A scoping review of incidence and assessment tools for post-intensive care syndrome following cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Post-intensive care syndrome is a new or worsening persistent deterioration in cognitive, mental, and/or physical health following a prolonged admission to an intensive care unit. Post-intensive care syndrome remains underexplored following cardiac surgery, with a lack of understanding of the incidence and tools used to measure the symptoms. A scoping review was conducted to determine the incidence and to identify the tools commonly used to measure symptoms of post-intensive care syndrome following cardiac surgery. METHODS: The electronic databases Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Scopus, and CINAHL (EBSCOhost) and Google Scholar were searched with keywords and controlled vocabulary to describe both cardiac surgery and post-intensive care syndrome (cardiac surgical procedures, heart surgery, and post-intensive care symptoms) and symptoms (delirium, depression, mobility and quality of life). Included were articles written in English and published after 2005 that described cognitive, mental, and physical symptoms of post-intensive care syndrome following cardiac surgery. 3,131 articles were found, with 565 duplicates, leaving 2,566 articles to be screened. Of these, seven unique studies were included. RESULTS: Five studies explored cognitive health, three mental health, one cognitive and mental health, and none physical health. No identified studies reported the overall incidence of post-intensive care syndrome following cardiac surgery. The incidence of cognitive health issues ranged from 21% to 38%, and mental health issues ranged from 16% to 99%. In total, 17 different tools were identified - 14 for cognitive health and three for mental health. No identified studies used the same tools to measure symptoms. No single tool was found to measure all three domains. CONCLUSION: This scoping review identified a literature gap specific to the incidence and inconsistency of assessment tools for post-intensive care syndrome in cardiac surgery patients. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This work impacts clinical practice for the bedside nurse by raising awareness of an emerging health issue.

Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of an Exercise Rehabilitation Program on Symptom Burden in Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Clinical Research Protocol.

Background: People receiving hemodialysis experience high symptom burden that contributes to low functional status and poor health-related quality of life. Management of symptoms is a priority for individuals receiving hemodialysis but limited effective treatments exist. There is emerging evidence that exercise programming can improve several common dialysis-related symptoms. Objective: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of an exercise rehabilitation program on symptom burden in individuals receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Design: Multicenter, randomized controlled, 1:1 parallel, open label, prospective blinded end point trial. Setting: Three facility-based hemodialysis units in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Participants: Adults aged 18 years or older with end-stage kidney disease receiving facility-based maintenance hemodialysis for more than 3 months, with at least 1 dialysis-related symptom as indicated by the Dialysis Symptom Index (DSI) severity score >0 (n = 150). Intervention: Supervised 26-week exercise rehabilitation program and 60 minutes of cycling during hemodialysis thrice weekly. Exercise intensity and duration were supervised and individualized by the kinesiologist as per participant baseline physical function with gradual progression over the course of the intervention. Control: Usual hemodialysis care (no exercise program). Measurements: Our primary outcome is change in symptom burden at 12 weeks as measured by the DSI severity score. Secondary outcomes include change in modified DSI severity score (includes 10 symptoms most plausible to improve with exercise), change in DSI severity score at 26 and 52 weeks; time to recover post-hemodialysis; health-related quality of life measured using EuroQol (EQ)-5D-5L; physical activity behavior measured by self-report (Godin-Shepherd questionnaire) and triaxial accelerometry; exercise capacity (shuttle walk test); frailty (Fried); self-efficacy for exercise; and 1-year hospitalization and mortality. Methods: Change in primary outcome will be compared between groups by independent 2-tailed t test or Mann-Whitney U test depending on data distribution and using generalized linear mixed models, with study time point as a random effect and adjusted for baseline DSI score. Similarly, change in secondary outcomes will be compared between groups over time using appropriate parametric and nonparametric statistical tests depending on data type and distribution. Limitations: The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on clinical research at our institution delayed completion of target recruitment and prevented collection of accelerometry and physical function outcome data for 15 months until restrictions were lifted. Conclusions: The application of an exercise rehabilitation program to improve symptom burden in individuals on hemodialysis may ameliorate common symptoms observed in individuals on hemodialysis and result in improved quality of life and reduced disability and morbidity over the long term. Importantly, this pragmatic study, with a standardized exercise intervention that is adaptable to baseline physical function, addresses an important gap in both clinical care of hemodialysis patients and our current knowledge.

