High prevalence and increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in the Norwegian county of Buskerud.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to investigate the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as estimate the prevalence as of 1 January 2014 in the southeastern Norwegian county of Buskerud. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with MS living in Buskerud county in Norway between 01 January 2003 and 01 January 2014 were identified. Point prevalence of MS was identified on 01 January 2014. RESULTS: We found a prevalence of 213.8 (95% CI 196.4-231.1) per 100 000. The sex ratio was 2.2:1 with a female prevalence of 293.4 (95% CI 264.7-322.2) per 100 000 and a male prevalence of 134.7 (95% CI 115.3-154.2) per 100 000. About 82% of our MS population had a confirmed relapsing-remitting MS at disease onset, while 16.8% had primary progressive MS. The mean annual incidence between 2003 and 2013 was 11.8 (95% CI 10.6-13.1) per 100 000. CONCLUSION: This study shows a high incidence of MS in Buskerud county in southeastern Norway, and the incidence may still be on the rise. We found a relatively high prevalence of MS in our population, although this does correspond with the recently published national data. Further studies investigating both changes in incidence and possible factors causing the increasing incidence are warranted.

Multiple sclerosis and seizures: incidence and prevalence over 40 years.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing worldwide. Epileptic seizures are more common in MS patients than in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the prevalence and incidence of MS in a well-defined population over several decades and estimate the occurrence of epilepsy in the same cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with MS in the County of Vestfold, Norway in the period of 1983-2003 were identified. Point prevalence for MS and epilepsy was calculated for January 1, 2003. The average annual incidence rates were calculated in five-year periods from 1983 to 2002. These numbers were compared to previously published figures of prevalence from 1963 and incidence from 1953. RESULTS: On prevalence day, we identified 364 patients diagnosed with MS living in Vestfold. Thus, the prevalence increased from 61.6/100,000 in 1963 to 166.8/100,000 in 2003. In the period 1983-2002, the annual incidence fluctuated between 4.2 and 7.3/100,000/year (mean 4.5, 95% CI 3.6 - 5.5). In 2003, the portion of MS patients with epileptic seizures was 7.4%, compared to 2.9% in 1963. CONCLUSIONS: During the 40 years follow-up of this population, the incidence of MS was stable, while the prevalence of MS and the share of MS patients with epileptic seizures increased. Compared to the general population, the risk of having active epilepsy was increased fourfold. We assume that this is a consequence of an increased survival in MS patients.

Genes in the HLA class I region may contribute to the HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.

In order to analyze whether loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I region may contribute to the HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), we examined selected microsatellite markers in 177 Nordic sib-pair families, 222 British sib-pair families, 323 sporadic Norwegian MS patients and 386 Norwegian controls. All samples were, in addition, genotyped for the HLA-DR DQ haplotype, and the Norwegian case-control samples were also typed for HLA-A and -B loci. In the Norwegian sporadic MS patients association was seen with HLA-A, HLA-B, and with the D6S265 marker, located 100 kb centromeric to HLA-A. Associations with HLA-A and D6S265 loci were also suggested when restricting the analysis to HLA-DR15 haplotypes. In the sib-pair data a similar trend was seen with marker D6S265. Higher genotypic relative risk (GRR) was found for individuals who carry both HLA-DR15 and -A3 (GRR = 15), compared to those who carry only HLA-DR15 (GRR = 7), only HLA-A3 (GRR = 3) or none of these alleles (GRR = 1). The highest risk was conferred by a combination of HLA-DR15 and -A3 (odds ratio (OR) = 5.2). These results suggest that HLA-A or a gene in linkage disequilibrium with it may contribute to the HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility to MS.

Auditory attention and multiattribute decision-making during a 33 h sleep-deprivation period: mean performance and between-subject dispersions.

One purpose of this study was to compare attention in the evening (22:00 h), in the late night (04:00 h), in the morning (10:00 h) and in the afternoon (16:00 h) during a period of complete wakefulness beginning at 08:00 h with a mean daytime performance without sleep deprivation. Another purpose was to investigate sleep deprivation effects on a multi-attribute decision-making task with and without time pressure. Twelve sleep-deprived male students were compared with 12 male non-sleep-deprived students. Both groups were tested five times with an auditory attention and a symbol coding task. Significant declines (p < 0.05) in mean level of performance on the auditory attention task were found at 04:00, 10:00 and 16:00 h for subjects forced to the vigil. However, the effect of the sleep deprivation manifested itself even more in increased between-subject dispersions. There were no differences between time pressure and no time pressure on the decision-making task and no significant differences between sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived subjects in decision strategies. In fact, the pattern of decision strategies among the sleep-deprived subject was more similar to a pattern of decision strategies typical for non-stressful conditions than the pattern of decision strategies among the non-sleep-deprived subjects. This result may have been due to the fact that the sleep loss acted as a dearouser. Here too, however, the variances differed significantly among sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived subjects, indicating that the sleep-deprived subjects were more variable in their decision strategy pattern than the control group.

