Research Note: Pharmacokinetics of bromhexine hydrochloride in broilers after single oral and intravenous administration.

The current study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of bromhexine hydrochloride in broilers after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration at 2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW). The trial adopted a randomized, parallel-controlled design, where 20 twelve-wk-old broilers were randomly assigned to either the PO or IV group. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points, and plasma was further separated for analysis. The bromhexine hydrochloride concentrations in plasma samples were determined using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Noncompartmental analysis (NCA) using Phoenix software was conducted to analyze the concentration versus time data of bromhexine hydrochloride in every chicken. Subsequently, the main pharmacokinetic parameters between the 2 groups were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results from NCA revealed that after oral administration at 2.5 mg/kg BW, bromhexine hydrochloride exhibited slow absorption, reaching an average peak concentration of 32.72 ng/mL at 1.78 h. However, incomplete absorption was observed, with an absolute bioavailability of only 20.06% ± 10.84%. Additionally, bromhexine hydrochloride displayed wide distribution, with a steady-state distribution volume (VSS) of 22.55 ± 13.45 L/kg, and slow elimination, with a clearance (Cl) of 1.52 ± 0.38 L/h/kg. Furthermore, gender effects were assessed on the pharmacokinetics of bromhexine hydrochloride in broilers, revealing better absorption in male broilers compared to females. This disparity may be attributed to the faster blood flow and richer blood volume typically found in male broilers.

Sirolimus is effective for refractory/relapsed idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease: A single-center, retrospective study.

Refractory/relapsed idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (R/R iMCD) has limited treatment options. With studies showing increased mTOR activation in iMCD patients, sirolimus becomes an attractive and promising therapy for R/R iMCD. Here we report the results of a retrospective study involving 26 R/R iMCD patients treated with sirolimus-containing regimen. The median age at sirolimus initiation was 40.5 years (23-60), with a median prior treatment line of 2 (1-5). 18 patients (69.2%) achieved symptomatic and biochemical response, with a median time to at least overall partial remission of 1.9 months (0.5-14.6). The median follow-up time from sirolimus initiation was 11.7 months (1.6-50.7) and the median time to next treatment (TTNT) was 46.2 months. No patients died at the end of follow-up. Most of the patients in the cohort are in ongoing responses and continue sirolimus therapy. Sirolimus is well tolerated with minor adverse effects. In conclusion, sirolimus is effective for R/R iMCD patients with good tolerance.

Insights into the history and tendency of glycosylation and digestive system tumor: A bibliometric-based visual analysis.

BACKGROUND: Glycosylation, a commonly occurring post-translational modification, is highly expressed in several tumors, specifically in those of the digestive system, and plays a role in various cellular pathophysiological mechanisms. Although the importance and detection methods of glycosylation in digestive system tumors have garnered increasing attention in recent years, bibliometric analysis of this field remains scarce. The present study aims to identify the developmental trends and research hotspots of glycosylation in digestive system tumors. AIM: To find and identify the developmental trends and research hotspots of glycosylation in digestive system tumors. METHODS: We obtained relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection and employed VOSviewer 1.6.19 and CiteSpace (version 6.1.R6) to perform bibliometric analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2042 documents spanning from 1978 to the present were analyzed, with the research process divided into three phases: the period of obscurity (1978-1990), continuous development period (1991-2006), and the rapid outbreak period (2007-2023). These documents were authored by researchers from 66 countries or regions, with the United States and China leading in terms of publication output. Reis Celso A had the highest number of publications, while Pinho SS was the most cited author. Co-occurrence analysis revealed the most popular keywords in this field are glycosylation, expression, cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, the Journal of Proteome Research was the most prolific journal in terms of publications, while the Journal of Biological Chemistry had the most citations. CONCLUSION: The bibliometric analysis shows current research focus is primarily on basic research in this field. However, future research should aim to utilize glycosylation as a target for treating tumor patients.

Mesenteric-based surgery for Crohn's disease: evidence and perspectives.

