Dynamic Optical Tuning of Interlayer Interactions in the Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.

Modulation of weak interlayer interactions between quasi-two-dimensional atomic planes in the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) provides avenues for tuning their functional properties. Here we show that above-gap optical excitation in the TMDCs leads to an unexpected large-amplitude, ultrafast compressive force between the two-dimensional layers, as probed by in situ measurements of the atomic layer spacing at femtosecond time resolution. We show that this compressive response arises from a dynamic modulation of the interlayer van der Waals interaction and that this represents the dominant light-induced stress at low excitation densities. A simple analytic model predicts the magnitude and carrier density dependence of the measured strains. This work establishes a new method for dynamic, nonequilibrium tuning of correlation-driven dispersive interactions and of the optomechanical functionality of TMDC quasi-two-dimensional materials.

Dynamic Structural Response and Deformations of Monolayer MoS2 Visualized by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction.

Two-dimensional materials are subject to intrinsic and dynamic rippling that modulates their optoelectronic and electromechanical properties. Here, we directly visualize the dynamics of these processes within monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 using femtosecond electron scattering techniques as a real-time probe with atomic-scale resolution. We show that optical excitation induces large-amplitude in-plane displacements and ultrafast wrinkling of the monolayer on nanometer length-scales, developing on picosecond time-scales. These deformations are associated with several percent peak strains that are fully reversible over tens of millions of cycles. Direct measurements of electron-phonon coupling times and the subsequent interfacial thermal heat flow between the monolayer and substrate are also obtained. These measurements, coupled with first-principles modeling, provide a new understanding of the dynamic structural processes that underlie the functionality of two-dimensional materials and open up new opportunities for ultrafast strain engineering using all-optical methods.

Intestinal oxalate absorption in patients with continent urinary diversion.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the post-operative effect of an orthotopic ileal neobladder or a Mainz pouch I bladder replacement on the extent of intestinal oxalate absorption. Gastrointestinal oxalate absorption was measured in six patients with an orthotopic ileal neobladder and in six patients with a Mainz pouch I bladder replacement. The function test applied was the [13C2]oxalate absorption test. With a range of 5.1-12.4%, the oxalate absorption of these patients was well within the reference range for healthy volunteers. The results from our small study indicate that such continent urinary diversions present no hazard for oxalate hyperabsorption and subsequent calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

Comparison of staining methods and a nested PCR assay to detect Histoplasma capsulatum in tissue sections.

To optimize diagnosis of histoplasmosis in tissue sections, 30 spleen specimens from mice, experimentally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum, were examined by H&E, Grocott stain, anti-bacille Calmette-Guerin antibody immunostain, Fungiqual A fluorochrome stain (Drs Reinehr and Rembold, Kandern, Germany), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results were compared with the tissue burden determined by quantitative culture. By applying logistic regression, the nested PCR assay was the most sensitive method, but not significantly more sensitive than the Grocott stain. The 50% quantile to achieve a positive result was determined to be 3 colony-forming units per milligram of spleen tissue for the PCR assay, 11 for the Grocott stain, 27 for the fluorochrome stain, 190 for immunostaining, and 533 for the H&E stain. The Grocott and fluorochrome stains did not differ significantly in detecting fungal elements. The PCR assay unambiguously identified H. capsulatum in tissue sections.