A survey on the perception of the specialty of Endocrinology and Nutrition among students preparing for the entrance exam for medical specialty training in Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Previous studies have shown that there is decreasing interest in E&N among medical students. The aim of our study was to evaluate the perception of E&N among a sample of medical students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We surveyed 2252 students prior to taking the exam that allows access to specialised training in Spain. RESULTS: Overall, 9.9% (222 participants) would probably choose E&N. The most positive aspects in includes of the specialty are its logical pathophysiological basis (54%) and that the work is dynamic and varied (27%), while the least attractive aspects are the few interventional techniques. The parts of the specialty that most attract students are hypothalamic-pituitary disease and diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of candidates who want to study E&N as their first choice is adequate in relation to the number of places available.

Comprehensive approach to people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical recommendations for the comprehensive approach of people with type 2 diabetes according to evidence-based medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. METHODS: The recommendations were formulated according to the degrees of evidence of the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. After reviewing the available evidence and formulating recommendations by the authors of each section, several rounds of comments were developed incorporating the contributions and voting on controversial points. Finally, the final document was sent to the rest of the members of the area for review and incorporation of contributions, to finally carry out the same process with the members of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition Board of Directors. CONCLUSIONS: The document establishes practical recommendations based on the latest available evidence for the management of people with type 2 diabetes.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of a Spanish population of people living with type 1 diabetes who practice nonprofessional sports: The DIABESPORT survey.

AIM: To determine the characteristics of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) who practice sports, the support they receive, and the way in which they manage their disease during sports. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study designed as a web-based survey released through social media was carried out, directed to physically active people with T1D. RESULTS: A total of 342 subjects completed the survey (16 children; 67.5% males). The duration of living with T1D was 18.6 ± 11.4 years. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin concentration (HbA1c) was 6.7 ± 0.8%, and the mean time in range (TIR) was 72.9 ± 15.8%. Only 27.2% started sports activity following the diagnosis of T1D. The most frequently used basal insulin was insulin degludec (38.6%). The usual treatment modification before doing sports consisted of bolus reduction (42.5%) or only the adjustment of nutritional supplements (19.7%). In cases of long-acting insulin users, the basal dose usually remained unchanged during sports. One-quarter of the participants were insulin pump users, and of these, 12.5% always disconnected the pump during physical activities. Severe hypoglycemia on the day of physical activity was experienced by 5% of the participants in the last 6 months. One-third reported a lack of support from their physician, and 61% had learned to manage glycemic control during sports by themselves. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the adjustments made by people living with T1D during sports practice, and the lack of support received from healthcare professionals.

Executive summary of the consensus statement of: Clinical recommendations for sport practice in people with diabetes (RECORD Guide). Update 2021. Diabetes Mellitus Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN).

OBJECTIVE: To guide professionals involved in the care of people with diabetes mellitus who practice sport. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. METHODS: A group of experts in each area covered by the statement carried out a bibliographic review of the available evidence for each topic, based on which recommendations were subsequently agreed upon within the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group. CONCLUSIONS: The statement provides practical recommendations for the management of diabetes mellitus during sports practice.

Information and consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide that affects more than 10% of the Spanish population. CKD is associated with high comorbidity rates, poor prognosis and major consumption of health system resources. Since the publication of the last consensus document on CKD seven years ago, little evidence has emerged and few clinical trials on new diagnostic and treatment strategies in CKD have been conducted, apart from new trials in diabetic kidney disease. Therefore, CKD international guidelines have not been recently updated. The rigidity and conservative attitude of the guidelines should not prevent the publication of updates in knowledge about certain matters that may be key in detecting CKD and managing patients with this disease. This document, also prepared by 10 scientific associations, provides an update on concepts, clarifications, diagnostic criteria, remission strategies and new treatment options. The evidence and the main studies published on these aspects of CKD have been reviewed. This should be considered more as an information document on CKD. It includes an update on CKD detection, risk factors and screening; a definition of renal progression; an update of remission criteria with new suggestions in the older population; CKD monitoring and prevention strategies; management of associated comorbidities, particularly in diabetes mellitus; roles of the Primary Care physician in CKD management; and what not to do in Nephrology. The aim of the document is to serve as an aid in the multidisciplinary management of the patient with CKD based on current recommendations and knowledge.

Basal insulin analogues in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. ESKD has a high prevalence in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). CKD increases the chances of hypoglycaemia by different mechanisms, causes insulin resistance and a decrease in insulin metabolism. Both the "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) and "American Diabetes Association" (ADA) guidelines recommend the use of insulin as part of treatment, but the type of basal insulin is not specified. METHODS: We reviewed the literature to determine whether first- and second-generation basal insulins are effective and safe in CKD patients. We reviewed specific pivotal studies conducted by pharmaceutical laboratories, as well as independent studies. CONCLUSIONS: Basal insulins are safe and effective in patients with CKD and diabetes mellitus but we do not have specific studies. Given that CKD is one of the main complications of type 2 DM, and insulin specific treatment in the final stages, the absence of studies is striking. Real-life data are also important since trials such as pivotal studies do not fully represent actual patients. Treatment should be individualized until we have specific trials in this type of population.