Contexte: Les personnes sous hémodialyse éprouvent un grand nombre de symptômes qui contribuent à un faible état fonctionnel et à une mauvaise qualité de vie liée à la santé. La prise en charge des symptômes est une priorité pour les personnes sous hémodialyse, mais les traitements efficaces sont limités. De nouvelles preuves montrent que l'adoption d'un programme d'exercice permettrait d'améliorer plusieurs symptômes courants liés à la dialyse. Objectifs: Le principal objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer l'effet d'un programme de rééducation par l'exercice sur le fardeau des symptômes chez les personnes recevant une hémodialyse d'entretien. Conception: Essai clinique prospectif randomisé-contrôlé, en aveugle, en parallèle 1:1 et ouvert, multicentrique. Cadre: Trois unités d'hémodialyse de Winnipeg, au Manitoba (Canada). Sujets: Des adultes atteints d'insuffisance rénale terminale qui reçoivent des traitements d'hémodialyse d'entretien en centre depuis plus de trois mois et qui présentent au moins un symptôme lié à la dialyse, tel qu'indiqué par un score de gravité de l'indice des symptômes de la dialyse (Dialysis Symptom Index) supérieur à zéro (n = 150). Intervention: Programme supervisé de rééducation par l'exercice d'une durée de 26 semaines et 60 minutes de vélo trois fois par semaine pendant l'hémodialyse. L'intensité et la durée de l'exercice ont été supervisées par un kinésiologue qui les a ensuite personnalisées en fonction de la forme physique initiale du participant en prévoyant une progression graduelle tout au long de l'intervention. Groupe témoin: Soins habituels d'hémodialyse (sans programme d'exercice). Mesures: Notre principal critère de jugement est un changement dans le fardeau lié aux symptômes après 12 semaines, tel que mesuré par le score de gravité de l'indice des symptômes de dialyse (ISD). Les critères d'évaluation secondaires comprennent un changement du score modifié de gravité de l'ISD (portant sur 10 symptômes les plus plausibles de s'améliorer avec l'exercice), la modification du score de gravité de l'ISD après 26 et 52 semaines, le temps de récupération après l'hémodialyse, la qualité de vie liée à la santé mesurée par le questionnaire EQ5D-5L, le comportement lié à l'activité physique mesuré par autoévaluation (questionnaire Godin-Shepherd) et par accéléromètre triaxial, la capacité d'effort (test de marche navette), la fragilité (Fried), le sentiment d'efficacité autodéclaré face à l'exercice, ainsi que les hospitalisations et la mortalité à un an. Méthodologie: Les changements pour le principal critère de jugement seront comparés entre les groupes par un test t bilatéral indépendant ou un test U de Mann-Whitney en fonction de la distribution des données, ainsi qu'à l'aide de modèles linéaires mixtes généralisés avec un point temporel de l'étude comme effet aléatoire et corrigé en fonction du score ISD initial. Les changements dans les résultats secondaires seront comparés entre les groupes au fil du temps à l'aide des tests statistiques paramétriques et non paramétriques appropriés selon le type de données et la distribution. Limites: Les restrictions liées à la pandémie de COVID-19 dans notre établissement ont retardé le recrutement des cibles et empêché pendant 15 mois la collecte de données sur les résultats mesurés par l'accéléromètre et les mesures de la fonction physique, soit jusqu'à ce que les restrictions soient levées. Conclusion: L'adoption d'un programme de rééducation par l'exercice visant à réduire le fardeau lié aux symptômes chez les personnes sous hémodialyse peut améliorer les symptômes courants observés dans cette population et se traduire par une amélioration de la qualité de vie et une réduction de l'invalidité et de la morbidité à long terme. Il convient de noter que cet essai pragmatique, avec son intervention d'exercice standardisée adaptable à la condition physique initiale de la personne, comble une lacune importante dans les soins cliniques des patients sous hémodialyse et dans nos connaissances actuelles.

Future directions for patient engagement in research: a participatory workshop with Canadian patient partners and academic researchers.

