied at six major estuaries along Florida's Gulf Coast (Pensacola Bay, St. Andrews/Choctawhatchee Bays, Apalachicola Bay, Southern Big Bend, Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor) to provide quantitative and spatial information on how coastal ecosystems may change with sea level rise (SLR) and to identify how this information can be used to inform adaption planning. High resolution LiDAR-derived elevation data was utilized under three SLR scenarios: 0.7 m, 1 m and 2 m through the year 2100 and uncertainty analyses were conducted on selected input parameters at three sites. Results indicate that the extent, spatial orientation and relative composition of coastal ecosystems at the study areas may substantially change with SLR. Under the 1 m SLR scenario, total predicted impacts for all study areas indicate that coastal forest (-69,308 ha; -18%), undeveloped dry land (-28,444 ha; -2%) and tidal flat (-25,556 ha; -47%) will likely face the greatest loss in cover by the year 2100. The largest potential gains in cover were predicted for saltmarsh (+32,922 ha; +88%), transitional saltmarsh (+23,645 ha; na) and mangrove forest (+12,583 ha; +40%). The Charlotte Harbor and Tampa Bay study areas were predicted to experience the greatest net loss in coastal wetlands The uncertainty analyses revealed low to moderate changes in results when some numerical SLAMM input parameters were varied highlighting the value of collecting long-term sedimentation, accretion and erosion data to improve SLAMM precision. The changes predicted by SLAMM will affect exposure of adjacent human communities to coastal hazards and ecosystem functions potentially resulting in impacts to property values, infrastructure investment and insurance rates. The results and process presented here can be used as a guide for communities vulnerable to SLR to identify and prioritize adaptation strategies that slow and/or accommodate the changes underway.

Carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en mujer con infección por VIH: presentación del primer caso mundial / Neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder in a female with HIV infection: presentation of the first case worldwide

El carcinoma neuroendocrino primario de vejiga es una neoplasia infrecuente que representa el 0,5por ciento de todos los tumores vesicales. La asociación de carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en un paciente con infección por VIH nunca hasta hoy había sido descrita. Presentamos el primer caso clínico español y mundial de esta desconocida y nunca descrita asociación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 46 años con infección por VIH que desarrolló un carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga urinaria de evolución fatal. Se describe su clínica de presentación, métodos de diagnóstico utilizados y su tratamiento. La paciente debutó con retención urinaria aguda que rápidamente progresó a la instauración de una uropatía obstructiva alta con deterioro de la función renal. El diagnóstico se efectuó mediante TAC, resección transuretral y estudio histopatológico donde la clave del diagnóstico fue el estudio inmunohistoquímico intensamente positivo para la cromogranina A. El tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia le ocasionó una aplasia medular severa, falleciendo por fallo multiórganico a los 26 días de su diagnóstico. A propósito de este caso, se revisa la literatura inglesa en PubMed sobre carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga y sobre tumores vesicales en pacientes con infección VIH, no existiendo ningún caso publicado de carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en un paciente con infección por VIH. CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga es un tumor infrecuente y muy agresivo. Es un tumor que suele presentarse clínicamente en estadios avanzados o metastásicos donde ninguna terapia es eficaz. El tratamiento incluye resección trans-uretral (RTU), cistectomía parcial, cistectomía radical y quimioterapia. El estudio inmunohistoquímico (IHQ) y la tinción con cromogranina A dan la clave para su diagnóstico. Su presentación en pacientes VIH implica muy mal pronóstico. Éste caso es el primer caso mundial publicado de carcinoma neuroendocrino...