Physical Activity Intensity and Type 2 Diabetes: Isotemporal Substitution Models in the "Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra" (SUN) Cohort.

Which intensity of physical activity (PA) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention remains unclear. Isotemporal substitution models assess the relationship of replacing the amount of time spent in one activity for another. We aimed to assess T2D incidence associated with light-to-moderate physical activity (LMPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) using isotemporal substitution models of one hour (1 h) sitting by 1 h of LMPA or VPA. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect on T2D of an isotemporal substitution of 1 h sitting by 1 h of slow (light physical activity) or brisk-very brisk walking (moderate physical activity). In total, 20,060 participants (both sexes) of the SUN cohort (Spain) initially free of T2D followed-up during a median of 12 years were included. Cox regression models were fitted to assess the association between the substitution of 1 h LMPA, VPA, slow and brisk-very brisk pace by 1 h sitting and T2D. The replacement of 1 h sitting time by 1 h of VPA was associated with an adjusted HR of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.34-0.80), not observed for the substitution by 1 h of LMPA (HR 0.93; 95% CI: 0.73-1.20). An apparent inverse association was observed for the replacement of 1 h sitting time by 1 h of brisk/very brisk walking (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.46-1.04), not observed by 1 h of slow pace. From equal conditions of duration and frequency of PA, the higher the intensity of PA, the greater the T2D prevention.

Executive summary: Position document: Evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in the patient with diabetes mellitus 2020. Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical recommendations for the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN). METHODS: The recommendations were made based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to establish both the strength of the recommendations and the level of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (PubMed) for the available evidence on each subject, and articles written in English and Spanish with an inclusion date up to 30 November 2019 were reviewed. This executive summary takes account of the evidence incorporated since 2013. CONCLUSIONS: The document establishes practical evidence-based recommendations regarding the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Ultra-processed foods and type-2 diabetes risk in the SUN project: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIM: The association between ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been much explored. We aimed to evaluate the association between consumption of UPF and the incidence of T2D. METHODS: We assessed 20,060 participants (61.5% women) from the SUN project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) followed-up every two years (median follow-up 12 years). Food and drink consumption were evaluated through a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire and grouped according to their degree of processing by the NOVA classification. Participants were categorized into tertiles of UPF consumption adjusted for total energy intake. We fitted Cox proportional hazard models with repeated dietary measurements at baseline and updating information on food consumption after 10 years of follow-up to minimise the potential effect of diet variation. RESULTS: During 215,149 person-years of follow-up, 175 new-onset T2D cases were confirmed. Participants in the highest baseline tertile (high consumption) of UPF consumption had a higher risk of T2D as compared to those in the lowest tertile (multivariable adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06 to 2.22) with a significant dose-response relationship (p for linear trend = 0.024). The multivariable adjusted HR using repeated measurements of UPF intake was 1.65 (95% CI 1.14-2.38) when comparing extreme tertiles. CONCLUSIONS: In a highly-educated Mediterranean cohort with a low absolute risk, a higher intake of UPF was independently associated with a higher risk for T2D. These results provide more evidence to encourage the limitation of UPF consumption to reduce the population burden of T2D.

Executive summary: Position document: Evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in the patient with diabetes mellitus 2020. Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. / Resumen ejecutivo: Documento de posicionamiento: evaluación y manejo de la hipoglucemia en el paciente con diabetes mellitus 2020. Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical recommendations for the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN). METHODS: The recommendations were made based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to establish both the strength of the recommendations and the level of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (PubMed) for the available evidence on each subject, and articles written in English and Spanish with an inclusion date up to 28 February 2020 were reviewed. This executive summary takes account of the evidence incorporated since 2013. CONCLUSIONS: The document establishes practical evidence-based recommendations regarding the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Promoting exercise, reducing sedentarism or both for diabetes prevention: The "Seguimiento Universidad De Navarra" (SUN) cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors have demonstrated independent associations with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the combination of both, has been less explored. We aimed to compare the associations of PA-only versus the simultaneous effect of PA and sedentary behaviors on T2DM in a Mediterranean cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants (n = 19,524) initially free of T2DM from the SUN Project were followed-up for a median of 10.4 years. Analyses were conducted in 2018. PA and sedentary parameters (TV viewing time and sitting time) were assessed through a validated questionnaire. The amount of each PA was expressed in METs-h/wk. After that, a previously developed 8-item active + sedentary lifestyle score was computed. T2DM was defined according to ADA criteria. To adjust for potential confounders, Cox regression models were adjusted. Among 19,524 participants, 175 cases of new-onset T2DM were observed during follow-up. After multivariable adjustment, higher PA was strongly inversely associated with T2DM, showing highly significant differences between extreme quartiles (HR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.32-0.79 p for trend<0.001). When considering not only PA, but also the more comprehensive active + sedentary lifestyle combined score, even stronger differences were found between the lowest and the highest categories (HR = 0.40; 95%CI 0.20-0.80; p for trend<0.001). CONCLUSION: Sedentary lifestyles, in addition to PA patterns, should be included in the assessment of T2DM risk. Promoting PA should be coupled with the avoidance of a sedentary lifestyle to lower the risk of T2DM.

