Dilated gut conditions: diagnosis and management.

Dilatation of the gut occurs in response to either mechanical obstruction or aperistalsis. The hallmark features are symptoms of bowel obstruction with vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain and distension. This review will primarily deal with the non-mechanical causes of gut dilatation, both intestinal and colonic, and differentiate between acute and chronic presentations.

Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury and Multiple Sclerosis-An Updated and Simplified Treatment Algorithm.

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is a common condition in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS). It usually entails constipation, difficult evacuation of the rectum, and fecal incontinence (FI); often in combination. It is highly burdensome for affected patients and is correlated with poor quality of life. The current treatment algorithm, or treatment pyramid, does not completely correspond to actual clinical practice, and the known and classical pyramid contains both treatments still in their experimental stage as well as several treatments which are not available at all treatment centers. Thus, an updated treatment algorithm is called upon, and the authors of this paper therefore propose a simplified version of the treatment pyramid, aiming to guide clinicians in treating NBD.

Life-threatening bowel complications in adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case series.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive muscle wasting disease caused by pathogenic variants in DMD. Gastrointestinal involvement is increasingly recognised in older patients and can manifest as life-threatening bowel dysmotility. We describe a series of adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who developed either severe colonic pseudo-obstruction or sigmoid volvulus requiring urgent assessment and intervention. The presentations varied in their clinical picture and outcomes, but together highlight the complexity of managing gastrointestinal complications in this cohort of patients. Key considerations include pre-existing cardiorespiratory compromise and the increased risk associated with surgery and general anaesthesia. We also outline a role for home parenteral nutrition in the long-term management of associated bowel dysmotility.

Recommendations for the management of opioid-induced constipation - how to improve usability in clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION: Opioid-induced constipation remains undertreated despite effective and safe treatment options exists. Previous guidelines have only been partially effective in improving management, possibly due to their complexity, and studies suggest that a simple setup of concise and behaviorally-orientated steps improves usability. AREAS COVERED: This article introduces the concept of opioid-induced constipation and provides an overview of existing guidelines in this field. We also propose simplified recommendations for managing opioid-induced constipation, derived from a synthesis of current guidelines and the principles of optimal guideline design theory. EXPERT OPINION: Despite standard treatment with laxatives and fluid intake in patients with opioid-induced constipation, escalation of treatment is often needed where µ-opioid receptor antagonists or newer medications such as lubiprostone, linaclotide, or prucalopride are used. Previous guidelines have not been used sufficiently and thus management of the condition is often insufficient. We therefore propose simplified recommendations to management, which we believe can come into broader use. It was validated in primary care for credibility, clarity, relevance, usability, and overall benefit. We believe that this initiative can lead to better management of the substantial proportion of patients suffering from side effects of opioids.

Pelvic floor imaging in asymptomatic subjects.

AIM: The aim of this work was to determine the range of normal imaging features during total pelvic floor ultrasound (TPFUS) (transperineal, transvaginal, endovaginal and endoanal) and defaecation MRI (dMRI). METHOD: Twenty asymptomatic female volunteers (mean age 36.5 years) were prospectively investigated with dMRI and TPFUS. Subjects were screened with symptom questionnaires (ICIQ-B, St Mark's faecal incontinence score, obstructed defaecation syndrome score, ICIQ-V, BSAQ). dMRI and TPFUS were performed and interpreted by blinded clinicians according to previously published methods. RESULTS: The subjects comprised six parous and 14 nulliparous women, of whom three were postmenopausal. There were three with a rectocoele on both modalities and one with a rectocoele on dMRI only. There was one with intussusception on TPFUS. Two had an enterocoele on both modalities and one on TPFUS only. There were six with a cystocoele on both modalities, one on dMRI only and one on TPFUS only. On dMRI, there were 12 with functional features. Four also displayed functional features on TPFUS. Two displayed functional features on TPFUS only. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the presence of abnormal findings on dMRI and TPFUS without symptoms. There was a high rate of functional features on dMRI. This series is not large enough to redefine normal parameters but is helpful for appreciating the wide range of findings seen in health.