BACKGROUND: Patient engagement in research (also commonly referred to as patient or patient and public involvement in research) strives to transform health research wherein patients (including caregivers and the public) are regularly and actively engaged as multidisciplinary research team members (i.e. patient partners) working jointly towards improved health outcomes and an enhanced healthcare system. To support its mindful evolution into a staple of health research, this participatory study aimed to identify future directions for Canadian patient engagement in research and discusses its findings in the context of the international literature. METHODS: The study met its aim through a multi-meeting pan-Canadian virtual workshop. Participants (n = 30) included Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research-funded academic researchers and patient partners identified through a publicly available database, personal and professional networks and social media. All spoke English, could access the workshop virtually, and provided written informed consent. The workshop was composed of four, 1.5-3-h virtual meetings wherein participants discussed the current and preferred future states of Canadian patient engagement in research. Workshop discussions (i.e. data) were video and audio recorded. Themes were generated through an iterative process of inductive thematic analysis that occurred concurrently with the multi-week workshop. RESULTS: Our participatory and iterative process identified 10 targetable areas of focus for the future of Canadian patient engagement in research. Five were categorized as system-level (systemic integration; academic culture; engagement networks; funding models; compensation models), one as researcher-level (engagement processes), and four crossed both levels (awareness; diversity and recruitment; training, tools and education; evaluation and impact). System level targetable areas called for reshaping the patient engagement ecosystem to create a legitimized and supportive space for patient engagement to be a staple component of a learning health system. Researcher level targetable areas called for academic researchers and patient partners to collaboratively generate evidence and apply knowledge to inform values and behaviours necessary to foster and sustain supportive health research spaces that are accessible to all. CONCLUSIONS: Future directions for Canadian patient engagement in research span 10 interconnected targetable areas that require strong leadership and joint action between patient partners, academic researchers, and health and research institutions if patient engagement is to become a ubiquitous component of a learning health system.

Exploring patient and caregiver perceptions of the meaning of the patient partner role: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The re-conceptualization of patients' and caregivers' roles in research from study participants to co-researchers ("patient partners") has led to growing pains within and outside the research community, such as how to effectively engage patients in research and as part of interdisciplinary teams. To support the growth of more successful research partnerships by developing a shared understanding of how patient partners conceptualize and contribute to their role, this study aimed to explore patient partners' motivations for engagement and understanding of their role. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with participants (n = 13) of an online survey of activities and impacts of patient engagement in Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research projects. Eligibility criteria included being a patient partner that indicated interest in interview participation upon survey completion, the ability to read/write in English and provide informed consent. Data were analyzed thematically using an inductive, codebook thematic analysis. RESULTS: Illuminating the lived/living patient and caregiver experience was central to how most patient partners conceptualized the role in terms of its definition, purpose, value, and responsibilities. Participants also identified four additional categories of motivations for becoming a patient partner and contributions that patient partners make to research that build upon and are in addition to sharing their lived/living experiences. Lastly, participants highlighted important connotations of the term patient partner, including temporal and context-specific considerations for the term "patient" and what "partner" may imply about the nature of the research relationship. CONCLUSIONS: At the onset of partnership, academic researchers and patient partners must create the space necessary to discuss and understand each other's underlying motivations for partnering and their perspectives on the purpose, value, and responsibilities of the patient partner role. These early conversations should help unearth what research partners hope to get out of and feel that they are able to contribute to engaging, and in such contribute to the development of reciprocal relationships that work towards shared and valued goals. Trial registration Not applicable.

Developing a shared understanding and respect for each other's motivations, experiences, and expectations is an important step toward successful academic researcher-patient partnerships. Therefore, this study aimed to explore patient partners' motivations for engagement and understanding of their role. We met this aim by interviewing 13 English-speaking individuals with lived/living experience of being patient partners on Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research projects. These individuals were identified through our database of previous study participants interested in future research opportunities. We analyzed the information gathered through interviews by identifying themes that arose among sets of interview questions. Our findings revealed that illuminating (i.e., sharing and drawing attention to) the lived/living patient and caregiver experience was central to how most participants defined the patient partner role and its purpose, value, and responsibilities. We also identified four other categories of motivations for becoming a patient partner and contributions that patient partners make to research other than sharing their lived/living experiences. Finally, interviews highlighted different types of meanings that could be attached to the title of "patient partner." Based on our findings, we suggest that it is very important that academic researchers and patient partners take the time to discuss and understand each other's underlying motivations for partnering and their thoughts on the purpose, value, and responsibilities of the patient partner role. These early conversations should help unearth what research partners hope to get out of and feel that they can contribute to engaging and, through this, help establish two-way relationships focused on shared and valued goals.