The primary neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder is an infrequent neoplasm which represents 0.5 percent of all vesical tumors. The association of neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder in a patient with HIV infection has never been described before today. We present the first clinical case in the Spanish-speaking world and worldwide, of this unknown and never written about association. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical case of a 46-yearoldpatient with HIV infection who developed a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder with a fatal evolution, its clinical presentation, the diagnosis methods used and its treatment, are described. The patient started with a severe urinary retention which rapidly progressed to the establishment of a high obstructive uropathy with deterioration in the renal function. The diagnosis was done using TAC, transurethral resection and histopathological study where the key to diagnosis was the intensely positive immunohistochemical study for the chromogranin A. The adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy led to a severe medular aplasia, with the patient dying due to a multi-organ failure, 26 days after her diagnosis. As a result of this case, English literature on the matter in PubMed about neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder and about vesical tumors in patients with HIV infection was revised, with no published case existing about neuroendocrine carcinome in a patient with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder is an infrequent and very aggressive tumor. It is a tumor that tends to be clinically present in advanced or metastasic states, where no therapy is efficient. The treatment includes transurethral resection (TUR), partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy and chemotherapy. The immunohistochemical study (IHC), and the stain with chromogranin A are key for its diagnosis. Its presentation in HIV patients implies a very bad prognosis. This case is the first published case worldwide of neuroendocrine...

Absceso renal estafilocócico trasforunculosis cutánea / Staphylococcus renal abscess after cutaneous furunculosis

Los abscesos renales son patologías infrecuentes, pero de alta morbi-mortalidad si no son diagnosticados temprano y tratados precozmente. Su vaga e inespecífica sintomatología: dolor abdominal o lumbar, fiebre o mal estado general hacen que su diagnostico sea a veces tardío. La ecografía y/o la TAC dan el diagnóstico en el 100 por ciento de los casos lo que hace posible su tratamiento temprano. El objetivo de este artículo es poner de relieve que el absceso renal es una causa de urgencia urológica a tener presente en pacientes fundamentalmente del sexo femenino, con síntomas de dolor abdominal o fiebre sin clara focalidad urológica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 16 años con antecedente reciente de forunculosis cutánea supurada en rodilla derecha, que acudió a urgencias por dolor en flanco derecho y fosa iliaca derecha de 10 días de evolución sin fiebre ni síntomas miccionales. Se nos consultó para su valoración, siendo la ecografía el método diagnóstico que se utilizó para la localización de un absceso renal derecho subcapsular de 44 mm en polo superior, y posteriormente para su drenaje percutáneo al no responder porcompleto al tratamiento antibiótico i.v. El cultivo del material purulento del drenaje percutáneo aisló un Staphyloccocus aureus no meticilin resistente. El tratamiento antibiótico i.v asociado a drenaje percutáneo seguido de cloxacilina oral a su alta, curó a la paciente. A raíz de este caso se revisan las series y revisiones sobre abscesos renales de los últimos 10 años, con un total de 179 pacientes, y las publicaciones sobre abscesos renales por Staphyloccocus aureus con tan sólo 13 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Los abscesos renales han de tenerse en cuenta entre las urgencias urológicas. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento percutáneo es mayormente radiológico, reservándose la cirugía abierta o la nefrectomía para abscesos > de 5 cm o pacientes sépticos...

Renal abscesses are infrequent pathologies, but with a high morbidity-mortality if they are not diagnosed and treated early. Its vague and unspecific symptomatology: abdominal or lumbar pain, fever or poor general state, make its diagnosis late sometimes. The ultrasound and/or TAC provide a 100 percent diagnosis of the cases where its early treatment is possible. The objective of this article is to give importance to the fact that renal abscess is a cause of an urological emergency to keep in mind in patients, particularly females with symptoms of abdominal pain or fever without a clear urological focus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case of a 16-year-old adolescent is presented with a recent history of festered cutaneous furunculosis on the right knee. She went to the emergency room due to pain on the right side and right illiac fosa with 10 days evolution without fever or urinary symptoms. She came to us for its evaluation, an ultrasound was used for diagnosis to locate a right subcapsular renal abscess of 44 mm on the superior pole, and later for its percutaneous drainage when it did not completely responded to I.V. antibiotic treatment. The culture of the purulent material of the percutaneous drainage isolated a resistant non-methicillin Staphyloccocus aureus. The I.V. antibiotic treatment associated to percutaneous drainage followed by oral cloxacillin upon release cured the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Renal abscesses have to be taken into account among the urological emergencies. Their diagnosis and percutaneous treatment is mainly radiological, leaving open surgery or nephrectomy for abscesses > 5cm or with septic patients...