Postoperative anastomotic recurrence of Crohn's disease is challenging and can lead to symptom recurrence and further surgery. The mesenteric pole of the intestine is the initial site of macroscopic anastomotic recurrence, and the mesentery may play an important role in recurrence after surgical resection. Therefore, "mesenteric-based surgery" has gained increasing attention by clinicians. However, the role of mesentery in the postoperative recurrence remains controversial. This review will examine mesenteric changes in Crohn's disease, proposed roles for mesentery in disease progression, and the potential for mesenteric-based surgery in the surgical management of Crohn disease.

Effective Management of Polycythemia Vera With Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b Treatment.

Background: Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a new-generation polyethylene glycol-conjugated proline-interferon. It is approved for the treatment of PV at a starting dose of 100 µg (50 µg for patients receiving hydroxyurea (HU)) and dose titrations up to 500 µg by 50 µg increments. The study was aimed at assessing its efficacy and safety at a higher starting dose and simpler intra-patient dose escalation. Methods: Forty-nine patients with PV having HU intolerance from major hospitals in China were treated biweekly with an initial dose of 250 µg, followed by 350 µg and 500 µg thereafter if tolerated. Complete hematological response (CHR) was assessed every 12 weeks based on the European LeukemiaNet criteria. The primary endpoint was the CHR rate at week 24. The secondary endpoints included CHR rates at weeks 12, 36 and 52, changes of JAK2V617F allelic burden, time to first CHR, and safety assessments. Results: The CHR rates were 61.2%, 69.4% and 71.4% at weeks 24, 36, and 52, respectively. Mean allele burden of the driver mutation JAK2V617F declined from 58.5% at baseline to 30.1% at 52 weeks. Both CHR and JAK2V617F allele burden reduction showed consistent increases over the 52 weeks of the treatment. Twenty-nine patients (63.0%) achieved partial molecular response (PMR) and two achieved complete molecular response (CMR). The time to CHR was rapid and median time was 5.6 months according to central lab results. The CHRs were durable and median CHR duration time was not reached at week 52. Mean spleen index reduced from 55.6 cm2 at baseline to 50.2 cm2 at week 52. Adverse events (AEs) were mostly mild or moderate. Most common AEs were reversible alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increases, which were not associated with significant elevations in bilirubin levels or jaundice. There were no grade 4 or 5 AEs. Grade 3 AEs were reversible and manageable. Only one AE led to discontinuation. No incidence of thromboembolic events was observed. Conclusion: The 250-350-500 µg dosing regimen was well tolerated and effectively induced CHR and MR and managed spleen size increase. Our findings demonstrate that ropeginterferon alfa-2b at this dosing regimen can provide an effective management of PV and support using this dosing regimen as a treatment option.

Study on the structure-activity relationship of cationic polyacrylates for the treatment of oilfield produced water.

Cationic polyacrylates exhibit both reverse demulsification and flotation performance, which can avoid incompatibility between the reverse demulsifier and flotation agent during treatment of produced water from offshore oilfields. In our previous work, the effect of the structure of the cationic unit on the reverse demulsification and flotation performance of cationic polyacrylates was studied. However, the structure-activity relationship of cationic polyacrylates has not been systematically studied. In this study, the relationships between the structure (acrylate type, tertiary amine type, mass ratio of acrylate to tertiary amine, and degree of cationicity), interfacial properties (surface tension, interfacial tension, zeta potential, interfacial elastic modulus, interaction force between oil droplets, and film drainage time of an oil-covered bubble), and reverse demulsification and flotation performance of cationic polyacrylates were investigated. A reduction in the elastic modulus of the oil-water interface was the key factor for good reverse demulsification performance, whereas a decrease in the film drainage time of an oil-covered bubble was the key factor for good flotation performance. Ethyl acrylate (EA) was superior to methyl acrylate (MA), and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DPM) was superior to dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEM). Increases in the mass ratio of ethyl acrylate to dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide and the degree of cationicity were beneficial for reducing the elastic modulus of the oil-water interface and the film drainage time of an oil-covered bubble. This is the first time that the structure-property-performance relationship of cationic polyacrylates has been systematically studied. A cationic polyacrylate that exhibited both good reverse demulsification performance and good flotation performance is recommended.

