Utility of a Benchmarking Report for Balancing Infection Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Children with Complicated Appendicitis.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a severity-adjusted, hospital-level benchmarking comparative performance report for postoperative organ space infection and antibiotic utilization in children with complicated appendicitis. BACKGROUND: No benchmarking data exist to aid hospitals in identifying and prioritizing opportunities for infection prevention or antimicrobial stewardship in children with complicated appendicitis. METHODS: This was a multicenter cohort study using NSQIP-Pediatric data from 16 hospitals participating in a regional research consortium, augmented with antibiotic utilization data obtained through supplemental chart review. Children with complicated appendicitis who underwent appendectomy from 07/01/2015 to 06/30/2020 were included. Thirty-day postoperative OSI rates and cumulative antibiotic utilization were compared between hospitals using observed-to-expected (O/E) ratios after adjusting for disease severity using mixed effects models. Hospitals were considered outliers if the 95% confidence interval for O/E ratios did not include 1.0. RESULTS: 1790 patients were included. Overall, the OSI rate was 15.6% (hospital range: 2.6-39.4%) and median cumulative antibiotic utilization was 9.0 days (range: 3.0-13.0). Across hospitals, adjusted O/E ratios ranged 5.7-fold for OSI (0.49-2.80, P=0.03) and 2.4-fold for antibiotic utilization (0.59-1.45, P<0.01). Three (19%) hospitals were outliers for OSI (1 high and 2 low performers), and eight (50%) were outliers for antibiotic utilization (5 high and 3 low utilizers). Ten (63%) hospitals were identified as outliers in one or both measures. CONCLUSIONS: A comparative performance benchmarking report may help hospitals identify and prioritize quality improvement opportunities for infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship, as well as identify exemplar performers for dissemination of best practices.

Postoperative Antibiotics, Outcomes, and Resource Use in Children With Gangrenous Appendicitis.

Importance: Gangrenous, suppurative, and exudative (GSE) findings have been associated with increased surgical site infection (SSI) risk and resource use in children with nonperforated appendicitis. Establishing the role for postoperative antibiotics may have important implications for infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship. Objective: To compare SSI rates in children with nonperforated appendicitis with GSE findings who did and did not receive postoperative antibiotics. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a retrospective cohort study using American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP)-Pediatric Appendectomy Targeted data from 16 hospitals participating in a regional research consortium. NSQIP data were augmented with operative report and antibiotic use data obtained through supplemental medical record review. Children with nonperforated appendicitis with GSE findings who underwent appendectomy between July 1, 2015, and June 30, 2020, were identified using previously validated intraoperative criteria. Data were analyzed from October 2022 to July 2023. Exposure: Continuation of antibiotics after appendectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Rate of 30-day postoperative SSI including both incisional and organ space infections. Complementary hospital and patient-level analyses were conducted to explore the association between postoperative antibiotic use and severity-adjusted outcomes. The hospital-level analysis explored the correlation between postoperative antibiotic use and observed to expected (O/E) SSI rate ratios after adjusting for differences in disease severity (presence of gangrene and postoperative length of stay) among hospital populations. In the patient-level analysis, propensity score matching was used to balance groups on disease severity, and outcomes were compared using mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust for hospital-level clustering. Results: A total of 958 children (mean [SD] age, 10.7 [3.7] years; 567 male [59.2%]) were included in the hospital-level analysis, of which 573 (59.8%) received postoperative antibiotics. No correlation was found between hospital-level SSI O/E ratios and postoperative antibiotic use when analyzed by either overall rate of use (hospital median, 53.6%; range, 31.6%-100%; Spearman ρ = -0.10; P = .71) or by postoperative antibiotic duration (hospital median, 1 day; range, 0-7 days; Spearman ρ = -0.07; P = .79). In the propensity-matched patient-level analysis including 404 patients, children who received postoperative antibiotics had similar rates of SSI compared with children who did not receive postoperative antibiotics (3 of 202 [1.5%] vs 4 of 202 [2.0%]; odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.16-3.39; P = .70). Conclusions and Relevance: Use of postoperative antibiotics did not improve outcomes in children with nonperforated appendicitis with gangrenous, suppurative, or exudative findings.

