RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity in sepsis expression is multidimensional, including highly disparate data such as the underlying disorders, infection source, causative micro-organismsand organ failures. The aim of the study is to identify clusters of patients based on clinical and biological characteristic available at patients' admission. METHODS: All patients included in a national prospective multicenter ICU cohort OUTCOMEREA and admitted for sepsis or septic shock (Sepsis 3.0 definition) were retrospectively analyzed. A hierarchical clustering was performed in a training set of patients to build clusters based on a comprehensive set of clinical and biological characteristics available at ICU admission. Clusters were described, and the 28-day, 90-day, and one-year mortality were compared with log-rank rates. Risks of mortality were also compared after adjustment on SOFA score and year of ICU admission. RESULTS: Of the 6,046 patients with sepsis in the cohort, 4,050 (67%) were randomly allocated to the training set. Six distinct clusters were identified: young patients without any comorbidities, admitted in ICU for community-acquired pneumonia (n = 1,603 (40%)); young patients without any comorbidities, admitted in ICU for meningitis or encephalitis (n = 149 (4%)); elderly patients with COPD, admitted in ICU for bronchial infection with few organ failures (n = 243 (6%)); elderly patients, with several comorbidities and organ failures (n = 1,094 (27%)); patients admitted after surgery, with a nosocomial infection (n = 623 (15%)); young patients with immunosuppressive conditions (e.g., AIDS, chronic steroid therapy or hematological malignancy) (n = 338 (8%)). Clusters differed significantly in early or late mortality (p < .001), even after adjustment on severity of organ dysfunctions (SOFA) and year of ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and biological features commonly available at ICU admission of patients with sepsis or septic shock enabled to set up six clusters of patients, with very distinct outcomes. Considering these clusters may improve the care management and the homogeneity of patients in future studies.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Hospitalar , Hospitalização , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Sepse , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Análise por Conglomerados , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Infecção Hospitalar/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/terapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sepse/etiologia , Sepse/mortalidade , Sepse/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Our study set out to test the effect of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) performed after unplanned extubation. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in a university-affiliated mixed ICU of 12 beds during a 5-y period (January 2013 to December 2017). Unplanned extubation was defined as the occurrence of an unplanned removal of the endotracheal tube, whether deliberate or accidental. NIV after an unplanned extubation was not protocolized and was decided by the physician in charge on an individual basis. RESULTS: A total of 121 subjects (median [25th-75th percentile] age, 62.1 [43.3-73.6] y; median [25th-75th percentile] Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, 45 [36-54]) experienced 131 unplanned extubation episodes. Re-intubation was deemed necessary in 35 subjects (28.9%). NIV was used in 24 subjects (19.8%) (prophylactic NIV, n = 10; rescue NIV, n = 14). The re-intubation rates were 25.8%, 10%, and 64.3% in the no NIV, prophylactic, and rescue NIV subgroups, respectively. The median (25th-75th percentile) time to re-intubation was longer for subjects on NIV (9.1 [3.5-49.2] vs 0.46 [0.25-1] h, P = .001). The median (25th-75th percentile) ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation were longer in the subjects who underwent NIV (14.5 [7-24.5] vs 6 [3-14] d, respectively, P = .004; and 9 [3-22] vs 3 [1-7.3] d, respectively, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: NIV after unplanned extubation had uncertain efficacy, especially when provided as rescue management of postextubation respiratory failure.