Polypharmacy, physical activity, and sedentary time in older adults: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To map out the studies that have investigated the associations of polypharmacy and/or potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use with physical activity and sedentary time in older adults. METHODS: We conducted a literature search from inception to December 2022 in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. INCLUSION CRITERIA: observational studies including older adults (≥60 years); English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages; any definition of polypharmacy; implicit and explicit criteria of PIM use; physical activity and/or sedentary time data. RESULTS: Fourteen cross-sectional studies were included; 11 defined polypharmacy as ≥5 medications (prevalence ranging from 9.5 % to 57 %). No study reported information on PIM use. Most studies included participants aged <80 years. Twelve studies included self-reported measures of physical activity, while two studies used accelerometer-measured physical activity. Ten studies included analyses adjusted for confounders, and nine considered polypharmacy as an outcome. All of them demonstrated an inverse association between physical activity and polypharmacy, irrespective of the definition of polypharmacy and the assessment method employed (self-reported or accelerometry). One study reported an inverse association between polypharmacy (as the exposure) and physical activity (as the outcome). None of the studies investigated the association between sedentary time and polypharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence suggests an inverse association between physical activity and polypharmacy in older adults. However, the relationship between PIM use, physical activity, and sedentary time remains unknown. Longitudinal studies utilizing objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time are needed to better clarify the relationship between these movement behaviors and polypharmacy and/or PIM use in older adults.

Patient and caregiver preferences and prioritized outcomes for cardiac surgery: A scoping review and consultation workshop.

OBJECTIVE(S): In light of the absence of patient and caregiver input in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Cardiac Surgery guideline development, we conducted a scoping review to identify patient and caregiver preferences and prioritized outcomes related to perioperative care in cardiac surgery and its lifelong impact. METHODS: Five electronic databases were searched to retrieve studies investigating patient or caregiver preferences and prioritized outcomes. Information was charted in duplicate and analyzed using descriptive statistics or thematic analysis. A patient and caregiver consultation workshop validated scoping review findings and solicited novel preferences and outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 5292 articles retrieved, 43 met inclusion criteria. Most were from Europe (n = 19, 44%) or North America (n = 15, 35%) and qualitative and quantitative designs were represented in equal proportions. Fifty-two methods were used to obtain stakeholder preferences and prioritized outcomes, the majority being qualitative in nature (n = 32, 61%). Based on the collective preferences of 3772 patients and caregivers from the review and 17 from the consultation workshop, a total of 108 patient preferences, 32 caregiver preferences, and 19 prioritized outcomes were identified. The most commonly identified theme was "information and education." Improved quality of life was the most common patient-prioritized outcome, and all caregiver-prioritized outcomes were derived from the consultation workshop. CONCLUSIONS: Patient and caregiver preferences overlap with Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Cardiac Surgery recommendations targeting preoperative risk reduction strategies, prehabilitation, patient engagement technology, and intra- and postoperative strategies to reduce discomfort. To support clinical practice, future research should investigate associations with key surgical outcomes.

Barriers to Successful Discharge After Cardiac Surgery: A Focus Group Study and Cross-Sectional Survey.

At present, there is a lack of information on patient and caregiver values, and perceived priorities and barriers, to guide successful post-discharge recovery. This was a single center, multiple methods study that investigated patient, caregiver, and health care provider perceptions of the discharge process after cardiac surgery. Themes emerging from focus group discussions with patients and caregivers were used to develop surveys relating to values, barriers, and challenges relating to the discharge process. Thirty-two patients (n = 16) and caregivers (n = 16) participated in four separate focus groups. Four themes emerged from these discussions: (1) a lack of understanding about what the discharge process entails and when discharge is appropriate, (2) issues relating to the information provided to patients at the time of discharge, (3) participant experiences with the health care system, and (4) the experiences of caregivers. Seventy-eight patients, 34 caregivers, 53 nurses and/or other allied health professionals, and 8 surgeons completed the cross-sectional surveys. The most important component of the discharge process for patients and caregivers was "knowing what to do in an emergency." Health care providers less accurately identified what caregivers perceived as the most important aspects of the discharge process.Statements relating to informational barriers to discharge were the most discordant among patient and caregiver respondents. After discharge, patients and caregivers identified the need for longer-term follow up with the surgeon and more support in the community. Incorporation of patient and caregiver values to guide the post-cardiac surgery discharge process is essential to promote successful recovery.

