Green synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives using a sonochemical protocol.

1,3,5-triazine derivatives are useful compounds with potential applications in various branches of chemical industry, including pharmaceutical chemistry, cosmetic chemistry, photochemistry, and organic chemistry. Due to the growing environmental requirements on conducting efficient, economical, and safe syntheses, development of new methods for synthesizing organic compounds is highly desirable. In this publication, we present a protocol for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives using a sonochemical approach. In as little as 5 min, it is possible to obtain most of the investigated compounds with a yield of over 75%. An undeniable advantage of this method, besides its short time, is the use of water as the solvent. Furthermore, we provide examples that the sonochemical method may be more versatile than the competing microwave method. Analysis conducted using the DOZNTM 2.0 tool revealed that in terms of the 12 principles of green chemistry, the developed sonochemical method is 13 times "greener" than the classical one. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the investigated molecules are attractive for their application as drug-like compounds.

New cyclic arylguanidine scaffolds as a platform for development of antimicrobial and antiviral agents.

According to WHO, infectious diseases are still a significant threat to public health. The combine effects of antibiotic resistance, immunopressure, and mutations within the bacterial and viral genomes necessitates the search for new molecules exhibiting antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Such molecules often contain cyclic guanidine moiety. As part of this work, we investigated the selected antimicrobial and antiviral activity of compounds from the cyclic arylguanidine group. Molecules were designed using molecular modeling and obtained using microwave radiation (MW) and sonochemical ()))) methods, in accordance with the previously developed pathways. The obtained compounds were screened for the ability to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. The capacity to block the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the host cell was probed using a bioluminescence immunoassay. The cytotoxicity and hemolytic properties of the most active molecules were also evaluated. The N-[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethyl]-5-phenyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine 12j showed a high inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC ≤ 0.25 µg/mL), with no cytotoxic nor hemolytic effect (CC50, HC10 > 32 µm/mL). The CO-ADD platform identified many potentially useful molecules. A particularly rich population was examined in the database of the N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, in which 2517 active molecules (MIC ≤ 32 mg/mL) were found, of which about 10% are active at very low concentrations (MIC ≤ 1 mg/mL).

Eco-friendly synthesis of new olanzapine derivatives and evaluation of their anticancer potential.

New derivatives of the known antipsychotic drug olanzapine have been obtained as potential compounds with anticancer activity in two metabolically different breast cancer cell lines: MCF-7 and triple negative MDA-MB-231. The compounds were obtained under phase transfer catalysis (PTC) in the presence of microwave irradiation (MW) or ultrasound (")))"), evaluating the effect of solvents such as dimethylformamide, water, or choline chloride/urea (natural deep eutectic solvent, NaDES). In the best option, the compounds were obtained within 2 minutes with a yield of 57-86% in MW. Two of the obtained compounds which have a naphthalimide moiety and a pentyl (7) or hexyl chain (8) show pronounced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, neither olanzapine nor desmethylolanzapine (DOLA), which was one of the substrates for the synthesis reaction, showed any significant activity in the study.

Eco-friendly methods of synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of sulfonamide derivatives of cyclic arylguanidines.

The chemotype of arylsulfonamide derivatives of cyclic arylguanidines is a source of molecules with valuable biological activities, including antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The methods of the synthesis presented in the literature are characterized with low selectivity and high environmental nuisance. In this publication, we present a developed alternative and earlier undescribed pathway C, for the synthesis of arylsulfonamide derivatives of cyclic arylguanidines (N-(1H-arylimidazol-2-yl)arylsulfonamides and N-(1,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)arylsulfonamides), including reaction between 2-(methylsulfanyl)-benzimidazole or 2-(methylsulfanyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline with arylsulfonamides. We also optimized previously reported methods; A (reaction of 2-aminobenzimidazole or 2-amino-3,4-dihydroquinazoline with arylsulfonyl chlorides) and B (reaction of dimethyl-(arylsulfonyl)carbonodithioimidate with aryldiamines). The conducted research allowed achieving two independent ecological and quick methods of obtaining the desired products. We used ecological methods of ultrasound-assisted or microwave synthesis, solvent-free reactions and a"green" reaction environment. In both pathways, it has proven advantageous to use H2O as the solvent and K2CO3 (1 or 3 equivalent) as the basic agent. In the sonochemical variant, the efficiency reached B: 37-89 %, C: 90 % in 60 min (P = 80 W and f = 40 kHz), while in the microwave synthesis it was B: 38-74 %, C: 63-85 % in 0.5-4 min (P = 50 W). Path A led to a complementary substitution product (i.e. 1-(arylsulfonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine or 1-(arylsulfonyl)-1,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine). We obtained a small group of compounds that were tested for cytotoxicity. The 10f (N-(1,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide) showed cytotoxic activity towards human astrocytoma cell line 1321 N1. The calculated IC50 value was 8.22 µM at 24 h timepoint (doxorubicin suppressed 1321 N1 cell viability with IC50 of 1.1 µM). The viability of the cells exposed to 10f for 24 h dropped to 48.0 % compared to vehicle control, while the cells treated with doxorubicin experienced decline to 47.5 %. We assessed its potential usefulness in pharmacotherapy in the ADMET study, confirming its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (Pe = 5.0 ± 1.5 × 10-6 cm/s) and the safety of its potential use in terms of DDI and hepatotoxicity.