Assuntos
Extubação , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Ventilação não Invasiva/métodos , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Adulto , Idoso , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Seguimentos , França , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência Respiratória/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Respiratória/mortalidade , Retratamento/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSES: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading pathogen of severe community, hospital or nursing facility infections. We sought to describe characteristics of invasive pneumococcal infection (IPI) and pneumonia (due to the high mortality of intensive care-associated pneumonia) and to report outcomes according to various types of comorbidity. METHODS: Multicenter observational cohort study on the prospective Outcomerea database, including adult patients, with a hospital stay < 48 h before ICU admission and a documented IPI within the first 72 h of ICU admission. Comorbid conditions were defined according to the Knaus and Charlson classification. RESULTS: Of the 20,235 patients, 5310 (26.4%) had an invasive infection, including 560/5,310 (10.6%) who had an IPI. The ICU 28-day mortality was 109/560 (19.8%). Four factors were independently associated with mortality: SOFA day 1-2: [hazard ratio (HR) 1.21; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15-1.27, p < 0.001]; maximum lactate level day 1-2: (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.12, p = 0.006); diabetes mellitus: (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.23-3.03, p = 0.006) and appropriate antibiotics (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.50, p < 0.001). Comparable results were obtained when other comorbid conditions were forced into the model. Diabetes impact was more pronounced in case of micro- or macro-angiopathy (HR 4.17, 95%CI 1.68-10.54, p = 0.003), in patients ≥ 65 years old (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.56-4.28, < 0.001) and in those with body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.10-4.06, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus was the only comorbid condition which independently influenced mortality in patients with IPI. Its impact was more pronounced in patients with complications, aged ≥ 65 years and with BMI < 25 kg/m2.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Idoso , Comorbidade , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/mortalidade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients starting noninvasive ventilation (NIV) to treat acute respiratory failure are often unable to eat and therefore remain in the fasting state or receive nutritional support. Maintaining a good nutritional status has been reported to improve patient outcomes. In the present study, our primary objective was to describe the nutritional management of patients starting first-line NIV, and our secondary objectives were to assess potential associations between nutritional management and outcomes. METHODS: Observational retrospective cohort study of a prospective database fed by 20 French intensive care units. Adult medical patients receiving NIV for more than 2 consecutive days were included and divided into four groups on the basis of nutritional support received during the first 2 days of NIV: no nutrition, enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition only, and oral nutrition only. RESULTS: Of the 16,594 patients admitted during the study period, 1075 met the inclusion criteria; of these, 622 (57.9%) received no nutrition, 28 (2.6%) received enteral nutrition, 74 (6.9%) received parenteral nutrition only, and 351 (32.7%) received oral nutrition only. After adjustment for confounders, enteral nutrition (vs. no nutrition) was associated with higher 28-day mortality (adjusted HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.4) and invasive mechanical ventilation needs (adjusted HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.2), as well as with fewer ventilator-free days by day 28 (adjusted relative risk, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly three-fifths of patients receiving NIV fasted for the first 2 days. Lack of feeding or underfeeding was not associated with mortality. The optimal route of nutrition for these patients needs to be investigated.
Assuntos
Ventilação não Invasiva/métodos , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Insuficiência Respiratória/dietoterapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Nutrição Enteral/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , França , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/organização & administração , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ventilação não Invasiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Apoio Nutricional/estatística & dados numéricos , Nutrição Parenteral/métodos , Nutrição Parenteral/estatística & dados numéricos , Insuficiência Respiratória/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
