Chemical composition, antifungal activity, antibiofilm and citotoxicity of the essential oil of Citrus deliciosa tenore.

The leaves of Citrus deliciosa Tenore were collected in southern Brazil, dried, and subjected to the hydrodistillation process to obtain the essential oil. The extraction of essential oil yielded 0.97% ± 0.04. The chromatographic profile of this compound revealed 11 substances, being methyl N-methyl-anthranilate (75.1%), γ-terpinene (13.8%), and Limonene (7%) as major substances. The essential oil shows antifungal action against all tested yeasts, with promising action against Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, and Trichosporon asahii. This compound was also able to inhibit the biofilm production of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and T. asahii. The essential oil of tangerine showed weak antioxidant action. It did not show cytotoxicity in human mononuclear cells. It is hoped that these results may guide future studies for the production of formulations that can be used in the treatment of biofilms caused by yeasts, as well as in candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and/or trichosporonosis.

Higher CO2 during controlled atmosphere storage of unshelled 'Barton' pecans or carnauba wax coating: Effect on the quality after long-term storage at two temperatures.

Pecan nuts, a healthy food, have shown an increased demand for consumption. Therefore, there must be a certain level of care to avoid quality losses, which are primarily influenced by storage conditions and time. This study evaluates the effects of long-term controlled atmosphere (CA) storage with low O2 partial pressure (pO2 - 2 kPa), combined or not with high CO2 (pCO2 - 40 or 80 kPa), carnauba wax coating (CW), and ambient atmosphere (AMB; control) at 10 and 20 °C, on unshelled 'Barton' pecan nut quality. Color, water activity (Aw), moisture content (MC), and oxidation markers, such as peroxide value (PV), acidity value (AV), TBARS, and volatile compounds (VC) were evaluated. Storage up to twelve months at 10 °C and with CA (regardless of the temperature) ensured higher luminosity and color parameter b* ("golden") and a lower a* parameter ("reddish"). The MC ranged from 2.8 to 3.6%, irrespective of storage conditions, for up to twelve months, which is suitable. The AMB at 10 °C ensured lower AV, TBARS, and PV compared to the CW treatment. Furthermore, CA with low pO2 and high pCO2, even at 20 °C, guaranteed lower AV, TBARS, and PV. Storage at 20 °C increased characteristic VCs of lipid oxidation (aldehydes, acids, alcohols, ketones, lactones, and esters, especially with CW coating). However, all conditions at 10 °C and with pCO2 (even associated at 20 °C) reduced the presence of these VCs. The CW used as a coating on the pecans did not show satisfactory results and should not be recommended for pecan storage at these applied conditions. Our findings showed that low pO2 and high pCO2 maintain better pecan quality than O2 ambient (20 kPa), even at temperatures above refrigeration (20 °C). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between 40 and 80 kPa CO2.

Commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) produced in South America: Determination of dithiocarbamate residues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

This work presents an easy and quick miniaturized procedure for the analysis of dithiocarbamates fungicides (DTC), by GC-MS, in yerba mate, an important product in South America. The sample amount, the volume of extracting solvent and acid solution, and the time of hot bath shaking were minimized. A clean-up procedure based on PSA, GCB and MgSO4 was studied in order to improve analytical signal and reduce GC-MS system damage. Blank yerba mate samples were spiked with thiram at equivalent CS2 concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 mg kg-1. The validated method at least 2 times faster than the traditional method and was according to the latest European guidelines for pesticide residue analysis. Linearity, limits of detection and quantification, matrix effects, trueness and precision were assessed. Sixty-five commercialized samples from southern Brazil and Argentina were analyzed; 14% of samples presented CS2 concentration greater than LOQ (0.1 mg kg-1).

Effect of gamma irradiation on the quality characteristics of frozen yacare caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) meat.

This study investigated the effect of gamma irradiation (0, 3 and 5 kGy) on the quality characteristics of yacare caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) meat under typical storage and commercialization conditions (-18 °C for 150 days). The overall quality characteristics (texture profile, TBARS values, water-holding capacity and cooking loss) of the irradiated samples were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) during frozen storage. However, irradiation promoted the formation of volatile compounds from lipid oxidation known to be important markers in meat odor, particularly hexanal, pentanal and 1-hexanol, in samples treated with 5 kGy after 150 days of frozen storage. The results obtained indicate the need for further research to determine the effect of the doses tested on the sensory attributes of yacare caiman meat.

Mycotoxins in wheat flour: occurrence and co-occurrence assessment in samples from Southern Brazil.

The goal of this survey was to evaluate the presence and concentration as well as the co-occurrence of legislated and non-legislated mycotoxins in wheat flour samples from Brazil. A total of 200 wheat flour samples were analysed by a validated multi-mycotoxins method. DON was the mycotoxin with the highest occurrence, being present in 100% of the analysed samples and showing contamination in both years and regions (53-2905 µg kg-1). ZEN was detected in 51% (

Mycotoxins' evaluation in wheat flours used in Brazilian bakeries.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological quality of wheat flours used by bakeries from the North Region in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, regarding the presence of mycotoxins. On collecting type-1 refined wheat flour, a conglomerate sampling from 13 cities and 3 bakeries per city (n = 39), selected from the defined region was performed. The mycotoxins analysis was using QuEChERS method and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, 100% of samples presented contamination by DON, with concentrations ranging from 76.7 to 3630.2 µg kg-1 and ZON was found in one sample (26.7 µg kg-1), which represented 2.6% of the analyzed wheat flours. Other mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, HT-2 toxin, OTA, FB1 and FB2) were not detected in the analyzed samples.