Sobre los nudos en medicina, cirugía y urología: implicaciones clínicas ycomplicaciones / About knots in medicine, surgery and urology: clinical implications and complications

Estudiar el papel de los nudos en otros campos de la ciencia distintos a las Matemáticas o la Topología, tales como las Ciencias Biológicas, la Medicina, la Cirugía y la Urología. Evaluar su utilidad médica tanto clínica como en el acto quirúrgico, sus complicaciones, los procesos patológicos emparentados con los nudos y reseñar posibles aplicaciones futuras de la topología en Medicina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medline, Dialnet y Google.es sobre las relaciones, implicaciones e importancia de la Topología y los nudos en la práctica médica y quirúrgica habitual, en la patogenia de diversas enfermedades y complicaciones quirúrgicas; así como reseñar otras potenciales aplicaciones médicas de las ciencias topológicas. Para la búsqueda bibliográfica se han utilizado las palabras clave en inglés: “knot, Biology knots, Medicine knots, Surgery knots, catheter knotting” y en castellano: “nudos, quipus, enlaces, trenzas, concatenaciones, y bucles” en combinación con: “Matemáticas, Topología, Biología, Medicina, Cirugía y Urología”. Se obtuvieron un total de 6972 artículos sobre nudos en Medicina desde 1845 a junio de 2014. La revisión de los originales o de los abstracts de PubMed dió lugar a una selección de 65 considerados de mayor interés para la presente revisión. Se consiguieron copias de los artículos originales disponibles o información de los abstracts de PubMed. RESULTADOS: El estudio bibliográfico comprendió desde 1845, fecha en la que se identificó el primer artículo, hasta el 30 de junio de 2014, fecha en la que se cerró el estudio, separados ambos por más de siglo y medio de historia de la medicina.La revisión bibliográfica localizó 6972 artículos desde 1845 al 30 de junio de 2014, de los que se seleccionaron 65, considerados a nuestro juicio los más interesantes para estudiar las relaciones de los nudos con la Biología, Medicina, Cirugía y Urología. Los 65 seleccionados se subdividieron en los siguientes temas: 10...

Study the role of knots in other fields of science other than Mathematics or Topology, such as Biological Sciences, Medicine, Surgery and Urology. Evaluate their medical use, both clinically and in surgery, their complications, the pathological processes related with the knots and to identify possible future applications of the topology in Medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bibliographical revision in PubMed/Medline, Dialnet and Google.es about the relationships, implications and importance of the Topology and the knots in medical practice and normal surgery, in the pathogeny of several illness and surgical complications; as well as to identify other potential medical applications of the topological sciences. For the bibliographical search, key words in English have been used: “knot, Biology knots, Medicine knots, Surgeryknots, catheter knotting” and in Spanish: “nudos, quipus, enlaces, trenzas, concatenaciones and bucles” together with “Mathematics, Topology, Biology, Medicine, Surgery and Urology”. A total of 6972 articles were found on knots in Medicine from 1845 to June 2014. The revision of the originals or of the abstracts from PubMed led to a selection of 65, considered to be of greater interest for this revision. Copies were obtained of the original articles available or information of the abstracts from PubMed. RESULTS: The bibliographical study covered from 1845, date on which the first article was identified, to June 30th 2014, date on which the study was closed, these dates covering more than a century and a half of medical history. The bibliographical review found 6972 articles from 1845 to June 30th 2014, from which 65 were chosen, these being the most interesting ones in our opinion to study the relations of knots with Biology, Medicine, Surgery and Urology. The 65 that were chosen were subdivided into the following topics: 10 of general interest about knots, 16 on knots and DNA, 20 on knots in Medicine and Surgery, 9 about series of...