RATIONALE: The impact of prevention strategies and risk factors for early-onset (EOP) versus late-onset (LOP) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are still debated. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, in a multicenter cohort, the risk factors for EOP and LOP, as the evolution of prevention strategies. METHODS: 7,784 patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) for at least 48 hours were selected into the multicenter prospective OUTCOMEREA database (1997-2016). VAP occurring between the 3rd and 6th day of MV defined EOP, while those occurring after defined LOPs. We used a Fine and Gray subdistribution model to take the successful extubation into account as a competing event. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Overall, 1,234 included patients developed VAP (EOP: 445 (36%); LOP: 789 (64%)). Male gender was a risk factor for both EOP and LOP. Factors specifically associated with EOP were admission for respiratory distress, previous colonization with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, chest tube and enteral feeding within the first 2 days of MV. Antimicrobials administrated within the first 2 days of MV were all protective of EOP. ICU admission for COPD exacerbation or pneumonia were early risk factors for LOP, while imidazole and vancomycin use within the first 2 days of MV were protective factors. Late risk factors (between the 3rd and the 6th day of MV) were the intra-hospital transport, PAO2-FIO2<200 mmHg, vasopressor use, and known colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Among the antimicrobials administered between the 3rd and the 6th day, fluoroquinolones were the solely protective one.Contrarily to LOP, the risk of EOP decreased across the study time periods, concomitantly with an increase in the compliance with bundle of prevention measures. CONCLUSION: VAP risk factors are mostly different according to the pneumonia time of onset, which should lead to differentiated prevention strategies.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the haemodynamic effect of crystalloids and colloids during acute severe hypovolaemic shock. DESIGN: Exploratory subgroup analysis of a multicentre randomised controlled trial (Colloids Versus Crystalloids for the Resuscitation of the Critically Ill, CRISTAL, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00318942). SETTING: CRISTAL was conducted in intensive care units in Europe, North Africa and Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Current analysis included all patients who had a pulmonary artery catheter in place at randomisation. 220 patients (117 received crystalloids vs 103 colloids) underwent pulmonary artery catheterisation. INTERVENTION: Crystalloids versus colloids for fluid resuscitation in hypovolaemic shock. OUTCOME MEASURES: Haemodynamic data were collected at the time of randomisation and subsequently on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. RESULTS: Median cumulative volume of fluid administered during the first 7 days was higher in the crystalloids group than in the colloids group (3500 (2000-6000) vs 2500 (1000-4000) mL, p=0.01). Patients in the colloids arm exhibited a lower heart rate over time compared with those allocated to the crystalloids arm (p=0.014). There was no significant difference in Cardiac Index (p=0.053), mean blood pressure (p=0.4), arterial lactates (p=0.9) or global Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (p=0.3) over time between arms. CONCLUSIONS: During acute severe hypovolaemic shock, patients monitored by a pulmonary artery catheter achieved broadly similar haemodynamic outcomes, using lower volumes of colloids than crystalloids. The heart rate was lower in the colloids arm.
Assuntos
Coloides/uso terapêutico , Hidratação/métodos , Hemodinâmica , Soluções Isotônicas/uso terapêutico , Ressuscitação/métodos , Choque/terapia , África do Norte , Idoso , Canadá , Estado Terminal/terapia , Soluções Cristaloides , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Choque/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Identifying modifiable factors for sepsis-associated encephalopathy may help improve patient care and outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective multicenter database. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) was defined by a score on the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) <15 or when features of delirium were noted. Potentially modifiable risk factors for SAE at ICU admission and its impact on mortality were investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazard modeling, respectively. RESULTS: We included 2513 patients with sepsis at ICU admission, of whom 1341 (53%) had sepsis-associated encephalopathy. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, site of infection, and type of admission, the following factors remained independently associated with sepsis-associated encephalopathy: acute renal failure [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.67], hypoglycemia <3 mmol/l (aOR = 2.66, 95% CI 1.27-5.59), hyperglycemia >10 mmol/l (aOR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.09-1.72), hypercapnia >45 mmHg (aOR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.53-2.38), hypernatremia >145 mmol/l (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.48-3.57), and S. aureus (aOR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.05-2.25). Sepsis-associated encephalopathy was associated with higher mortality, higher use of ICU resources, and longer hospital stay. After adjusting for age, comorbidities, year of admission, and non-neurological SOFA score, even mild alteration of mental status (i.e., a score on the GCS of 13-14) remained independently associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.38, 95% CI 1.09-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Acute renal failure and common metabolic disturbances represent potentially modifiable factors contributing to sepsis-associated encephalopathy. However, a true causal relationship has yet to be demonstrated. Our study confirms the prognostic significance of mild alteration of mental status in patients with sepsis.