Use of Antipseudomonal Antibiotics is not Associated with Lower Rates of Postoperative Drainage Procedures or More Favorable Culture Profiles in Children with Complicated Appendicitis: Results from a Multicenter Regional Research Consortium.

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of postoperative drainage and culture profiles in children with complicated appendicitis treated with the two most common antibiotic regimens with and without antipseudomonal activity (piperacillin-tazobactam [PT] and ceftriaxone with metronidazole [CM]). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Variation in use of antipseudomonal antibiotics has been driven by a paucity of multicenter data reporting clinically relevant, culture-based outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients with complicated appendicitis (7/2015-6/2020) using NSQIP-Pediatric data from 15 hospitals participating in a regional research consortium. Operative report details, antibiotic utilization, and culture data were obtained through supplemental chart review. Rates of 30-day postoperative drainage and organism-specific culture positivity were compared between groups using mixed effects regression to adjust for clustering after propensity matching on measures of disease severity. RESULTS: 1002 children met criteria for matching (58.9% received CM and 41.1% received PT). In the matched sample of 778 patients, children treated with PT had similar rates of drainage overall (PT: 11.8%, CM: 12.1%; OR 1.44 [OR:0.71-2.94]) and higher rates of drainage associated with growth of any organism (PT: 7.7%, CM: 4.6%; OR 2.41 [95%CI:1.08-5.39]) and Escherichia coli (PT: 4.6%, CM: 1.8%; OR 3.42 [95%CI:1.07-10.92]) compared to treatment with CM. Rates were similar between groups for drainage associated with multiple organisms (PT: 2.6%, CM: 1.5%; OR 3.81 [95%CI:0.96-15.08]) and Pseudomonas (PT: 1.0%, CM: 1.3%; OR 3.42 [95%CI:0.55-21.28]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Use of antipseudomonal antibiotics is not associated with lower rates of postoperative drainage procedures or more favorable culture profiles in children with complicated appendicitis.

Outcomes and Resource Utilization Associated with Use of Routine Pre-Discharge White Blood Cell Count for Clinical Decision-Making in Children with Complicated Appendicitis: A Multicenter Hospital-Level Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to explore the hospital-level relationship between routine pre-discharge WBC utilization (RPD-WBC) and outcomes in children with complicated appendicitis. METHODS: Multicenter analysis of NSQIP-Pediatric data from 14 consortium hospitals augmented with RPD-WBC data. WBC were considered routine if obtained within one day of discharge in children who did not develop an organ space infection (OSI) or fever during the index admission. Hospital-level observed-to-expected ratios (O/E) for 30-day outcomes (antibiotic days, imaging utilization, healthcare days, and OSI) were calculated after adjusting for appendicitis severity and patient characteristics. Spearman correlation was used to explore the relationship between hospital-level RPD-WBC utilization and O/E's for each outcome. RESULTS: 1528 children were included. Significant variation was found across hospitals in RPD-WBC use (range: 0.7-100%; p < 0.01) and all outcomes (mean antibiotic days: 9.9 [O/E range: 0.56-1.44, p < 0.01]; imaging: 21.9% [O/E range: 0.40-2.75, p < 0.01]; mean healthcare visit days: 5.7 [O/E 0.74-1.27, p < 0.01]); OSI: 14.1% [O/E range: 0.43-3.64, p < 0.01]). No correlation was found between RPD-WBC use and antibiotic days (r = +0.14, p = 0.64), imaging (r = -0.07, p = 0.82), healthcare days (r = +0.35, p = 0.23) or OSI (r = -0.13, p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Increased RPD-WBC utilization in pediatric complicated appendicitis did not correlate with improved outcomes or resource utilization at the hospital level. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. TYPE OF STUDY: Clinical Research.

