Printed graphene and its composite with copper for electromagnetic interference shielding applications.

Advances in mobile electronics and telecommunication systems along with 5G technologies have been escalating the electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem in recent years. Graphene-based material systems such as pristine graphene, graphene-polymer composites and other graphene-containing candidates have been shown to provide adequate EMI shielding performance. Besides achieving the needed shielding effectiveness (SE), the method of applying the candidate shielding material onto the object in need of protection is of enormous importance due to considerations of ease of application, reduced logistics and infrastructure, rapid prototyping and throughput, versatility to handle both rigid and flexible substrates and cost. Printing readily meets all these criteria and here we demonstrate plasma jet printing of thin films of graphene and its composite with copper to meet the EMI shielding needs. SE over 30 dB is achieved, which represents blocking over 99.9% of the incoming radiation. Graphene and its composite with copper yield higher green index compared to pure copper shields, implying reduced reflection of incoming electromagnetic waves to help reduce secondary pollution.

ResearchMaps.org for integrating and planning research.

To plan experiments, a biologist needs to evaluate a growing set of empirical findings and hypothetical assertions from diverse fields that use increasingly complex techniques. To address this problem, we operationalized principles (e.g., convergence and consistency) that biologists use to test causal relations and evaluate experimental evidence. With the framework we derived, we then created a free, open-source web application that allows biologists to create research maps, graph-based representations of empirical evidence and hypothetical assertions found in research articles, reviews, and other sources. With our ResearchMaps web application, biologists can systematically reason through the research that is most important to them, as well as evaluate and plan experiments with a breadth and precision that are unlikely without such a tool.