Utilização da técnica de imuno-histoquímica para confirmar casos de pitiose cutânea equina diagnosticados por meio de caracterização clínica e avaliação histopatológica / Immunohistochemistry analysis to confirm cases of cutaneous pythiosis in horses diagnosed by means of clinic characterization and histopathologic evaluation

Avaliaram-se 12 feridas granulomatosas em membros torácicos e pélvicos de equinos da raça Pantaneira. Foi realizado diagnóstico sugestivo para pitiose cutânea de acordo com as características clínicas das feridas e avaliação histopatológica, com as colorações de hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Prata Metenamina de Grocott (GMS). A confirmação do diagnóstico foi realizada por exame imuno-histoquímico, método streptavidina-biotina marcada (LSAB). O diagnóstico histopatológico foi de dermatite piogranulomatosa, focal extensa, acentuada, associada a "pseudo-hifas" características de Pythium insidiosum (pitiose cutânea), nos 12 animais desta pesquisa. O diagnóstico de pitiose foi confirmado em 100% dos casos pela imunomarcação positiva (LSAB) para Pythium insidiosum, caracterizada pela visualização de estruturas ramificadas e septadas, sendo observados 100% de paridade entre as técnicas. É possível concluir que a caracterização clínica das feridas granulomatosas com aspecto de pitiose em equinos associada ao resultado histopatológico sugestivo para pitiose equina constituem métodos de diagnóstico confiáveis, os quais podem ser confirmados pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica.

Twelve granulomatous lesions in the thoracic and pelvic limbs of horses from pantaneira breed were evaluated. It was performed suggestive diagnostic of cutaneous pythiosis according to the clinic characteristics of the lesions and histopathological exams using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) stains. The confirmation of the diagnoses was performed by the labelled streptavidin biotin (LSAB) method (immunohistochemistry). Extensive focal pyogranulomatous dermatitis associated with "pseudo hyphae" characteristic of Pythium insidiosum (subcutaneous pythiosis) was the histopathological diagnosis for all 12 horses used in this study. It was confirmed in 100% of the cases by the positive result to Pythium insidiosum in the immunohistochemistry exam, characterized by the visualization of branched and septated structures. It was observed 100% of parity between the techniques. We can conclude that clinical characterization of the granulomatous lesions with pythiosis aspects in horses associated with histopathology suggestive of equine pythiosis constitute a reliable method of diagnostic that can be confirmed by immunohistochemistry technique.

Reproductive efficiency of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated follicular aspiration / Eficiência reprodutiva em cabras adultas e pré-púberes após repetidas sessões de aspiração folicular