Assuntos
Encefalopatia Associada a Sepse/epidemiologia , Sepse/epidemiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Idoso , Delírio/epidemiologia , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escores de Disfunção Orgânica , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: ICU-acquired bloodstream infection (ICUBSI) in Intensive Care unit (ICU) is still associated with a high mortality rate. The increase of antimicrobial drug resistance makes its treatment increasingly challenging. METHODS: We analyzed 571 ICU-BSI occurring amongst 10,734 patients who were prospectively included in the Outcomerea Database and who stayed at least 4 days in ICU. The hazard ratio of death associated with ICU-BSI was estimated using a multivariate Cox model adjusted on case mix, patient severity and daily SOFA. RESULTS: ICU-BSI was associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.16-1.69; p = 0.0004). The relative increase in the risk of death was 130% (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8-3.0) when initial antimicrobial agents within a day of ICU-BSI onset were not adequate, versus only 20% (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.9-1.5) when an adequate therapy was started within a day. The adjusted hazard ratio of death was significant overall, and even higher when the ICU-BSI source was pneumonia or unknown origin. When treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents, the death risk increase was similar for ICU-BSI due to multidrug resistant pathogens or susceptible ones. Interestingly, combination therapy with a fluoroquinolone was associated with more favorable outcome than monotherapy, whereas combination with aminoglycoside was associated with similar mortality than monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: ICU-BSI was associated with a 40% increase in the risk of 30-day mortality, particularly if the early antimicrobial therapy was not adequate. Adequacy of antimicrobial therapy, but not pathogen resistance pattern, impacted attributable mortality.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Idoso , Aminoglicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Aminoglicosídeos/efeitos adversos , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/prevenção & controle , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Fluoroquinolonas/efeitos adversos , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia/microbiologia , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The best renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality remains controversial. We compared mortality and short- and long-term renal recovery between patients treated with continuous RRT and intermittent hemodialysis. METHODS: Patients of the prospective observational multicenter cohort database OUTCOMEREA™ were included if they underwent at least one RRT session between 2004 and 2014. Differences in patients' baseline and daily characteristics between treatment groups were taken into account by using a marginal structural Cox model, allowing one to substantially reduce the bias resulting from confounding factors in observational longitudinal data analysis. The composite primary endpoint was 30-day mortality and dialysis dependency. RESULTS: Among 1360 included patients with RRT, 544 (40.0 %) and 816 (60.0 %) were initially treated by continuous RRT and intermittent hemodialysis, respectively. At day 30, 39.6 % patients were dead. Among survivors, 23.8 % still required RRT. There was no difference between groups for the primary endpoint in global population (HR 1.00, 95 % CI 0.77-1.29; p = 0.97). In patients with higher weight gain at RRT initiation, mortality and dialysis dependency were significantly lower with continuous RRT (HR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.29-0.99; p = 0.05). Conversely, this technique appeared to be deleterious in patients without shock (HR 2.24, 95 % CI 1.24-4.04; p = 0.01). Six-month mortality and persistent renal dysfunction were not influenced by the RRT modality in patients with dialysis dependence at ICU discharge. CONCLUSION: Continuous RRT did not appear to improve 30-day and 6-month patient outcomes. It seems beneficial for patients with fluid overload, but might be deleterious in the absence of hemodynamic failure.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Diálise Renal/mortalidade , Terapia de Substituição Renal/mortalidade , Idoso , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: It remains uncertain whether colonization and infection with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) affect the outcomes for ICU patients. Our objectives were to measure the effects of ESBL-PE carriage and infection on mortality, ICU length of stay (LOS) and carbapenem exposure in this population. METHODS: A cause-specific hazard model based on prospectively collected data was built to assess the impact of ESBL-PE colonization and infection on competing risks of death and ICU discharge at day 28 in a multicentre cohort of ICU patients. Carbapenem exposure during the ICU stay was compared between infected carriers, uninfected carriers and non-carriers. RESULTS: Among the 16,734 included patients, 594 (3.5%) were ESBL-PE carriers, including 98 (16.4%) with one or more ESBL-PE