Effect of inhaled anaesthetics gases on cytokines and oxidative stress alterations for the staff health status in hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of waste anaesthetic gases on cytokines and oxidative stress of hospital health team members following exposure to waste anaesthetic gases (WAGs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, 180 participants took part in this study; 60 of these were healthy male controls and the 120 participants in the intervention group were staff who work in the operating room. This latter group comprises six occupational subgroups (1) surgeons, (2) surgical assistants, (3) anaesthesiologists (4) anaesthesiology assistants, (5) nurses and (6) janitors. The following parameters were assessed: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, plasma fluoride, serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ), serum interleukin 2 (IL2), serum interleukin 4 (IL4) and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). RESULTS: Anaesthesiologists and their assistants exhibited the highest levels of plasma fluoride, serum IFN-γ and IL 2, exceeding the levels in detected in all the other occupational subgroups. Furthermore, the serum levels of IL4 were significantly raised in anaesthesiologists and the difference between this group and other groups was statistically significant. However, compared with the other subgroups, surgeons exhibited elevated plasma TBARS and reduced CAT, GSHpx and SOD; these variances were also statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The findings of this study indicate that operating room staff exposed to WAGs are vulnerable to experiencing immunotoxicity as the WAGs are considered to initiate oxidative stress and increase the levels of cytokines in serum. Thus, an education programme is warranted to inform staff working in environments where they may be subjected to WAGs on the effects that the gases can have upon their health and how to minimise their exposure to WAGs. An ongoing effort is also needed to ensure anaesthesia safety standards are maintained at all times. The findings of this study may provide a springboard for future research into occupational exposure to WAGs and their wider effect upon health.

The impact of chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) on hemodynamic functions and oxidative stress in cardiac toxicity induced by lead oxide nanoparticles in male rats.

BACKGROUND: A common environmental pollutant, lead can induce toxicity in several organ systems. A range of industrial and/or household materials and products contain lead, and food/liquid ingestion and inhalation are the mechanisms through which lead is introduced into the human body. OBJECTIVE: Since knowledge about the cardiac toxicity of acute lead nanoparticles is limited, this work sought to shed more light on the issue by investigating the therapeutic effects of chicory extract based on rat models to elevate cardiac functions and oxidative stress. METHODS: Four research groups were used, each consisting of ten albino rats of male sex and adult age. The groups were: control group, chicory group, lead oxide nanoparticle group, and lead oxide nanoparticle + chicory group. RESULTS: Compared to the control and chicory groups, the lead oxide nanoparticle group displayed a notable increase in heart functions and oxidative stress markers as well as alterations in cardiac histological structure. On the other hand, cardiac function modifications were counteracted through four-week administration of lead oxide nanoparticles alongside chicory. CONCLUSION: Heart damage caused by lead oxide nanoparticles may be attenuated by chicory through scavenging of free radicals.

Sinapic Acid Attenuates Cardiovascular Disorders in Rats by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species and Angiotensin Receptor Expression.

The main avoidable risk factor for cardiovascular conditions is high blood pressure (hypertension). At global level, hypertension is believed to be responsible for a 54% stroke-related mortality rate and a 47% mortality rate associated with coronary heart disease. It is postulated that sinapic acid (SA) could help in hypertension management because it displays robust antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and peroxynitrite scavenging effects. To explore this hypothesis, this work examined the effect of SA on oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in rats with hypertension by comparison against captopril. For this purpose, 50 male rats were used and equally allocated to five groups, namely, normal control, positive control (L-NAME), L-NAME with concomitant captopril administration, L-NAME with concomitant SA administration, and L-NAME with concomitant administration of both SA and captopril. Results showed that, by contrast to control, L-NAME exhibited marked elevation in serum CK-MB, total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Ang II, AT2R, ET-1, and angiopoietin-2; on the other hand, L-NAME exhibited marked reduction in serum HDL-C, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, joint administration of SA and captopril ameliorated hypertension, enhanced cardiovascular function, hindered hyperlipidemia, and decreased oxidative stress and myocardial hypertrophy displayed by rats with hypertension. Based on such findings, better chemopreventive or therapeutic approaches can be devised to manage hypertension and cardiovascular conditions.

Immunotoxicity and hematotoxicity induced by tetrachloroethylene in egyptian dry cleaning workers.