Association Between Antibiotic Redosing Before Incision and Risk of Incisional Site Infection in Children With Appendicitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether redosing antibiotics within an hour of incision is associated with a reduction in incisional surgical site infection (iSSI) in children with appendicitis. BACKGROUND: Existing data remain conflicting as to whether children with appendicitis receiving antibiotics at diagnosis benefit from antibiotic redosing before incision. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study using data from the Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program augmented with antibiotic utilization and operative report data obtained though supplemental chart review. Children undergoing appendectomy at 14 hospitals participating in the Eastern Pediatric Surgery Network from July 2016 to June 2020 who received antibiotics upon diagnosis of appendicitis between 1 and 6 hours before incision were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare odds of iSSI in those who were and were not redosed with antibiotics within 1 hour of incision, adjusting for patient demographics, disease severity, antibiotic agents, and hospital-level clustering of events. RESULTS: A total of 3533 children from 14 hospitals were included. Overall, 46.5% were redosed (hospital range: 1.8%-94.4%, P <0.001) and iSSI rates were similar between groups [redosed: 1.2% vs non-redosed: 1.3%; odds ratio (OR) 0.84, (95%,CI, 0.39-1.83)]. In subgroup analyses, redosing was associated with lower iSSI rates when cefoxitin was used as the initial antibiotic (redosed: 1.0% vs nonredosed: 2.5%; OR: 0.38, (95% CI, 0.17-0.84)], but no benefit was found with other antibiotic regimens, longer periods between initial antibiotic administration and incision, or with increased disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Redosing of antibiotics within 1 hour of incision in children who received their initial dose within 6 hours of incision was not associated with reduction in risk of incisional site infection unless cefoxitin was used as the initial antibiotic.

Pediatric traumatic hemorrhagic shock consensus conference recommendations.

ABSTRACT: Hemorrhagic shock in pediatric trauma patients remains a challenging yet preventable cause of death. There is little high-quality evidence available to guide specific aspects of hemorrhage control and specific resuscitation practices in this population. We sought to generate clinical recommendations, expert consensus, and good practice statements to aid providers in care for these difficult patients.The Pediatric Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Consensus Conference process included systematic reviews related to six subtopics and one consensus meeting. A panel of 16 consensus multidisciplinary committee members evaluated the literature related to 6 specific topics: (1) blood products and fluid resuscitation for hemostatic resuscitation, (2) utilization of prehospital blood products, (3) use of hemostatic adjuncts, (4) tourniquet use, (5) prehospital airway and blood pressure management, and (6) conventional coagulation tests or thromboelastography-guided resuscitation. A total of 21 recommendations are detailed in this article: 2 clinical recommendations, 14 expert consensus statements, and 5 good practice statements. The statement, the panel's voting outcome, and the rationale for each statement intend to give pediatric trauma providers the latest evidence and guidance to care for pediatric trauma patients experiencing hemorrhagic shock. With a broad multidisciplinary representation, the Pediatric Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Consensus Conference systematically evaluated the literature and developed clinical recommendations, expert consensus, and good practice statements concerning topics in traumatically injured pediatric patients with hemorrhagic shock.

Association of Gangrenous, Suppurative, and Exudative Findings With Outcomes and Resource Utilization in Children With Nonperforated Appendicitis.