infections during the ICU stay. After adjustment for baseline and time-dependent confounders, ESBL-PE infections increased the probability of death at day 28 [adjusted cause-specific hazard ratio (aCSHR), 1.825, 95% CI 1.235-2.699, Pâ=â0.0026] and the ICU LOS (aCSHR for discharge alive at day 28, 0.563, 95% CI 0.432-0.733, Pâ<â0.0001). ESBL-PE carriage without infection extended the LOS (aCSHR, 0.623, 95% CI, 0.553-0.702, Pâ<â0.0001), without affecting mortality (aCSHR, 0.906, 95% CI, 0.722-1.136, Pâ=â0.3916). Carbapenem exposure increased in both infected and uninfected carriers when compared with non-carriers (627, 241 and 69 carbapenem days per 1000 patient days, respectively, Pâ<â0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ESBL-PE infections increased carbapenem consumption, LOS and day 28 mortality. ESBL-PE infections were rather infrequent in carriers; however, even ESBL-PE carriage without infection increased carbapenem exposure and delayed discharge, thereby amplifying the selective pressure and the colonization pressure in the ICU.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/enzimologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Idoso , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/uso terapêutico , Causas de Morte , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Vigilância da População , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
RATIONALE: Experimental studies suggest that intra-abdominal infection (IAI) induces biological alterations that may affect the risk of lung infection. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential effect of IAI at ICU admission on the subsequent occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). METHODS: We used data entered into the French prospective multicenter Outcomerea database in 1997-2011. Consecutive patients who had severe sepsis and/or septic shock at ICU admission and required mechanical ventilation for more than 3 days were included. Patients with acute pancreatitis were not included. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 2623 database patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 290 (11.1%) had IAI and 2333 (88.9%) had other infections. The IAI group had fewer patients with VAP (56 [19.3%] vs. 806 [34.5%], P<0.01) and longer time to VAP (5.0 vs.10.5 days; P<0.01). After adjustment on independent risk factors for VAP and previous antimicrobial use, IAI was associated with a decreased risk of VAP (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.83; P<0.0017). The pathogens responsible for VAP were not different between the groups with and without IAI (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 345 [42.8%] and 24 [42.8%]; Enterobacteriaceae, 264 [32.8%] and 19 [34.0%]; and Staphylococcus aureus, 215 [26.7%] and 17 [30.4%], respectively). Crude ICU mortality was not different between the groups with and without IAI (81 [27.9%] and 747 [32.0%], P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: In our observational study of mechanically ventilated ICU patients with severe sepsis and/or septic shock, VAP occurred less often and later in the group with IAIs compared to the group with infections at other sites.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Infecções Intra-Abdominais/patologia , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/patologia , Choque Séptico/patologia , Idoso , Infecções Bacterianas/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/mortalidade , Bases de Dados Factuais , Enterobacteriaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Infecções Intra-Abdominais/complicações , Infecções Intra-Abdominais/microbiologia , Infecções Intra-Abdominais/mortalidade , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/complicações , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/mortalidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Respiração Artificial , Fatores de Risco , Choque Séptico/complicações , Choque Séptico/microbiologia , Choque Séptico/mortalidade , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of decisions to forgo life-sustaining treatment (DFLST), the patients characteristics, and to estimate the impact of DFLST stages on mortality. METHODS: Observational study of a prospective database between 2005 and 2012 from 13 ICUs. DFLST were defined as follows: no escalation of treatment (stage 1), not to start or escalate treatment even if such treatment is considered in the future; withholding (stage 2), not to start or escalate necessary treatment; withdrawal (stage 3), to stop necessary treatment. The impact of daily DFLST stage on day-30 hospital mortality was tested with a discrete-time Cox's model and adjusted for admission severity and daily SOFA score. RESULTS: Of 10,080 patients, 1290 (13%) made DFLST. The highest DFLST stage during the ICU stay was no escalation of treatment in 339 (26%) patients, withholding in 502 (39%) patients, and withdrawal in 449 (35%) patients. Older patients, patients with at least one chronic disease, and patients with greater ICU severity were significantly more numerous in the DFLST group. Day-30 mortality was 13% for non-DFLST patients, 35% for no escalation of treatment, 75% for withholding, 93% for withdrawal. After adjustment, an increase in day-30 mortality was associated with withholding and withdrawal (hazard ratio 95% CI 5.93 [4.95-7.12] and 20.05 [15.58-25.79], P < 0.0001), but not with no escalation of treatment (HR 1.14 [0.91-1.44], P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: DFLST were made in 13% of ICU patients. Withholding, withdrawal, older age, more comorbidities, and higher severity of illness were associated with higher mortality. No escalation of treatment was not associated with increased mortality.