The immune and hematological systems can be a target for environmental contaminants with potential adverse effects, so the purpose of this study is to provide documentation on immunotoxicity and hematotoxicity of tetrachloroethylene, which is widely used in dry cleaning in Egypt. This study was carried out on 80 adult males. Subjects designated as controls (n = 40) were healthy persons and others were tetrachloroethylene-exposed dry-cleaning workers (n = 40). The controls and tetrachloroethylene-exposed workers were then divided into four equal groups (20 individuals/group): group I, control group never smoking; group II, smoking control group; and groups III and IV, tetrachloroethylene-exposed nonsmoking and smoking workers, respectively. Blood level of tetrachloroethylene, complete blood count, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG, and IgE), the total numbers of white blood cells (WBC), and leukocyte differential counts, as well as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), were measured. The immunotoxicity of tetrachloroethylene appeared in the form of an increase in serum immunoglobulin E in nonsmoking and smoking tetrachloroethylene-exposed workers, while the serum immunoglobulins A, M, and G levels showed no significant change in all studied groups. In addition, our results demonstrated a significant increase in white cell count, lymphocytes, natural killer (NK; CD3+CD16CD56+) cells, and B (CD19+) lymphocytes. The increase in WBC and lymphocytes may be attributed to allergic reaction. Moreover, serum and lymphocytic interlukin-4 levels were significantly increased in nonsmoking and smoking tetrachloroethylene-exposed workers. Tetrachloroethylene exposure is associated with immunotoxicity, which may lead to the augmentation of allergic diseases or appearance of autoimmune reaction.

Green tea attenuates benzene-induced oxidative stress in pump workers.

Workers exposed to benzene frequently suffer from toxicities of the bone marrow as well as the central nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. This toxicity most likely is a result of the oxidative metabolism of benzene to reactive products. As green tea possesses antioxidant effects, the objective of this study was to examine any amelioration of benzene-induced oxidative stress in pump workers drinking 6 cups (150 ml/cup) of freshly prepared tea daily. Sixty male non-smoking subjects, divided into four groups: no benzene exposure/no green tea; no exposure/tea; exposure/no tea; and, exposure/tea, were monitored after a 6 mo period. On the final day of the study, urine samples were collected for analyses of benzene, trans-trans muconic acid, and phenol. Blood was also collected at this time; plasma was assayed for total antioxidant activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) while erythrocytes were analyzed for activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. The results demonstrated that urinary levels of benzene, trans-trans muconic acid, and phenol were elevated in all pump workers, and that this elevation was mitigated by consumption of green tea. The benzene exposures also led to significant reductions in plasma GSH levels and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities; these effects were abrogated (to near-control levels) by the tea. Interestingly, among control subjects, tea ingestion itself caused significant increases in both GSHPX and catalase activities. Unlike with the other plasma parameters, while the benzene exposures also significantly increased plasma MDA levels and decreased total antioxidant activity, tea ingestion did not cause a near-total reversion to control values; the effects on these two endpoints were more like those noted with the urine parameters (mitigation, not abrogation). These studies demonstrate that drinking green tea during benzene exposure can reduce several parameters indicative of oxidative stress. As such, as a dietary supplement, green tea could represent a potential therapeutic agent in reducing certain aspects of benzene-induced toxicity.

Immunotoxicological study of one of the most common over-the-counter pyrethroid insecticide products in Egypt.

A commonly available aerosolized pyrethroid insecticide containing deltamethrin and imiprothrin is widely used for hygienic control in Egypt. The immunotoxic effects after inhalation exposures to the preparation of each for 2, 10, and 30 days were investigated in rats. For each exposure, the insecticide (containing 0.2% imiprothrin and 2.5% deltamethrin) was sprayed in all directions in a room (using a special attachment located in the ceiling in the center of the room) for 30 s each minute for 15 min; the room was then kept closed for 15 min. After each spray interval, the rats were introduced for 30 min and then removed to a clean room. The exposure process was repeated a total of three times on each day of the respective regimens. The interval between the 15-min spray/15-min pause/30-min rat exposure cycles was 120 min. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure in each particular regimen, the cohort rats in the regimen (air and exposed) were weighed, sacrificed, and their tissues were removed for analyses. Immunological tests performed included assessments of potential changes in immunopathology (determined from body and splenic weights), humoral-mediated immunity (based on plaque-forming activity of spleen cells), cell-mediated immunity (determined from splenic lymphocyte responsiveness to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and immune cell (sub)type profile analyses), and nonspecific immunity (based on phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages). The results indicated that of all the endpoints examined, among the rats exposed over a 2-day period to the imiprothrin- and deltamethrin-containing insecticide aerosol, the only significant change noted (relative to values from time-matched controls) was in the levels of splenic CD4+CD8- and CD4+ CD8+ cells. In contrast, exposures on each day of a 10-day period led to significant decreases in several endpoints; exceptions to this were values for body and spleen weight (unaffected), splenic OX12-OX19+ levels (significant increase), and CD4+CD8- levels (unaffected, relative to control). Rats exposed for 30 days displayed significant decreases in each test applied, except for increases in both splenic OX12-OX19+ and CD4+CD8- cell levels relative to corresponding control rat values. The present study findings indicate that repeated noncontinuous inhalation of a commonly utilized insecticide that contains imiprothrin and deltamethrin can cause a variety of immunotoxic effects in sites distal to the lungs.