Comparison of gamithromycin residue depletion in yellow-feather and white-feather broilers after one single subcutaneous injection.

This study aimed to compare the residue depletion of gamithromycin in yellow-feather and white-feather broilers, using Sanhuang and Arbor Acres chickens as typical examples, respectively. Each breed (54 chickens) received a single subcutaneous dose of gamithromycin at 7.5 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). Tissues, including muscle, skin + fat, liver, kidney, and injection site, were collected at 6 h, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d postdrug administration. Gamithromycin concentrations in these tissues were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The kinetics of gamithromycin were analyzed in different tissues using a noncompartmental method in the Phoenix software. Differences were observed in gamithromycin concentrations and kinetic characteristics in both breeds of chickens, with higher residue concentrations and longer residue times found in yellow-feathered broilers. In Sanhuang broilers, the elimination rates of gamithromycin followed this order: injection site > muscle > liver > kidney > skin + fat. The corresponding elimination half-lives (t1/2λzs) in these samples were 1.22, 1.30, 1.71, 2.04, and 2.52 d, respectively. In contrast, in Arbor Acres broilers, a different order was noted: muscle > injection site > kidney > liver > skin + fat, with corresponding t1/2λzs of 1, 1.23, 1.88, 1.93, and 2.21 d, respectively. These differences may be related to variations in pigments in various tissues of chickens of the 2 breeds. However, further investigations are warranted to discern the underlying reasons.

In vitro antibacterial activity of danofloxacin against Escherichia coli in Gushi chickens and its residue depletion following multiple oral administration.

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of danofloxacin against Escherichia coli isolated from Gushi chickens, as well as the tissue distribution and residue depletion of danofloxacin in Gushi chickens following multiple oral administration. A total of 42 clinical E. coli strains were isolated from the cloaca of locally farmed Gushi chickens between August and October 2023. Then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of danofloxacin against these isolates was determined by broth microdilution method. Additionally, 42 healthy Gushi chickens were randomly divided into 6 groups, and danofloxacin was orally administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 3 consecutive days. Plasma, intestinal content, and tissue samples, including muscle, skin + fat, liver, kidney, lung, and intestine, were collected at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h after the last administration. Danofloxacin concentrations in all samples were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The average concentration vs. time data were then subjected to noncompartmental analysis using Phoenix software, and withdrawal periods for danofloxacin in Gushi chickens were further determined with WT1.4 software, setting a 95% confidence interval. Results indicated a notable inhibitory effect of danofloxacin on E. coli, with an MIC50 of 0.5 µg/mL. Additionally, danofloxacin exhibited widespread distribution in Gushi chickens, detectable in all collected samples. Among all tissues, the liver exhibited the highest concentration, followed by the intestine. Even on the fifth day postadministration, danofloxacin persisted in skin + fat, liver, and lung. The elimination half-lives (t1/2λzs) of danofloxacin varied across samples: skin + fat (47.87 h), lung (30.61 h), liver (22.07 h), plasma (16.05 h), muscle (12.53 h), intestine (9.83 h), and kidney (6.34 h). Considering residue depletion and the maximum residue limit (MRL) of danofloxacin in poultry set by Chinese regulatory authorities, withdrawal periods for the kidney, muscle, liver, and skin + fat were determined as 1.03, 1.38, 3.34, and 5.85 d, respectively, rounded to a final withdrawal time of 6 d.

Prophylactic Intra-abdominal Drainage is Associated With Lower Postoperative Complications in Patients With Crohn's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic intraoperative drains have been shown not superior for patients underwent intestinal surgery. However, for patients with Crohn's disease (CD), this needs further exploration. METHODS: In this pilot study, CD patients were randomly assigned to drain (n = 50) and no-drain (n = 50) groups. The primary endpoint was the rate of postoperative prolonged ileus (PPOI). The secondary endpoints were postoperative abdominal ascites, postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. RESULTS: The incidences of PPOI and postoperative abdominal ascites were significantly lower in the drain group (12% vs 44%; 0% vs 24%, both P < .05). Postoperative SIRS incidence and CRP levels were significantly increased in the no-drain group [36% vs 10%; 54.9 vs 34.3 mg/L, both P < .05]. In multivariate analysis, prophylactic drainage was the independent protective factor for PPOI and postoperative LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic drainage may be associated with improved clinical outcomes in CD patients.