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida/estatística & dados numéricos , Ordens quanto à Conduta (Ética Médica) , Suspensão de Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , França , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Prognóstico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention built up new surveillance paradigms for the patients on mechanical ventilation and the ventilator-associated events, comprising ventilator-associated conditions and infection-related ventilator-associated complications. We assess 1) the current epidemiology of ventilator-associated event, 2) the relationship between ventilator-associated event and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and 3) the impact of ventilator-associated event on antimicrobials consumption and mechanical ventilation duration. DESIGN: Inception cohort study from the longitudinal prospective French multicenter OUTCOMEREA database (1996-2012). PATIENTS: Patients on mechanical ventilation for greater than or equal to 5 consecutive days were classified as to the presence of a ventilator-associated event episode, using slightly modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 3,028 patients, 2,331 patients (77%) had at least one ventilator-associated condition, and 869 patients (29%) had one infection-related ventilator-associated complication episode. Multiple causes, or the lack of identified cause, were frequent. The leading causes associated with ventilator-associated condition and infection-related ventilator-associated complication were nosocomial infections (27.3% and 43.8%), including ventilator-associated pneumonia (14.5% and 27.6%). Sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia were 0.92 and 0.28 for ventilator-associated condition and 0.67 and 0.75 for infection-related ventilator-associated complication, respectively. A good correlation was observed between ventilator-associated condition and infection-related ventilator-associated complication episodes, and ventilator-associated pneumonia occurrence: R = 0.69 and 0.82 (p < 0.0001). The median number of days alive without antibiotics and mechanical ventilation at day 28 was significantly higher in patients without any ventilator-associated event (p < 0.05). Ventilator-associated condition and infection-related ventilator-associated complication rates were closely correlated with antibiotic use within each ICU: R = 0.987 and 0.99, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Ventilator-associated event is very common in a population at risk and more importantly highly related to antimicrobial consumption and may serve as surrogate quality indicator for improvement programs.
Assuntos
Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/epidemiologia , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , APACHE , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Índice de Massa Corporal , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escores de Disfunção Orgânica , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fatores Sexuais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Few data are available about optimal nutrition modalities in mechanically ventilated patients with shock. Our objective was to assess associations linking early nutrition (<48 h after intubation), feeding route and calorie intake to mortality and risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and shock. METHODS: In the prospective OutcomeRea database, we identified adults with IMV >72 h and shock (arterial systolic pressure <90 mmHg) within 48 h after intubation. A marginal structural Cox model was used to create a pseudo-population in which treatment was unconfounded by subject-specific characteristics. RESULTS: We included 3,032 patients. Early nutrition was associated with lower day-28 mortality [HR 0.89, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.81-0.98, P = 0.01] and day-7 mortality (HR 0.76, CI 0.66-0.87, P < 0.001) but not with lower day-7 to day-28 mortality (HR 1.00, CI 0.89-1.12, P = 0.98). Early nutrition increased VAP risk over the 28 days (HR 1.08, CI 1.00-1.17, P = 0.046) and until day 7 (HR 7.17, CI 6.27-8.19, P < 0.001) but decreased VAP risk from days 7 to 28 (HR 0.85, CI 0.78-0.92, P < 0.001). Compared to parenteral feeding, enteral feeding was associated with a slightly increased VAP risk (HR 1.11, CI 1.00-1.22, P = 0.04) but not with mortality. Neither mortality nor VAP risk differed between early calorie intakes of ≥20 and <20 kcal/kg/day. CONCLUSION: In mechanically ventilated patients with shock, early nutrition was associated with reduced mortality. Neither feeding route nor early calorie intake was associated with mortality. Early nutrition and enteral feeding were associated with increased VAP risk.