Low prevalence of positive hydrogen breath tests in patients with functional gastrointestinal conditions and hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Using hydrogen breath testing (HBT) to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) remains controversial in patients with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, and unknown in those with hypermobility Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS). We assessed prevalence of positive HBTs in these groups, evaluated the predictive value of GI symptoms and the potential role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on test results. METHODS: Sequential patients referred for HBT to a tertiary unit were classified into the following groups: GI maldigestion/malabsorption, GI sensorimotor disorders, hEDS, and functional GI disorders. All underwent standardized HBT, and the yield was assessed against symptoms and PPI use. KEY RESULTS: A total of 1062 HBTs were performed over 3 years (70% female, mean age 48 ± 16 years). Overall, 7.5% (80/1062) patients had a positive HBT. Prevalence of positive HBT was highest in patients with GI maldigestion/malabsorption (17.9%; DOR 16.16, p < 0.001), GI sensorimotor disorders (15.9%; DOR 8.84, p < 0.001), compared to functional GI disorders (1.6%; DOR 1.0) (p < 0.0001). None of the hEDS patients tested positive for HBT. A positive HBT was independently associated with increased age (DOR 1.03; p < 0.001) and symptoms of diarrhea (DOR 3.95; p < 0.0001). Patients on PPIs tended towards a positive HBT than patients off PPIs (16.1% vs 6.9%; DOR 2.47; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Less than 2% of patients with functional GI disorders, and none of the patients with hEDS had a positive HBT. Pre-test probability was higher in patients with: GI structural or neurological disorders; use of long-term PPIs and symptoms of diarrhea. These criteria may be helpful in making appropriate therapeutic decisions and avoiding unnecessary hydrogen breath testing.

Skeletal Muscle-Derived Cell Implantation for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fecal incontinence (FI) improvement following injection of autologous skeletal muscle-derived cells has been previously suggested. This study aimed to test the efficacy and safety of said cells through a multicenter, placebo-controlled study, to determine an appropriate cell dose, and to delineate the target patient population that can most benefit from cell therapy. METHODS: Patients experiencing FI for at least 6 months were randomized to receive a cell-free medium or low or high dose of cells. All patients received pelvic floor electrical stimulation before and after treatment. Incontinence episode frequency (IEF), FI quality of life, FI burden assessed on a visual analog scale, Wexner score, and parameters reflecting anorectal physiological function were all assessed for up to 12 months. RESULTS: Cell therapy improved IEF, FI quality of life, and FI burden, reaching a preset level of statistical significance in IEF change compared with the control treatment. Post hoc exploratory analyses indicated that patients with limited FI duration and high IEF at baseline are most responsive to cells. Effects prevailed or increased in the high cell count group from 6 to 12 months but plateaued or diminished in the low cell count and control groups. Most physiological parameters remained unaltered. No unexpected adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of a high dose of autologous skeletal muscle-derived cells followed by electrical stimulation significantly improved FI, particularly in patients with limited FI duration and high IEF at baseline, and could become a valuable tool for treatment of FI, subject to confirmatory phase 3 trial(s). (ClinicalTrialRegister.eu; EudraCT Number: 2010-021463-32).

Recognizing and Defining Occasional Constipation: Expert Consensus Recommendations.

Constipation is a common problem, affects 15% of the population, and is often self-diagnosed and self-managed. Over the past 3 decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding and management of chronic constipation, with the emerging recognition that occasional constipation (OC) is another subtype that falls outside current classifications. The purpose of this review was to describe the process of developing and proposing a new definition for OC based on expert consensus and taking into consideration the multifactorial nature of the problem such as alterations in bowel habit that include stool frequency and difficulty with stool passage, perception of the sufferer, duration of symptoms, and potential responsiveness to treatment. Leading gastroenterologists from 5 countries met virtually on multiple occasions through an online digital platform to discuss the problem of OC and recommended a practical, user-friendly definition: "OC can be defined as intermittent or occasional symptomatic alteration(s) in bowel habit. This includes a bothersome reduction in the frequency of bowel movements and/or difficulty with passage of stools but without alarming features. Bowel symptoms may last for a few days or a few weeks, and episodes may require modification of lifestyle, dietary habits and/or use of over-the-counter laxatives or bulking agents to restore a satisfactory bowel habit." Prospective studies are required to validate this definition and determine OC prevalence in the community. This review highlights current knowledge gaps and could provide impetus for future research to facilitate an improved understanding of OC and development of evidence-based management guidelines.