Phase 2 study using low dose cytarabine for adult patients with newly diagnosed Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) lacks a standardized first-line therapy. This single-center, phase 2 prospective study (NCT04121819) enrolled 61 newly diagnosed adult LCH patients with multisystem or multifocal single system disease from October 2019 to June 2022. Subcutaneous cytarabine (100 mg/m2 for 5 days) was administered in 35-day cycles for 12 total cycles. The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS). The median age was 33 years (range 18-66). Twelve patients (19.7%) had liver involvement, of which 2 also had spleen involvement. Among 43 patients undergoing next-generation sequencing, BRAF alterations (44.2%) were most frequent, followed by TP53 (16.3%), MAP2K1 (14.0%) and IDH2 (11.6%). MAPK pathway alterations occurred in 28 patients (65.1%). The overall response rate was 93.4%, with 20 (32.7%) achieving complete response and 37 (60.7%) partial response. After a median 30 months follow-up, 21 (34.4%) relapsed without deaths. Estimated 3-year OS and EFS were 100.0% and 58.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified ≥3 involved organs (P = 0.007; HR 3.937, 95% CI: 1.456-9.804) and baseline lung involvement (P = 0.028; HR 2.976, 95% CI: 1.126-7.874) as poor prognostic factors for EFS. The most common grade 3-4 toxicities were neutropenia (27.9%), thrombocytopenia (1.6%), and nausea (1.6%). In conclusion, cytarabine monotherapy is an effective and safe regimen for newly diagnosed adults, while baseline lung or ≥3 involved organs confers poor prognosis.

Insights into Zwitterionic Surfactant Interactions at the Oil-Water Interface by Interferometry Experiments and MDS Calculations.

In this work, the interaction performance of zwitterionic surfactant [dodecyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaine (DSB-12) and hexadecyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaine (DSB-16)] at the n-octadecane oil surface is investigated from experimental and simulation insights. For a macroscopic experiment, interfacial interferometry technology was developed for real-time monitor interaction performances and to obtain the quantitative interfacial thickness and mass results. The Langmuir model was characterized by thermodynamic analysis, deducing the aggregation spontaneity of DSB-16 > DSB-12 with ΔGagg(DSB-16) = -5.94 kJ mol-1 < ΔGagg(DSB-12) = 24.08 kJ mol-1. A three-step dynamic model (adsorption, arrangement, and aggregation) was characterized by kinetic analysis, indicating arrangement process as slow-limiting step with k2(arr) < k1(ads), k3(agg). For microscopic simulation, and molecular dynamic (MD) method was utilized to theoretically investigate interaction performances and obtain the interfacial configuration and energy results. The interaction stability and interaction strength were indicated to be DSB-16 > DSB-12 with differences of final energy ΔEfin = 48-88 kcal mol-1. The interaction mechanism was explained by proposing the model of "response enhancement" and "deposition activity" for DSB-16 interactions, and "response decrease" and "elution activity" for DSB-12 interactions. The different performances can be attributed to the different interaction forms and forces of surfactants. This work provided a platform for performance and mechanism investigation between the surfactant molecule and oil surface, which is of great significance in reservoir exploitation and enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