Assuntos
Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Nutrição Parenteral/métodos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/mortalidade , Respiração Artificial/mortalidade , Choque/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade , Estado Nutricional , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Increasing experimental evidence suggests that acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may promote AKI. The primary objective of this study was to assess ARDS as a risk factor for AKI in critically ill patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This was an observational study on a prospective database fed by 18 intensive care units (ICUs). Patients with ICU stays >24 hours were enrolled over a 14-year period. ARDS was defined using the Berlin criteria and AKI was defined using the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease criteria. Patients with AKI before ARDS onset were excluded. RESULTS: This study enrolled 8029 patients, including 1879 patients with ARDS. AKI occurred in 31.3% of patients and was more common in patients with ARDS (44.3% versus 27.4% in patients without ARDS; P<0.001). After adjustment for confounders, both mechanical ventilation without ARDS (odds ratio [OR], 4.34; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.71 to 5.10) and ARDS (OR, 11.01; 95% CI, 6.83 to 17.73) were independently associated with AKI. Hospital mortality was 14.2% (n=1140) and was higher in patients with ARDS (27.9% versus 10.0% in patients without ARDS; P<0.001) and in patients with AKI (27.6% versus 8.1% in those without AKI; P<0.001). AKI was associated with higher mortality in patients with ARDS (42.3% versus 20.2%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ARDS was independently associated with AKI. This study suggests that ARDS should be considered as a risk factor for AKI in critically ill patients.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/complicações , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estado Terminal , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , França , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Razão de Chances , Prognóstico , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/mortalidade , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/terapia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Increasing evidence suggests that dysnatremia at intensive care unit (ICU) admission may predict mortality. Little information is available, however, on the potential effect of dysnatremia correction. This is an observational multicenter cohort study in patients admitted between 2005 and 2012 to 18 French ICUs. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia were defined as serum sodium concentration less than 135 and more than 145 mmol/L, respectively. We assessed the influence on day 28 mortality of dysnatremia correction by day 3 and of the dysnatremia correction rate. Of 7,067 included patients, 1,830 (25.9%) had hyponatremia and 634 (9.0%) had hypernatremia at ICU admission (day 1). By day 3, hyponatremia had been corrected in 1,019 (1,019/1,830; 55.7%) and hypernatremia in 393 (393/634; 62.0%) patients. After adjustment for confounders, persistent hyponatremia or hypernatremia on day 3 was independently associated with higher day 28 mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.06 - 1.61; and OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.37 - 2.54; respectively). Hyponatremia corrected by day 3, hypernatremia corrected by day 3, and ICU-acquired hyponatremia were not associated with day 28 mortality. Median correction rate from days 1 to 3 was 2.58 mmol/L per day (interquartile range, 0.67 - 4.55). Higher natremia correction rate was associated with lower crude and adjusted day 28 mortality rates (OR per mmol/L per day, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94 - 1.00; P = 0.04; and OR per mmol/L per day, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90 - 0.97; P = 0.0003, respectively). Our results indicate that dysnatremia correction is independently associated with survival, with the effect being greater with faster correction rates of up to 12 mmol/L per day.
Assuntos
Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Hipernatremia/complicações , Hiponatremia/complicações , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Estado Terminal/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) had proven benefits in clinical trials that included selected patients admitted to highly skilled centers. Whether these benefits apply to every patient and in everyday practice deserves appraisal. The aim of the study was to assess the use and outcomes of NIV over the last 15 years. METHODS: Multicenter database study of critically ill patients who required ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure between 1997 and 2011. The impact of first-line NIV on 60-day mortality was evaluated using a marginal structural model. Follow-up was censored on day 60. RESULTS: Of 3,163 patients, 1,232 (39 %) received NIV. Over the study period, first-line NIV increased from 29 to 42 %, and NIV success rates increased from 69 to 84 %. NIV decreased 60-day mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.75; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI), 0.68-0.83; P < 0.0001]. This protective effect was observed in patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure (aHR, 0.71; 95 % CI, 0.57-0.90; P = 0.004), but not in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema (aHR, 0.85; 95 % CI, 0.70-1.03; P = 0.10) or in patients with hypoxemic ARF, either immunocompetent (aHR, 1.18; 95 % CI, 0.87-1.59; P = 0.30) or immunocompromised (aHR, 0.89; 95 % CI, 0.70-1.13; P = 0.35). NIV failure was an independent time-dependent risk factor for mortality (aHR, 4.2; 95 % CI, 2.8-6.2; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of NIV increased steadily over the study period. First-line NIV was associated with better 60-day survival and fewer ICU-acquired infections compared to first-line intubation. Survival benefits from NIV occurred only in patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure and immunocompromised patients.