Daily step volume and intensity moderate the association of sedentary time and cardiometabolic disease risk in community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the moderating effect of step count and peak cadence on the relationship of sedentary time and cardiometabolic disease risk in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 248 older adults aged 60-80 years without cardiovascular disease (66.0 ± 4.6 years of age; 78 % females). Sedentary time, step count and peak cadence were measured by a hip-worn accelerometer for seven days. Peak cadence was defined as the average of 30 min of the day (but not necessarily consecutive) with the highest cadence (steps per minute) for all valid days. Cardiometabolic disease risk was defined using a sex-specific continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS). Sedentary time was used as an explanatory variable for cMetS and step count and peak cadence as moderators. The analyses were adjusted for known cardiometabolic disease risk factors and accelerometer wear time. The Johnson-Neyman technique was used to specify the value of moderator variables at which the significant relationship between sedentary time and cMetS disappears. RESULTS: Both step count (ß = -0.186, P = 0.032) and peak cadence (ß = -0.003, P = 0.007) showed a moderating effect on the relationship of sedentary time and cMetS. The association of sedentary time and cMetS was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) when step count or peak cadence exceed 5715 steps per day and 57 steps per minute, respectively. CONCLUSION: Steps per day and peak cadence moderate the association of sedentary time and cardiometabolic disease risk in older adults. Therefore, steps per day and peak cadence seem to offset the deleterious effects of sedentary time on cardiometabolic health in this population.

Pre-Frailty Phenotype and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults Free of Cardiovascular Diseases.

PURPOSE: Arterial stiffness is a subclinical marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The pre-frailty phenotype is associated with a higher risk for CVD. This study investigated the association between the pre-frailty phenotype and arterial stiffness in community-dwelling older adults without diagnosed CVD. METHODS: In total, 249 community-dwelling older adults aged 60-80 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The pre-frailty phenotype was defined by the standardized Fried criteria (muscle weakness; slow walking speed; low physical activity; unintentional weight loss; self-reported exhaustion). Participants with one or two standardized Fried criteria were classified as pre-frail and those with zero criteria as robust. Arterial stiffness was measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV). The data were analyzed using the generalized linear model. RESULTS: From 249 participants (66.1 ± 5.3 years; 79.5% females), 61.8% (n = 154) were pre-frail and 38.2% (n = 95) robust. Pre-frail older adults had a higher aPWV (ß = 0.19 m/s; p = 0.007) compared to their robust peers. CONCLUSIONS: The pre-frailty phenotype was associated with higher arterial stiffness in community-dwelling older adults aged 60-80 years. Pre-frail older adults may have a higher risk for CVD.

Activities and impacts of patient engagement in CIHR SPOR funded research: a cross-sectional survey of academic researcher and patient partner experiences.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge about the specific engagement activities pursued and associated impacts of patient engagement in research in Canada remains nascent. This study aimed to describe engagement activities and perceived impacts of projects funded by the Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional online survey of academic researchers and patient partners engaging in projects funded through 13 SPOR funding calls (2014-2019). Patient engagement activities and impacts were measured using a self-developed survey. Thematic analysis was used to describe engagement activities and impacts. RESULTS: 66 of 511 academic researchers and 20 of 28 patient partners contacted completed the survey and were included in analyses. Respondents reported that patient partners were engaged in seven types of activities across the research cycle: (a) sharing experiences/giving advice, (b) identifying the research focus/methods, (c) developing/revising aspects of the project, (d) conducting research activities, (e) study participation, (f) presenting on behalf of the project, and (g) other grant development or knowledge translation activities. Engagement was associated with six different types of impacts related to knowledge, outputs, or directions being (a) created, (b) moulded, (c) confirmed, or (d) chosen/prioritized, (e) perceived success of the research, and (f) minimal/negative impacts on the research. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents information on different ways that patient partners were engaged in SPOR-funded research and the potential impacts of these activities. This knowledge base is imperative to the future of patient engagement in research, including the planning and evaluation of future studies that engage patients as active shapers of research.