Importance: The clinical significance of gangrenous, suppurative, or exudative (GSE) findings is poorly characterized in children with nonperforated appendicitis. Objective: To evaluate whether GSE findings in children with nonperforated appendicitis are associated with increased risk of surgical site infections and resource utilization. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter cohort study used data from the Appendectomy Targeted Database of the American College of Surgeons Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, which were augmented with operative report data obtained by supplemental medical record review. Data were obtained from 15 hospitals participating in the Eastern Pediatric Surgery Network (EPSN) research consortium. The study cohort comprised children (aged ≤18 years) with nonperforated appendicitis who underwent appendectomy from July 1, 2015, to June 30, 2020. Exposures: The presence of GSE findings was established through standardized, keyword-based audits of operative reports by EPSN surgeons. Interrater agreement for the presence or absence of GSE findings was evaluated in a random sample of 900 operative reports. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative surgical site infections (incisional and organ space infections). Secondary outcomes included rates of hospital revisits, postoperative abdominal imaging, and postoperative length of stay. Multivariable mixed-effects regression was used to adjust measures of association for patient characteristics and clustering within hospitals. Results: Among 6133 children with nonperforated appendicitis, 867 (14.1%) had GSE findings identified from operative report review (hospital range, 4.2%-30.2%; P < .001). Reviewers agreed on presence or absence of GSE findings in 93.3% of cases (weighted κ, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86-0.92). In multivariable analysis, GSE findings were associated with increased odds of any surgical site infection (4.3% vs 2.2%; odds ratio [OR], 1.91; 95% CI, 1.35-2.71; P < .001), organ space infection (2.8% vs 1.1%; OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.30-3.67; P = .003), postoperative imaging (5.8% vs 3.7%; OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.23-2.36; P = .002), and prolonged mean postoperative length of stay (1.6 vs 0.9 days; rate ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.32-1.54; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In children with nonperforated appendicitis, findings of gangrene, suppuration, or exudate are associated with increased surgical site infections and resource utilization. Further investigation is needed to establish the role and duration of postoperative antibiotics and inpatient management to optimize outcomes in this cohort of children.

Comparison of Two Laparoscopic Techniques in Management of Pediatric Inguinal Hernias.

Introduction: Many studies focus on comparing outcomes of the open method for inguinal hernia repair (IHR) and the laparoscopic method. However, few studies compare different laparoscopic techniques. With over a dozen different techniques described in the literature for laparoscopic IHR, significant opportunities exist to study the efficacy of each technique. We investigated outcomes of a subcutaneous endoscopically assisted transfixion ligation (SEATL) technique and a percutaneous internal ring suturing (PIRS). Materials and Methods: After receiving institutional review board approval, we completed a retrospective chart review of IHR performed at our pediatric tertiary care center between September 2015 and May 2020. We included all patients under the age of 18 years. We separated laparoscopic repairs from total repairs. Laparoscopic repairs were further divided into their respective techniques. Factors involving patient demographics, operative details, and postoperative complications were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Results: There was a total of 131 IHRs performed with SEATL and 124 IHRs performed with PIRS. Median operative time (minutes) differed significantly (P = .001) with SEATL at 49 (28-66) and PIRS at 55 (37-76)] minutes. Significantly more incarcerated hernias were repaired with PIRS (n = 13) than with SEATL (n = 3, P = .006). SEATL had a higher number of postoperative complications; the most significant were granulomas (n = 3, P = .09) and recurrent hernias (n = 12, P < .001). Conclusion: SEATL had a significantly higher number of postoperative complications. This may be a result of multiple factors including but not limited to the absence of electrocautery, a shorter median operative time, and utilization of absorbable suture. Modifications have been made to this technique to reduce risk of postoperative complications.

Portal Vein Thrombosis Following Splenectomy in Children: Is There a Higher Rate When Using Single-Incision Laparoscopy?

BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis can be a life-threatening complication associated with a splenectomy. Laparoscopic splenectomy has been suggested to cause an increased rate of portal vein thrombosis. Our study evaluated the rate of portal vein thrombosis in pediatric patients who underwent a splenectomy via single-site laparoscopy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy from November 2012 to July 2019. Demographic data, operative details, postoperative imaging, and patient outcomes were obtained for analysis. Patients were contacted to determine if they had any complications for which they sought medical care elsewhere. RESULTS: There were 78 pediatric patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy over the 7-year period. The most common indication was sickle cell disease (70.5%). Single-incision laparoscopy was performed in 61.5% of the cases. Eight were converted to open. Eleven patients (14.1%) had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed during the same operation. The overall complication rate was 8.9%. A quarter of our patients had imaging within 1 year of surgery; no portal vein thrombosis was identified. In addition, over half of the patients were recontacted for follow-up questioning. None of the patients surveyed sought medical care elsewhere for a surgery-related complication or sequela of a portal vein thrombus. DISCUSSION: Single-incision laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe approach in children. Using the single-site platform allows the flexibility to perform additional operations, such as cholecystectomy, without the placement of additional ports. This analysis shows that patients undergoing single-incision laparoscopic splenectomy do not have a higher rate for portal vein thrombosis.