Azathioprine plus exclusive enteral nutrition versus azathioprine monotherapy for the prevention of postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease: an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Azathioprine (AZA) effectively prevents postoperative endoscopic recurrence (ER) in Crohn's disease (CD). However, the efficacy of AZA emerge needs 3 months. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) can maintain remission for CD. The trial investigates whether AZA plus postoperative 3-month EEN is superior to AZA alone in preventing ER of CD. METHODS: Totally, 84 high-risk CD patients undergoing intestinal resection received AZA alone or AZA plus a 3-month EEN (AZA+EEN) postoperatively. The primary endpoint was the rate of ER at month 12. Secondary endpoint included the rate of ER at month 3, clinical recurrence (CR), CD activity index (CDAI) scores, fecal calprotectin (FC) and CRP. Quality of life were assessed using Short Form-36 (SF-36) and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). RESULTS: The patients in the AZA+EEN group exhibited significantly lower rates of ER compared to the AZA group at both months 12 (33.3% [13/39] vs 63.2% [24/38], P=0.009) and months 3 (8.6% [3/35] vs 28.1% [9/32], P=0.037) post-surgery. The rates of CR between the two groups at month-3 and month-12 were similar. The CDAI scores, FC, albumin level and CRP were all comparable between the 2 groups. The quality of life was significantly higher in the AZA group than that of the AZA+EEN group at month 3 but became comparable from month 5 to 12 postoperatively. CONCLUSION: In high-risk CD patients, combining AZA with postoperative 3-month EEN reduces 1-year ER but may temporarily impact quality of life. Further large-scale, long-term studies are warranted.

Depletion of tilmicosin residue in Gushi chickens following oral administration via drinking water.

This study aimed to examine the depletion of tilmicosin residues in Gushi chickens following the administration at a concentration of 75 mg/L in their drinking water for three consecutive days. Plasma, liver, kidney, lung, muscle, and skin + fat samples were collected from 6 chickens at 6 h, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after the treatment. Tilmicosin concentrations in the samples were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The findings revealed that the highest tilmicosin residues were detected in the liver, followed by the kidney, lung, skin + fat, muscle, and plasma. Notably, at 7 days post-treatment, no drug residue was detected in all samples except for the liver and kidney. The non-compartmental model was employed to calculate relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. The elimination half-lives (t1/2λz ) of tilmicosin were as follows, ranked from long to short: skin + fat (45.42 h), liver (44.17 h), kidney (40.06 h), plasma (37.64 h), lung (31.39 h), and muscle (30.05 h). Considering the current residue depletion and the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by Chinese regulatory authorities, the withdrawal times for tilmicosin were estimated as 18.91, 10.81, and 8.58 days in the kidney, liver, and skin + fat, respectively. A rounded-up value of 19 days was selected as the conclusive withdrawal time. Furthermore, based on the observed tilmicosin concentrations in plasma and lung, combined with previously reported minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the current dosing regimen was deemed adequate for treating Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in Gushi chickens.

Comparison of endoscopic balloon dilation and surgery for duodenal stricture in patients with Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have compared endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) and surgery in the treatment of duodenal stricture in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: We performed a retrospective study to compare the efficacy and safety among patients with CD-associated duodenal stricture treated with EBD or surgery from October 2013 to December 2021. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with recurrence-free or surgery-free survival. RESULTS: A total of 48 eligible patients were included, including 30 patients treated with EBD only and 18 patients treated with surgery. Patients treated with surgery experienced more symptomatic improvement (100% vs. 63.33%, p = 0.003) and significantly longer recurrence-free survival (6.31 [IQR: 3.00-8.39] years vs. 2.96 [IQR: 1.06-5.42] years, p = 0.01) but suffered more postprocedural adverse events (16.67% vs. 0.74% per procedure, p = 0.001). In patients initially treated with EBD (n = 41), a total of 11 (26.83%) required subsequent surgical intervention. Younger age at CD diagnosis (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81-1.00, p = 0.04) was associated with a higher risk for subsequent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for CD-associated duodenal strictures was associated with a longer recurrence-free survival. EBD was safe and effective with minimal postprocedural adverse events but led to a high frequency of recurrence.

Effects of chitooligosaccharide on the in vitro antibacterial activity against avian Escherichia coli and the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in healthy chickens.