The Canadian Institutes of Health Research developed the Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR) to help increase capacity for patient engagement in research. However, little is known about the ways in which Canadian patient co-researchers (i.e., patient partners) are being engaged in research and the perceived impacts of engagement. Therefore, this study aimed to describe engagement activities and perceived impacts of SPOR-funded projects. To do so, we carried out an online survey of academic researchers and patient partners engaging in projects funded through 13 SPOR funding calls. We analysed the collected data using thematic analysis, which focuses on finding themes among data. Sixty-six of 511 academic researchers and 20 of 28 patient partners contacted completed the survey and were included in analyses. We found that patient partners were engaged in seven types of activities across the research cycle: (a) sharing experiences/giving advice, (b) identifying the research focus/methods, (c) developing/revising aspects of the project, (d) conducting research activities, (e) study participation, (f) presenting on behalf of the project, and (g) other grant development or knowledge translation activities. We also found that engagement was associated with six different types of impacts related to knowledge, outputs, or directions being (a) created, (b) moulded, (c) confirmed, or (d) chosen/prioritized, (e) perceived success of the research, and (f) minimal/negative impacts on the research. The findings of this study can be used to inform ongoing and future research, including empowering patient partners to be more informed and actively shape how they may contribute to research processes.

The Association Between Route of Post-menopausal Estrogen Administration and Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Community-Dwelling Women.

Background: Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Although the route of estrogen administration may play a role in mediating risk, previous studies have not controlled for concomitant progestin use. Objective: To investigate the association between the route of estrogen therapy (oral or non-oral) HT use, without concomitant progestin, and blood pressure and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women. Methods: Systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP]), arterial stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity [aPWV] and augmentation index at 75 beats per minute [AIx]) were measured using a validated automated brachial cuff-based oscillometric approach (Mobil-O-Graph) in a community-dwelling sample of 328 women. Results: Fifty-five participants (16.8%) were ever users (current and past use) of estrogen-only HT (oral [n = 16], transdermal [n = 20], vaginal [n = 19]), and 223 were never HT users (control). Ever use of oral estrogen was associated with increased SBP and DBP (Oral: SBP: 137 ± 4 mmHg, DBP: 79 ± 2 mmHg) compared to use of non-oral estrogen (transdermal: SBP: 118 ± 2 mmHg, DBP: 73 ± 1 mmHg; p < 0.01 & p = 0.012, respectively; vaginal: SBP: 123 ± 2 mmHg DBP: 73 ± 2 mmHg; p = 0.02 & p = 0.01, respectively.) and controls (SBP: 124 ± 1 mmHg, DBP: 74 ± 1 mmHg, p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively) after adjustment for covariates. aPWV was higher in oral estrogen ever users (9.9 ± 1 m/s) compared to non-oral estrogen (transdermal: 8.6 ± 0.3 m/s, p < 0.01; vaginal: 8.8 ± 0.7 m/s, p = 0.03) and controls (8.9 ± 0.5 m/s, p = 0.03) but these associations were no longer significant after adjustment for covariates. AIx was higher in oral estrogen (29 ± 2 %) compared to non-oral estrogen (transdermal: 16 ± 2 %; vaginal: 22 ± 1.7 %) but this association was no longer significant after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.92 vs. non-oral; p = 0.74 vs. control). Conclusion: Ever use of oral estrogen was associated with increased SBP and DBP compared to non-oral estrogen use and no use. Given the cardiovascular risk associated with both menopause and increased blood pressure, further studies are required exploring the potential benefits of non-oral estrogen in postmenopausal women.

Immediate post-exercise blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertensive and normotensive older females.

Although it has been suggested that increased arterial stiffness is linked to exaggerated blood pressure (BP) from brief moderate exercise, it is not clear whether this occurs in older adults with and without hypertension. This study investigates whether the immediate post-exercise systolic BP following brief moderate exercise is associated with arterial stiffness in older females with different BP status. This cross-sectional study included 191 older females aged 60-80 years without known cardiovascular disease (CVD). Arterial stiffness was determined by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV). Systolic BP was measured before and immediately following a 3-min moderate walking test (stage 1 Bruce protocol). Specific quartile-based thresholds were used to define an exaggerated immediate post-exercise systolic BP for hypertensive and normotensive older females (quartile 4 as an exaggerated response). Traditional CVD risk factors were assessed (covariates). Older females from the highest quartile of immediate post-exercise absolute systolic BP showed higher aPWV compared to their peers from the lowest quartile (ß = .22 m/s, p = .018). The quartile-based threshold to define the exaggerated post-exercise systolic BP was higher in hypertensive than in normotensive older females (174 vs. 172 mmHg). In summary, exaggerated immediate post-exercise systolic BP following a brief moderate exercise is associated with higher arterial stiffness in older females with different BP status.