The objective of this study was to assess the reproductive response of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU). The study animals were divided into two groups, specifically, adult nanny goats (GA, n=10) and prepubertal nanny goats (GP, n=10), which were subjected to estrous synchronization and ovarian stimulation for LOPU. Both groups underwent six LOPU procedures at seven-day intervals and were subsequently subjected to controlled mating and pregnancy diagnosis to evaluate their future fertility. The study showed a reduction in the number of follicles visualized and in the amount and quality of the oocytes that were recovered and exposed to in vitro maturation. As indicated by the fertility test, however, no complications were found during the laparoscopic procedures that would impair the reproductive future of the animals. Therefore, a viable number of oocytes were obtained even with the decreased reproductive efficiency, proving that repeated LOPUs do not interfere with the reproductive of adult and prepubertal nanny goats. These results indicate a positive aspect of this procedure, allowing for increasing reproductive performance of this kind, when used for the production in vitro.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta reprodutiva de cabras adultas e pré-púberes submetidas a repetidas aspirações foliculares por videolaparoscopia (LOPU). Os animais do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, especificamente cabras adultas (GA, n = 10) e pré-púberes (GP, n = 10), que foram submetidas a sincronização de estro e estimulação ovariana para LOPU. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a seis procedimentos LOPU em intervalos de sete dias e foram posteriormente submetidos à monta controlada e posterior diagnóstico de gestação para avaliar sua fertilidade. O estudo mostrou uma diminuição do número de folículos visualizados, na quantidade e na qualidade dos oócitos que foram recuperados e expostos à maturação in vitro. Tal como indicado pelo teste de fertilidade, no entanto, não foram observadas grandes complicações durante os procedimentos laparoscópicos que pudessem prejudicar o futuro reprodutivo dos animais. Portanto, foi obtido um número de oócitos viáveis, mesmo com a diminuição da eficiência reprodutiva, provando que repetidas LOPU não interferem na reprodutividade de animais adultos e pré-púberes. Estes resultados indicam um aspecto positivo desse procedimento, possibilitando um aumento da eficiência reprodutiva dessa espécie quando utilizado para a produção in vitro.

Cálculo gigante enclavado en meato uretral femenino: resolución en área de urgencias / Giant calculus located in the female urethral meatus: resolution in an emergency setting

Objetivo: Comunicar un caso inusual de cálculo uretral femenino gigante enclavado en meato, que debutó por sangrado genital, sin retención urinaria ni síntomas miccionales. El cálculo era visible en el introito. Se efectuó tratamiento resolutivo en el área de urgencias, cursándose el alta a las pocas horas. Métodos: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 82 años, con antecedentes remotos de cirugía vesical, que acudió a urgencias por sangrado genital. Valorada por Ginecología se apreció un gran cálculo uretral que a¬ oraba por el meato, derivándose a Urología. Tras la exploración física se solicitó radiografía simple de pelvis donde se apreció un gran calculo uretral de 6 x 4 cm. Bajo anestesia local se practicó meatotomía inferior con luxación y extracción del cálculo; siendo dada de alta a continuación con sonda vesical hasta la cicatrización de la herida. Resultados: La evolución tras el “parto del cálculo” fue favorable. Se cursó el alta con sonda vesical a las pocas horas de la extracción litiásica. Acudió nuevamente a urgencias 12 horas más tarde por arrancamiento involuntario de la sonda, siendo nuevamente sondada y dada de alta. La evolución posterior fue favorable, retirándose la sonda y conservando la micción espontanea. Conclusiones: El síntoma de sangrado genital femenino, no siempre se corresponde con problemas ginecológicos. La patología de la uretra femenina también puede ser su responsable: carúnculas, prolapsos, divertículos, quistes parauretrales de Skene, estenosis o cálculos como el caso presentado. Casos como éste pueden ser resueltos en la propia área de urgencias con relativa facilidad y sin necesidad de ingreso hospitalario.

Objective: To communicate the unusual case of a giant female urethral calculus located in the meatus, which presented with genital bleeding, without urinary retention or voiding symptoms. The calculus was visible at the introitus. Resolving treatment was performed in the emergency setting, progressing to discharge in a few hours. Methods: The case involved an 82–year-old patient with a remote history of bladder surgery who came to the emergency room with genital bleeding. On evaluation by the Gynecology staff, a large urethral calculus was found in the meatus, and a referral was made to the Urology department. After a physical examination, simple radiographs of the pelvis were ordered, in which a large urethral calculus (6 × 4 cm) was identified. Under local anesthesia, an inferior meatotomy was performed with luxation and extraction of the calculus; the patient was discharged with a catheter that was left in place until the wound healed. Results: The evolution after the “birth” of the calculus was favorable. The patient was discharged with a catheter a few hours after extraction of the lith. She returned to the emergency setting 12 hours later after inadvertently pulling out the catheter and was recatheterized and discharged. The patient’s later evolution was favorable; after removing the catheter, she maintained spontaneous voiding. Conclusions: The symptom of female genital bleeding does not always correspond to gynecological problems. Female urethral pathology can also be responsible; caruncles, prolapses, diverticuli, paraurethral cysts of the Skene’s gland, stenosis, or calculi, as in the case presented, can all result in bleeding. Cases like this one can be resolved in the emergency department relatively simply and without necessitating an inpatient admission.