This study investigates the combined effects of chitooligosaccharide (COS) and florfenicol (FLO) on the inhibition of Escherichia coli in vitro, as well as the pharmacokinetic interactions between these compounds in healthy chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of COS and FLO alone and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) after combined treatment were determined using the broth microdilution method and checkerboard method, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic interactions between the 2 types of COS and FLO in healthy chickens. Thirty chickens were randomly divided into 3 groups: Florfenicol group (30 mg/kg), COS J85 group (COS J85 20 mg/kg + florfenicol 30 mg/kg), COS H85 group (COS H85 20 mg/kg + florfenicol 30 mg/kg). Either FLO or COS was orally administered by gavage. The concentrations of FLO in chicken plasma were measured at different time points after the drug withdrawal using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a compartmental method. The results showed that COS J85 and COS H85, when combined with FLO, had FICI values of 0.1875 to 0.75 and 0.3125 to 1, respectively, indicating good synergistic or additive effects against Escherichia coli. The pharmacokinetics of FLO alone and in combination with COS followed a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the elimination half-life (t1/2ke) of florfenicol was significantly increased in the COS H85 group compared to oral administration of florfenicol alone (P < 0.05). Other pharmacokinetic parameters did not show significant changes (P > 0.05), except between the 2 combined treatment groups, where statistical differences were observed for various parameters, excluding the area under the concentration-time curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax).

Clinical features, genomic profiling, and outcomes of adult patients with unifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

BACKGROUND: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare highly heterogeneous histiocytosis, which can be divided into single system and multiple system disease according to site of involvement. There is a paucity of studies examining unifocal LCH in adults in the molecular era. RESULTS: We retrospectively analysed records from 70 patients with unifocal LCH. The median age at diagnosis was 36 years (18-69). The most common organ involved was the bone (70.0%), followed by pituitary gland (7.1%). Target gene sequencing of lesion tissues was performed on 32 of the 70 patients. MAPK/PI3K pathway alterations were observed in 78.1% of the patients; the most common mutations included BRAFV600E (28.1%), MAP2K1 (18.8%) and PIK3CA (9.4%). After a median follow-up time of 39.4 months (0.7-211.8), 10 (14.3%) patients developed disease progression, of whom 4 had local recurrence, 2 progressed to single-system multifocal and 4 progressed to multiple system LCH. The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 81.9%. Univariate analysis showed that age < 30 years at diagnosis was associated with worse 3-year PFS (52.2% vs. 97.0%, p = 0.005). The 3-year overall survival was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In our large cohort of adults with unifocal LCH, we found that prognosis of unifocal LCH in adults was very good, and age < 30 years at diagnosis was associated with increased relapse risk.

Molecular underpinnings underlying behaviors changes in the brain of juvenile common carp (Cyrinus carpio) in response to warming.

INTRODUCTION: Global warming is increasing interest in how aquatic animals can adjust their physiological performance and cope with temperature changes. Therefore, understanding the behavioral changes and molecular underpinnings in fish under warming is crucial for both the individual and groups survival. This could provide experimental evidence and resource for evaluating the impact of global warming. OBJECTIVE: Three genetic families of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were generated. These juveniles were constructed short-term (4 days) and long-term (30 days) warming groups to investigate the effects of warming on behavioral responses and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms of warming-driven behavior. METHODS: Behavioral tests were used to explore the effects of short- and long-term exposure to warming on the swimming behavior of C. carpio. Brain transcriptome combined with measurement of nervous system activity was used to further investigated the comprehensive neuromolecular mechanisms under warming. RESULTS: Long-term warming groups had a more significant impact on the decline of swimming behavior in juvenile C. carpio. Furthermore, brain comparative transcriptomic analysis combined with measurement of nervous system activity revealed that genes involved in cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial regulation, and energy metabolism are major regulators of behavior in the juvenile under warming. Importantly, especially in the long-term warming groups, enrichment analysis of associated gene expression suggested functional alterations of synaptic transmission and signal transduction leading to swimming function impairment in the central nervous system, as revealed by behavioral tests. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence of the neurogenomic mechanism underlying the decreased swimming activity in juvenile C. carpio under warming. These findings have important implications for understanding the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them.