Interferon-alpha2a reduces MRI disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Norwegian Study Group on Interferon-alpha in Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of interferon-alpha2a (IFN-alpha2a) in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). BACKGROUND: Several immune-modulating therapy regimens of IFN-alpha have shown varying results in MS. A recent pilot study suggested benefits from IFN-alpha2a. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients were randomized to receive subcutaneous injections of placebo (33 patients) or 4.5 million international units (mIU) (32 patients) or 9.0 mIU (32 patients) of IFN-alpha2a three times weekly for 6 months, with a further 6 months of follow-up. Monthly gadodiamide-enhanced MRI was the primary method of evaluating efficacy. RESULTS: IFN-alpha2a treatment resulted in fewer new MRI lesions during the treatment period (p < 0.003). The probability of no new lesions during treatment was >2.5 times higher with 9.0 mIU IFN-alpha2a than with placebo (p < 0.005). The median number of lesions at the end of treatment was lower with IFN-alpha2a treatment than with placebo (p = 0.0004), but the difference disappeared during follow-up. The total number of lesions (mean) increased by 4.78 with placebo, 0.86 with 4.5 mIU IFN-alpha2a, and 0.28 with 9.0 mIU IFN-alpha2a during treatment (p = 0.030). No treatment effect on exacerbation rate, progression of disability, or quality of life was detected. Nine patients discontinued treatment, five because of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: IFN-alpha2a treatment significantly reduced disease activity as measured by MRI, but the efficacy disappeared within 6 months after discontinuation of treatment. A long-term study of more patients using disability as a primary outcome measure is needed to evaluate the clinical impact.

Multiple sclerosis and cancer in Norway. A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: During the extended course of multiple sclerosis (MS) there are ample opportunities for the patients to develop other illnesses including cancer, a potential long-term complication of the immunosuppressive drug treatment in MS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was done to estimate the relative risk of cancer in a population of MS-patients from three Norwegian counties by record linkage with the Cancer Registry of Norway. The cohort comprised 1271 MS-patients, 530 men and 741 women, identified in five longitudinal population-based incidence studies. The reporting of cancer cases has been compulsory in Norway since 1952. RESULTS: We found 73 cancer cases (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 0.86, 95% CI 0.68-1.09). Mean follow-up time was 18.4 years. A significant excess of breast cancers was observed (SIR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.05-2.60). A non-significant excess of cancer in the urinary tract was observed. No significantly increased risk in hematologic and lymphatic malignancies or malignant brain tumors was observed. The incidence of cancer of the digestive organs was significantly lower than expected (SIR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.24-0.93). CONCLUSION: Overall, the study indicates that an MS-patient is not at any unusual risk for subsequent development of cancer compared to the normal population.

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the county of Vestfold, eastern Norway: incidence and prevalence calculations.

The county of Vestfold in the South-eastern part of Norway has undergone two incidence and prevalence surveys on multiple sclerosis. The prevalence of definite/probable MS on January 1, 1963 was 61.6/100,000. Based on the same diagnostic criteria, the present study reports a slight increase in prevalence to 86.4/100,000 on January 1st 1983. The average annual incidence was calculated for 5 years periods from 1953 to 1983. The time periods 1953-1962 and 1973-1977 showed age-adjusted incidence rates between 4.50 and 5.49/100,000 while the 10-year period 1963-1972 showed significantly lower rates. The fluctuating pattern of MS incidence and prevalence over time supports the view that MS is not a stable disease, and that exogenous factors are influencing the disease pattern.

Time pressure and the application of decision rules: choices and judgments among multiattribute alternatives.

The effects of time pressure on decisions and judgments were studied and related to the use of different decision rules in a multiattribute decision task. The decision alternatives were students described by their high school grades in Swedish, Psychology and Natural Science. The subjects were asked to choose the student they thought would be most able to follow a university program and graduate as a school psychologist. On the basis of earlier findings using the same kind of decision task (Svenson et al., 1990) it was hypothesised that subjects under time pressure would prefer candidates having the maximum grade across all attributes to a greater extent than subjects under no time pressure. Furthermore, it was hypothesised that subjects under time pressure would also focus more on the most important attribute and choose the alternatives being best on that attribute. The results supported these hypotheses.

Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae after acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning: affection of motor function, memory, vision and hearing.

A shipyard worker was poisoned by hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and rescued after 15-20 min. He regained consciousness after 2 days. Three days later his condition deteriorated, and he was more or less comatose for a month. When he woke up, he was amnesic, nearly blind, had reduced hearing, and had a moderate spastic tetraparesis and ataxia. Two months after the accident, he had greatly improved. Audiograms showed hearing loss with maximum at 2000 Hz and significantly poorer speech discrimination. EEG showed generalized dysrhythmia. At follow-up 5 years later he had not been able to resume his work, and had slight motor, memory and visual symptoms. CT and MRI showed slight cerebral atrophy. EEG and evoked responses were normal.

[H2S poisoning and nervous system damage]. / H2S-forgiftning og skader i nervesystemet.

H2S (hydrogen sulfide) is a very toxic gas. Even brief exposure to high concentrations may be fatal. Unconsciousness may occur without warning. Those who try to help are often poisoned too. In Norway, most poisonings have been described in connection with the herring oil and fish meal industry, farmers handling manure, and sewage work. The risk of hypoxic damage to the nervous system is considerable. The clinical picture varies, and the connection between the patients' symptoms and the poisoning is easily overlooked, especially with delayed sequelae, which may occur several weeks after the acute poisoning. The risk of damage depends on both the exposure time and the concentration of H2S, and a thorough anamnesis, noting the course of events, is important in order to achieve a correct diagnosis.

Prognostic factors for life expectancy in multiple sclerosis analysed by Cox-models.

To determine if such factors as first symptom, sex, age at onset and initial clinical course have any influence on life expectancy of multiple sclerosis patients, a survival analysis from date of diagnosis for 598 MS-patients in Norway was performed. To study the effect of all the variables simultaneously we used the Cox proportional hazards regression model with incomplete data. Median survival time was 27 years after diagnosis. The variable which most strongly predicted the duration of the disease was age at onset. High age at onset and a progressive course of the disease were correlated with a more unfavourable prognosis. The onset symptom, vertigo, was also correlated with a shorter life expectancy. No significant effect of sex was found. We found in this material an indication of improved survival over the study period.