Assuntos
Respiração Artificial/métodos , Respiração Artificial/tendências , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Doença Aguda , Idoso , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência Respiratória/mortalidade , Falha de Tratamento , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe intrahospital transport complications in critically ill patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter cohort study. SETTING: Twelve French ICUs belonging to the OUTCOMEREA study group. PATIENTS: Patients older than or equal to 18 years old admitted in the ICU and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation between April 2000 and November 2010 were included. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Six thousand two hundred forty-two patients on invasive mechanical ventilation were identified in the OUTCOMEREA database. The statistical analysis included a description of demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort, identification of risk factors for intrahospital transport and construction of an intrahospital transport propensity score, and an exposed/unexposed study to compare complication of intrahospital transport (excluding transport to the operating room) after adjustment on the propensity score, length of stay, and confounding factors on the day before intrahospital transport. Three thousand and six intrahospital transports occurred in 1,782 patients (28.6%) (1-17 intrahospital transports/patient). Transported patients had higher admission Simplified Acute Physiology Score II values (median [interquartile range], 51 [39-65] vs 46 [33-62], p < 10) and longer ICU stay lengths (12 [6-23] vs 5 [3-11] d, p < 10). Post-intrahospital transport complications were recorded in 621 patients (37.4%). We matched 1,659 intrahospital transport patients to 3,344 nonintrahospital transport patients according to the intrahospital transport propensity score and previous ICU stay length. After adjustment, intrahospital transport patients were at higher risk for various complications (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.2; p < 10), including pneumothorax, atelectasis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hypernatremia. Intrahospital transport was associated with a longer ICU length of stay but had no significant impact on mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Intrahospital transport increases the risk of complications in ventilated critically ill patients. Continuous quality improvement programs should include specific procedures to minimize intrahospital transport-related risks.
Assuntos
Estado Terminal , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Transferência de Pacientes , Respiração Artificial , APACHE , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/epidemiologia , Hipernatremia/epidemiologia , Hipoglicemia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transferência de Pacientes/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/epidemiologia , Pneumotórax/epidemiologia , Pontuação de Propensão , Atelectasia Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RATIONALE: The predictive factors of treatment failure for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To describe PA-VAP recurrence prognosis and to identify associated risk factors in a large cohort of intensive care unit patients with PA-VAP. METHODS: From the multicenter OUTCOMEREA database (1997-2011), PA-VAP onset and recurrence were recorded. All suspected cases of VAP were confirmed by a positive quantitative culture of a respiratory sample. Multidrug-resistant PA strains were defined by the resistance to two antibiotics among piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, colistine, and fluoroquinolones (FQ). An extensively resistant PA was defined by resistance to piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, and FQ. A treatment failure was defined as a PA-VAP recurrence or by the death occurrence. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 314 patients presented 393 PA-VAP. Failure occurred for 112 of them, including 79 recurrences. Susceptible, multidrug resistant, and extensively resistant PA represented 53.7%, 32%, and 14.3% of the samples, respectively. Factors associated with treatment failure were age (P = 0.02); presence of at least one chronic illness (P = 0.02); limitation of life support (P = 0.0004); a high Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment score (P < 0.0001); PA bacteremia (P = 0.003); and previous use of FQ before the first PA-VAP (P = 0.0007). The failure risk was not influenced by the strain resistance profile or by the biantibiotic treatment, but decreased in case of VAP treatment that includes FQ (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.5 [0.3-0.7]; P = 0.0006). However, the strain resistance profile slowed down the intensive care unit discharge hazard (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.6 [0.4-1.0]; P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Neither resistance profile nor biantibiotic therapy decreased the risk of PA-VAP treatment failure. However, the profile of PA resistance prolonged the length of stay. Better evaluation of the potential benefit of an initial treatment containing FQ requires further randomized trials.