Metabolomic and transcriptomic responses of Adiantum (Adiantum nelumboides) leaves under drought, half-waterlogging, and rewater conditions.

Introduction: Adiantum nelumboides (Adiantum) is an endangered fern with a narrow distribution along the Yangtze River in China. Due to its cliff-dwelling habit, it experiences water stress conditions, which further endangers its survival. However, no information is available about its molecular responses to drought and half-waterlogging conditions. Methods: Here, we applied five and ten days of half-waterlogging stress, five days of drought stress, and rewatering after five days of drought stress, and studied the resulting metabolome profiles and transcriptome signatures of Adiantum leaves. Results and Discussion: The metabolome profiling detected 864 metabolites. The drought and half-waterlogging stress induced up-accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites including amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acid accumulation in Adiantum leaves. Whereas, rewatering the drought-stressed seedlings reversed most of these metabolic changes. Transcriptome sequencing confirmed the differential metabolite profiles, where the genes enriched in pathways associated with these metabolites showed similar expression patterns. Overall, the half-waterlogging stress for 10 days induced large-scale metabolic and transcriptomic changes compared to half-waterlogging stress for 05 days, drought stress for 05 days or rewatering for 05 days. Conclusion: This pioneering attempt provides a detailed understanding of molecular responses of Adiantum leaves to drought and half-waterlogging stresses and rewater conditions. This study also provides useful clues for the genetic improvement of Adiantum for drought/half-waterlogging stress tolerance.

R gene triplication confers European fodder turnip with improved clubroot resistance.

Clubroot is one of the most important diseases for many important cruciferous vegetables and oilseed crops worldwide. Different clubroot resistance (CR) loci have been identified from only limited species in Brassica, making it difficult to compare and utilize these loci. European fodder turnip ECD04 is considered one of the most valuable resources for CR breeding. To explore the genetic and evolutionary basis of CR in ECD04, we sequenced the genome of ECD04 using de novo assembly and identified 978 candidate R genes. Subsequently, the 28 published CR loci were physically mapped to 15 loci in the ECD04 genome, including 62 candidate CR genes. Among them, two CR genes, CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4, were functionally validated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4 originated from a common ancestor before the whole-genome triplication (WGT) event. In clubroot susceptible Brassica species, CR-gene homologues were affected by transposable element (TE) insertion, resulting in the loss of CR function. It can be concluded that the current functional CR genes in Brassica rapa and non-functional CR genes in other Brassica species were derived from a common ancestral gene before WGT. Finally, a hypothesis for CR gene evolution is proposed for further discussion.

Apoplastic histochemical features of plant root walls that may facilitate ion uptake and retention.

We used brightfield and epifluorescence microscopy, as well as permeability tests, to investigate the apoplastic histochemical features of plant roots associated with ion hyperaccumulation, invasion, and tolerance of oligotrophic conditions. In hyperaccumulator species with a hypodermis (exodermis absent), ions penetrated the root apex, including the root cap. By contrast, in non-hyperaccumulator species possessing an exodermis, ions did not penetrate the root cap. In vivo, the lignified hypodermis blocked the entry of ions into the cortex, while root exodermis absorbed ions and restricted them to the cortex. The roots of the hyperaccumulators Pteris vittata and Cardamine hupingshanensis, as well as the aquatic invasives Alternanthera philoxeroides, Eichhornia crassipes, and Pistia stratiotes, contained lignin and pectins. These compounds may trap and store ions before hypodermis maturation, facilitating ion hyperaccumulation and retention in the apoplastic spaces of the roots. These apoplastic histochemical features were consistent with certain species-specific characters, including ion hyperaccumulation, invasive behaviors in aquatic environments, or tolerance of oligotrophic conditions. We suggest that apoplastic histochemical features of the root may act as invasion mechanisms, allowing these invasive aquatic plants to outcompete indigenous plants for ions.

Association of Clubroot Resistance Locus PbBa8.1 With a Linkage Drag of High Erucic Acid Content in the Seed of the European Turnip.

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a severe threat to the production of Brassica napus, worldwide. The cultivation of resistant varieties is the most efficient and environmentally friendly way to limit disease spread. We developed a highly resistant B. napus line, ZHE226, containing the resistance locus PbBa8.1. However, ZHE226 seeds contain high erucic acid content, which limits its cultivation owing to its low edible oil quality. A segregation population of BC3F2 was developed by crossing ECD04, a resistant European turnip donor, with Huangshuang5, an elite variety with no erucic acid in its seeds, as a recurrent plant. Fine mapping using the bulk segregation analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq) approach detected PbBa8.1 within a 2.9 MB region on chromosome A08. Interestingly, the previously reported resistance gene Crr1a was found in the same region. Genetic analysis revealed that the CAP-134 marker for Crr1a was closely linked with clubroot resistance (CR). Thus, PbBa8.1 and Crr1a might be allelic for CR. Moreover, comparative and genetic analysis showed that high erucic acid in the seeds of ZHE226 was due to linkage drag of fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) in the ECD04 line, which was located in the interval of PbBa8.1 with a physical and genetic distance of 729 Kb and 1.86 cm, respectively. Finally, a clubroot-resistant line with a low erucic acid content was successfully developed through gene-specific molecular marker assistant selection from BC4F4. These results will accelerate CR breeding programs in B. napus.