Who manages burn injuries in children? A program director survey evaluating burn training during pediatric surgery fellowship.

PURPOSE: Burn is one of the leading causes of injury and death in children. Currently, the Residency Review Committee does not require general surgery residents to rotate on a burn service. With many trainees no longer receiving burn training during residency, we sought to evaluate the exposure to burn management in pediatric surgery training programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic survey was sent to program directors at accredited pediatric surgery training programs (56) during the 2020 academic year. Case log reviews were performed for 2005-2019. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-six program directors participated in the survey (64%), and 56% reported having an inpatient and outpatient component for burn management. Nearly 20% of program directors reported having no burn management at their institution. Fifty-four percent of responding programs had fellow participation in burn management. Over a fifteen-year period, case logs identified a median of 0-2 burn cases logged each year for graduating fellows. Logistically, 65% of burn centers relied on general pediatric surgeons for management. CONCLUSION: Pediatric surgery trainee involvement in burn management varies with many programs offering no designated burn training. Increasing exposure to pediatric burn management during training is needed to provide improved care for this patient population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, Retrospective Review.

Reducing Constipation-Related Admissions: The Effectiveness of Antegrade Continence Enema Procedures in Children.

INTRODUCTION: Constipation in pediatrics remains a common problem. Antegrade continence enema (ACE) procedures have been shown to decrease the distress of daily therapy. Patients are able to administer more aggressive washouts in the outpatient setting. Therefore, we hypothesize that patients following an ACE procedure would have reduced admissions for constipation. METHODS: Patients who underwent an ACE procedure at a large children's hospital from 2015 to 2018 were included. Demographics, diagnosis, procedure, and preoperative/postoperative hospital admissions were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were included in the study. Over half were diagnosed with idiopathic constipation. Majority of patients underwent an appendicostomy (88%, n = 42). Preoperatively, 26 patients were admitted for a combined total of 63 times for constipation. Postoperatively, 4 patients were admitted for a total of 5 visits (P = .021). Twenty-eight patients required a nonscheduled appendicostomy tube replacement. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates ACE procedures can improve constipation-related symptoms in children and are associated with decrease hospital admissions.

Perforated Appendicitis During a Pandemic: The Downstream Effect of COVID-19 in Children.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020. States issued stay-at-home orders and hospitals cancelled non-emergent surgeries. During this time, we anecdotally noticed more admissions for perforated appendicitis. Therefore, we hypothesized that during the months following the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, more children were presenting with perforated appendicitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study reviewing pediatric patients admitted at a single institution with acute and/or perforated appendicitis between October 2019 to May 2020. Interval appendectomies were excluded. COVID-19 months were designated as March, April, and May 2020. Additional analysis of March, April, and May 2019 was performed for comparison purposes. Analyzed data included demographics, symptoms, white blood cell count, imaging findings, procedures performed, and perforation status. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: During the study period, 285 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with 95 patients being perforated. We identified a significant increase in perforated appendicitis cases in the three COVID-19 months compared with the preceding five months (45.6% vs 26.4%; P <0.001). In addition, a similar significant increase was identified when comparing to the same months a year prior (P = 0.003). No significant difference in duration of pain was identified (P=0.926). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated stay-at-home orders have had downstream effects on healthcare. Our review has demonstrated a significant increase in the number of children presenting with perforated appendicitis following these stay-at-home ordinances. These results demonstrate that further investigations into the issues surrounding access to healthcare, especially during this pandemic, are warranted.

The diminishing experience in pediatric surgery for general surgery residents in the United States.