Document on a comprehensive approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Documento de abordaje integral de la diabetes tipo 2.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex and is intended to decrease morbidity and mortality. Management should therefore include adequate diabetes education, lifestyle changes, drug treatment to achieve early blood glucose control and reduction of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, early detection and treatment of complications, and assessment of associated comorbidities. The objective was to prepare a document including all aspects required for a comprehensive approach to T2DM. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology. METHODS: The available evidence regarding each aspect of diabetes management (blood glucose control goals, diet and exercise, drug treatment, risk factor management and control, detection of complications, and management of frail patients) was reviewed. Recommendations were formulated based on the grades of evidence stated in the 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Recommendations were discussed and agreed by the working group members. CONCLUSIONS: This document is intended to provide evidence-based practical recommendations for comprehensive management of T2DM by clinical endocrinologists.

Impact of bariatric surgery on bone tissue. / Impacto de la cirugía bariátrica en el tejido óseo.

The important prevalence and morbidity of obesity has generated an increase in bariatric surgery. It has a positive effect in obesity-related comorbidities. However, it's detrimental to bone health. The underline pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and heterogeneous. The knowledge of these factors may lead us to develop an adequate therapeutic intervention.

The diabetic paradox: Bone mineral density and fracture in type 2 diabetes. / La paradoja diabética: densidad mineral ósea y fractura en la diabetes tipo 2.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence and morbidity are increasing. Osteoporotic fractures are among the 'non-classical' complications of diabetes and been overlooked for a long time, maybe because of their complex diagnostic and therapeutic approach. The usual tools for preventing fragility fractures (such as the fracture risk assessment tool and bone densitometry) underestimate risk of fractures in type2 diabetic patients. New techniques, such as trabecular bone score or bone turnover markers, could be useful, but greater scientific evidence is required to recommend their use in clinical practice. The special characteristics of their pathophysiology result in decreased bone remodeling with normal or even increased bone mineral density, but with low quality. These changes lead to the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures without evidence of densitometric changes, which could be called 'the diabetic paradox'.

The stiff shoulder in diabetic patients.

Shoulder stiffness is associated with diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by pain and restriction of active and passive range of motion. Like other complications of diabetes (e.g., arterial stiffness, pancreatic or renal fibrosis), shoulder stiffness is due to a fibrotic process. The clinical course is generally benign, but it can last for months, with remaining disabilities in the long term. Several possibilities of treatment are being used. The practitioner should be aware of this complication, its natural history, and the current treatments available in order to adequately tailor the best treatment to the patient, sometimes combining more than one option.

Clinical Effects of Liraglutide in a Real-World Setting in Spain: eDiabetes-Monitor SEEN Diabetes Mellitus Working Group Study.

INTRODUCTION: A limitation with randomized controlled trials is that, while they provide unbiased evidence of the efficacy of interventions, they do so under unreal conditions and in a very limited and highly selected patient population. Our aim was to provide data about the effectiveness of liraglutide treatment in a real-world and clinical practice setting. METHODS: In a retrospective and observational study, data from 753 patients with type 2 diabetes were recorded through an online tool (eDiabetes-Monitor). RESULTS: Mean baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 8.4 ± 1.4% and mean body mass index (BMI) was 38.6 ± 5.4 kg/m(2). After 3-6 months of treatment with liraglutide, we observed a change in HbA1c of -1.1 ± 1.2%, -4.6 ± 5.3 kg in weight and -1.7 ± 2.0 kg/m(2) in BMI (p < 0.001 for all). Compared to baseline, there was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (-5.9 mmHg, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (-3.2 mmHg, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (-0.189 mmol/l, p < 0.001) and triglycerides (-0.09 mmol/l, p = 0.021). In patients switched from DPP-4 inhibitors, liraglutide induced a decrease of -1.0% in HbA1c (p < 0.001) and a reduction in weight (-4.5 kg, p < 0.001). In patients treated with liraglutide as an add-on therapy to insulin a decrease of -1.08% in HbA1c (p < 0.001) and a weight reduction of -4.15 kg (p < 0.001) were observed. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the effectiveness of liraglutide in a real-life and clinical practice setting. FUNDING: Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

[Clinical recommendations for sport practice in diabetic patients (RECORD Guide). Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN)]. / Recomendaciones clínicas para la práctica del deporte en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (Guía RECORD). Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN).

UNLABELLED: Sporting activity is becoming a common practice in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This situation requires both a preliminary medical assessment and a wide range of changes in treatment which have scarcely been addressed in medical literature. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a clinical guideline on the medical approach to patients with diabetes who practice sport regularly. METHODS: An expert panel from the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) reviewed the most relevant literature in each of the sections. Based both on this review and on data from the experience of a number of athletes with DM, a number of recommendations were agreed within each section. Finally, the Working Group and representatives of the SEEN jointly discussed all these recommendations. CONCLUSION: The guideline provides recommendations ranging from medical assessment before patients with DM start to practice sport to actions during and after physical activity. Recommendations are also given on aspects such as the impact of sport on blood glucose control, training schemes, or special risk situations.