Frailty-aware care: giving value to frailty assessment across different healthcare settings.

Healthcare systems need to adapt to better serve an aging population with complex presentations. Frailty assessments are a potential means to address this heterogeneity in aging to identify individuals at increased risk for adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, frailty assessments offer an opportunity to optimize patient care in various healthcare settings. While the vast number of frailty assessment tools available can be a source of confusion for clinicians, each tool has features adaptable to the constraints and goals of different healthcare settings. This review discusses and compares barriers, facilitators, and the application of frailty assessments in primary care, the emergency department/intensive care unit and surgical care to cover a breadth of settings with different frailty assessment considerations. The implementation of frailty-aware care across healthcare settings potentiates better healthcare outcomes for older adults.

Use of a mobile health application by adult non-congenital cardiac surgery patients: A feasibility study.

Mobile Health (mHealth) technologies are becoming integral to our healthcare system. This study evaluated the feasibility (compliance, usability and user satisfaction) of a mHealth application (app) for delivering Enhanced Recovery Protocols (ERPs) information to Cardiac Surgery (CS) patients peri-operatively. This single centre, prospective cohort study involved patients undergoing CS. Patients received a mHealth app developed for the study at consent and for 6-8 weeks post-surgery. Patients completed system usability, patient satisfaction and quality of life surveys pre- and post-surgery. A total of 65 patients participated in the study (mean age of 64 years). The app achieved an overall utilization rate of 75% (68% vs 81% for <65 and ≥65 years respectively). Pre-surgery, the majority of patients found the app easy to use (94%), user-friendly (89%), and felt confident using the app (92%). The majority also found the app's educational information useful (90%) and easy to find (88%). 75% of patients reported that they would like to use the app frequently. This percentage decreased to 57% in the post-discharge survey. A lower percentage of patients ≥65 years indicated their preference for the app over printed information (51% vs 87%) and their recommendation for the app (84% vs 100% for >65 and <65 years respectively) in the post-surgery survey. MHealth technology is feasible for peri-operative CS patient education, including older adult patients. The majority of patients were satisfied with the app and would recommend using it over the use of printed materials.

Sirtuin 3 overexpression preserves maximal sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase activity in the skeletal muscle of mice subjected to high fat - high sucrose feeding.

Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium (Ca2+) ATPase (SERCA) transports Ca2+ in muscle. Impaired SERCA activity may contribute to diabetic myopathy. Sirtuin (SIRT) 3 regulates muscle metabolism and function; however, it is unknown if SIRT3 regulates muscle SERCA activity or acetylation. We determined if SIRT3 overexpression enhances SERCA activity in mouse gastrocnemius muscle and if SIRT3 overexpression preserves gastrocnemius SERCA activity in a model of type 2 diabetes, induced by high fat - high sucrose (HFHS) feeding. We also determined if the acetylation status of SERCA proteins in mouse gastrocnemius is altered by SIRT3 overexpression or HFHS feeding. Wild-type (WT) and SIRT3 transgenic (SIRT3TG) mice, overexpressing SIRT3 in skeletal muscle, were fed a standard or HFHS diet for 4 months. SIRT3TG and WT mice developed obesity and glucose intolerance after 4 months of HFHS feeding. SERCA Vmax was higher in gastrocnemius of SIRT3TG mice compared with WT mice. HFHS-fed mice had lower SERCA1a protein levels and lower SERCA Vmax in their gastrocnemius than control-fed mice. The decrease in SERCA Vmax in gastrocnemius muscle due to HFHS feeding was attenuated by SIRT3 overexpression in HFHS-fed SIRT3TG mice. SERCA1a and SERCA2a acetylation in mouse gastrocnemius was not altered by genotype or diet. These findings suggest SIRT3 overexpression improves SERCA function in mouse skeletal muscle.

Putting patient value first: Using a modified nominal group technique for the implementation of enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery recommendations.