Efeitos de detomidina e xilazina intravenosa sobre as variáveis basais e respostas comportamentais em bovinos / Effects of intravenous detomidine and xilazine on basal parameters and behavioral responses in bovine

Avaliaram-se, durante 60 minutos, 10 bovinos após administração intravenosa de 0,1mg.kg-1 de xilazina ou 10μg.kg-1 de detomidina, quanto às frequências cardíaca e respiratória, movimentos ruminais, pressão arterial média, temperatura retal e respostas comportamentais como ataxia ou decúbito, ptose palpebral, estado de alerta ou sedação e redução da altura da cabeça em relação ao solo, além da presença de salivação, micção e concentração sanguínea de glicose. Observou-se que a xilazina, via intravenosa, em bovinos, ao mesmo tempo que promove sedação mais intensa e prolongada que a detomidina, induz a uma maior quantidade de efeitos indesejáveis, como salivação e decúbito, e redução das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, da pressão arterial média, da motilidade ruminal e da temperatura, sendo estas alterações mais prolongadas. Conclui-se que a detomidina pode ser utilizada com segurança em bovinos na dose de 10μg.kg-1, promovendo sedação e permanência do animal em posição quadrupedal.

Ten bovine were evaluated after intravenous injection of 0,1mg.kg-1 of xylazine or 10μg.kg-1 of detomidine during 60 minutes for heart and respiratory rate, ruminal motility, mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature and behavioral responses like ataxia or recumbency, palpebral ptoses, state of sedation or alert and head drop, besides the measurement of salivation, urination and blood glucose concentration. It was observed that intravenous xylazine in bovine promotes more intense and prolonged sedation than detomidine, and at the same time induces a larger and more prolonged quantity of unwanted side effects such as salivation, recumbency, decrease of cardiac and respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, ruminal motility and temperature. We concluded that detomidine can be used safely in bovines at 10μg.kg-1 dose, promoting sedation with standing position.

Tomografia computadorizada da matriz óssea mineralizada heteróloga fragmentada e metilmetacrilato na reparação de falhas ósseas segmentares produzidas em tíbia de coelhos / Computed tomography to evaluate the association of fragmented heterolog cortical bone and methylmethacrylate to repare segmental bone defect produced in tibia of rabbits

Foi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm na região metafisária medial da tíbia de 12 coelhos, seguida de preenchimento desta por matriz óssea mineralizada heteróloga fragmentada conservada em glicerina (98%) e metilmetacrilato autoclavado, bem como avaliação por meio da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (cone beam) aos 30, 60 e 90 dias. Houve incorporação gradativa do implante no leito receptor em relação ao tempo em 100% dos casos, o que mostra ser este biologicamente compatível, ao promover reparação da falha óssea, sem sinais de infecção, migração e/ou rejeição, caracterizando-se, assim, como nova opção de substituto ósseo para preenchimento de falhas ósseas.

A 6mm segmental defect was performed on the metaphyseal region of the tibia of 12 rabbits and the autoclaved fragmented heterolog cortical bone conserved in glycerin (98%) and methylmethacrylate was used as a bone graft for the reconstruction. The graft was placed in the receptor bed and its integration was evaluated by computed tomography after 30, 60 and 90 days. There was gradual bone graft incorporation in the receptor bed during the time in 100% of the cases. Fragmented cortical bone heterograft and methylmethacrylate was biologically compatible and promotes bone defect reparation without signs of infection, migration and or rejection, featuring a new option of osseous substitute to fill in bone defects.