Design and synthesis of new potent 5-HT7 receptor ligands as a candidate for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Owing to their multifunctional pharmacological profiles (including dual 5-HT1A/5-HT7 action), arylpiperazine derivatives are widely used for treating central nervous system diseases including the depression or neuropathic pain. Herein we describe the design, synthesis and evaluation of biological activity of novel 5-HT7 ligands derived of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine. The studied compounds showed affinity and high selectively towards 5-HT7 receptor with the two most active compounds 34 (Ki = 61 nM), 22 (Ki = 109 nM) showing good metabolic stability and moderate affinity to CYP3A4 isoenzyme. Compound 22 had high hepatotoxicity at a concentration below 50 µM, while compound 34 showed low hepatotoxicity even at a concentration above 50 µM.

Thiolated Silicone Oils as New Components of Protective Creams in the Prevention of Skin Diseases.

This work investigates the possibility of using thiolated silicone oils as new components in protective creams and their impact on the efficacy of these products. Thiolated silicone oils were synthesized by amide bond formation between primary amino groups of poly17dimethylsiloxane-co-(3-aminopropyl)-methylsiloxane] and carboxylic groups of thiol ligand (3-mercaptopropionic acid) with carbodiimide as a coupling agent. To evaluate and compare the properties of these kinds of thiomers, three different emulsion o/w types were obtained. Emulsion E1 contained methyl silicone oil, E2 poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(3-aminopropyl)-methylsiloxane], and E3 thiolated silicone oil (silicone-MPA), respectively. Physicochemical properties, including pH, conductivity, droplet size distribution, viscosity, and stability, were assessed. The efficacy of barrier creams in the prevention of occupational skin diseases depends on their mechanical and rheological properties. Thus, the method which imitates the spreadability conditions on the skin and how structure reconstruction takes places was performed. We also investigated textural profile, bioadhesion, protection against water and detergents, and water vapor permeability. Emulsion E3 was characterized by beneficial occlusion, spreadability, and adhesion properties. These features with prolonged residence time on the skin can make designed barrier creams more preferable for consumers.

Chemical puzzles in the search for new, flexible derivatives of lurasidone as antipsychotic drugs.

In the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia, there is a lack of effective drugs, and currently used agents cause a large number of side effects. The D2, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A receptors are among the most important receptor targets in the treatment of schizophrenia, but antagonism at 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors may bring about additional improvement of cognitive functions. However, doubt exists regarding the importance of 5-HT7R in the pharmacotherapy. In 2010, lurasidone (with high affinity for D2, D3, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT7 receptors) was approved for the treatment of schizophrenia. Due to the efficacy of the mentioned drug and doubts related to the role of 5-HT7R, we decided to obtain compounds with an activity profile similar to that of lurasidone, but with the reduced affinity for 5-HT7R and increased affinity for 5-HT6R. For this purpose, we chose aflexible hexyl derivative of lurasidone (2-(6-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)hexyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 1a) as a hit structure. After molecular modeling, we modified it, in the area of the arylpiperazine and imide group, using the moieties found in other known CNS drugs. We received the compounds in accordance with the previously developed method of ecological synthesis in the microwave radiation field. Among the obtained compounds, N-(6-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)hexyl)naphthalene-sulfonamides 1v and 1w were distinguished as multifunctional ligands showing increased affinity for 5-HT6R, and 2-(6-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)hexyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3(2H)-one 1i - a multifunctional ligand showing moderate affinity for 5-HT6R and threefold lower for 5-HT7R. In the paper, we discuss some of the observed dependencies regarding 5-HT6/5-HT7R affinity using molecular docking methods.