Objective: In 2019, the Society for Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERAS-CS) published perioperative guidelines to optimize the care of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. For centers with limited capacity, a sequential approach to the implementation of the full guidelines may be more feasible. Therefore, we aimed to explore the priority of implementation of the ERAS-CS guideline recommendations from a patient and caregiver perspective. Methods: Using a modified nominal group technique, individuals who previously underwent cardiac surgery and their caregivers ranked ERAS-CS recommendations within 3 time points (ie, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative) and across 2 to 3 voting rounds. Final round rankings (median, mean and first quartile) were used to determine relative priorities. Results: Seven individuals (5 patients and 2 caregivers) participated in the study. Patient engagement tools (2, 2.29, and 1.50), surgical site infection reduction (2, 1.67, and 1.25), and postoperative systematic delirium screening (1, 2.43, and 1.00) were the top-ranked ERAS-CS recommendations in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative time points, respectively. Conclusions: Exploration of patient and caregiver priorities may provide important insights to guide the healthcare team with clinical pathway development and implementation. Further study is needed to understand the impact of the integration of patient and caregiver values on effective and sustainable clinical pathway implementation.

Integrated Dynamic Autonomic and Cardiovascular Regulation during Postural Transitions in Older Adults Living with Frailty: A Systematic Review Protocol.

Older adults often experience episodes of a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing, known as orthostatic hypotension (OH). OH is associated with an increased risk of life-threatening health problems, falls, and death. Although OH has been studied in older adults, the integrated dynamic autonomic and cardiovascular regulation during postural transitions in older adults with frailty remains scarce and poorly understood. The primary aim of this systematic review is to determine the association between how active (e.g., lie-to-stand) and passive (head-up tilt) postural transitions affect the dynamic integrated autonomic and cardiovascular regulatory responses, comparing older adults with different levels of frailty (non-frail, pre-frail, or frail). A second aim is to perform a meta-analysis to compare autonomic and cardiovascular responses during active postural transitions in non-frail, pre-frail, and frail older adults. The systematic review will be outlined according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. The meta-analysis will generate estimates of the comparative autonomic and cardiovascular responses after active postural transitions in adults who are non-frail, pre-frail, and frail. This systematic review will provide critical information on how integrated dynamic autonomic and cardiovascular regulation occurs during postural transitions in older adults with different frailty statuses.

Patient Engagement in the Design of a Mobile Health App That Supports Enhanced Recovery Protocols for Cardiac Surgery: Development Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of their perspectives, end users (eg, patients, caregivers) are not typically engaged by academic researchers in the development of mobile health (mHealth) apps for perioperative cardiac surgery settings. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe a process for and the impact of patient engagement in the development of an mHealth app that supports patient and caregiver involvement with enhanced recovery protocols during the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Engagement occurred at the level of consultation and took the form of an advisory panel. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery (2017-2018) at St. Boniface Hospital (Winnipeg, Manitoba) and their caregivers were approached for participation. A qualitative exploration determined the impact of patient engagement on the development (ie, design and content) of the mHealth app. This included a description of (1) the key messages generated by the advisory panel, (2) how key messages were incorporated into the development of the mHealth app, and (3) feedback from the developers of the mHealth app about the key messages generated by the advisory panel. RESULTS: The advisory panel (N=10) generated 23 key messages to guide the development of the mHealth app. Key design-specific messages (n=7) centered around access, tracking, synchronization, and reminders. Key content-specific messages (n=16) centered around medical terms, professional roles, cardiac surgery procedures and recovery, educational videos, travel, nutrition, medications, resources, and physical activity. This information was directly incorporated into the design of the mHealth app as long as it was supported by the existing functionalities of the underlying platform. For example, the platform did not support the scheduling of reminders by users, identifying drug interactions, or synchronizing with other devices. The developers of the mHealth app noted that key messages resulted in the integration of a vast range and volume of information and resources instead of ones primarily focused on surgical information, content geared toward expectations management, and an expanded focus to include caregivers and other family members, so that these stakeholders may be directly included in the provision of information, allowing them to be better informed, prepare along with the patient, and be involved in recovery planning. CONCLUSIONS: Patient engagement may facilitate the development of a detail-oriented and patient-centered mHealth app whose design and content are driven by the lived experiences of end users.