PURPOSE: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) regulates the general surgery residency curriculum. Case volume remains a priority as recent concerns surrounding a lack of proficiency for certain surgical cases have circulated. We hypothesize that there is a significant decrease in pediatric surgery case numbers during general surgery residency despite residents meeting the minimum case requirements. METHODS: We reviewed publicly available ACGME case reports for general surgery residency from 1999 to 2018. Cases are classified as Surgeon Chief or Surgeon Junior. Analyzed data included case classifications, number of residents, and number of residency programs. Simple linear regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: We identified a significant decrease in total number of logged pediatric surgery cases over the past 20 years (p<0.001). Nearly 60% of cases were logged under a single category - inguinal/umbilical hernia. From the past five years, pyloric stenosis was the only other category with an average of greater than two cases logged (range 2.1-2.8). CONCLUSION: We identified a significant decrease in total pediatric surgery case numbers during general surgery residency from 1999 to 2018. Though meeting set requirements, overall case variety was limited. With minimal number of cases required by the ACGME, graduating general surgery residents may lack proficiency in simple pediatric surgery cases.

The Fellowship Effect: Does Surgical Subspecialty Training Affect Pediatric Surgery Case Volume?

PURPOSE: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) monitors fellow case numbers. Previous literature has shown new fellowships detrimentally affecting general surgery residency case numbers. We hypothesize that an increase in pediatric otolaryngology and pediatric urology fellowships would decrease overlapping case numbers in pediatric surgery fellowships. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of each specialties' fellowship match results was performed. Publicly available pediatric surgery cases logs were reviewed for overlapping cases including thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, branchial cleft cyst excision, thyroglossal duct cyst excision, major neck tumor excision, nephrectomy, orchidopexy, inguinal hernia, and testicular torsion. Analyzed data included average case numbers and number of fellows each year. Linear regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: We identified a significant increase in fellowship graduates from 2003 to 2018 (p < 0.006). Reviewed cases showed little fluctuation despite an increase in graduates. A decrease in tumor-related nephrectomies and orchidopexies was identified for pediatric surgery fellows (p < 0.001; p < 0.004). Though significant, nephrectomy fluctuation was between 2 and 4 cases. Similarly, we identified a significant rise in thyroidectomies (p < 0.001). Again, the increase was by 3 cases each year. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increase in number of fellowships, there has been a minimal overall effect on pediatric surgery case volume. Continuing to monitor these trends will help ensure adequate training for all pediatric surgical subspecialties.

Trending diversity: Reviewing four-decades of graduating fellows and the current leadership in pediatric surgery.

PURPOSE: Diversity in the physician workforce remains a priority in healthcare as it has been shown to improve outcomes. Decisions for choosing specific fields in medicine are partly influenced by mentors, which tend to be the same sex or ethnicity. Females are starting to outnumber males in medical school and minorities are targeted for recruitment. We hypothesized that diversity in pediatric surgery has increased over time. METHODS: The recently published A Genealogy of North American Pediatric Surgery was utilized to identify graduating pediatric surgery fellows from 1981 to 2018. Organization websites were used to identify past and current leaders. A web-based analysis, including online facial recognition software, was performed. A year-to-year and decade-to-decade demographic comparison was completed. RESULTS: 1217 pediatric surgery fellows graduated between 1981 and 2018. When comparing graduates from the first and last decades, an increase from 16.9% to 39.5% for female graduates was observed (p = 0.046). A significant increase in nonwhite graduates was seen for all races (p < 0.05). Representation in leadership was White and male dominant. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in diversity in pediatric surgery fellowship graduates. There were increasing trends in female graduates and all nonwhite racial groups. Focusing on enhancing the pipeline and mentoring underrepresented minorities will continue to enhance this trend for the field of pediatric surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III; Retrospective Review.

The Disturbing Findings of Pediatric Firearm Injuries From the National Trauma Data Bank: 2010-2016.

BACKGROUND: Trauma is the leading cause of pediatric and adolescent morbidity and mortality. Firearm-related injuries and deaths contribute substantially to the overall disease burden. This study described the intent, location, demographics, and outcomes of a nationally representative pediatric population with firearm injuries. We hypothesized that younger patients would have a higher percentage of unintentional and self-inflicted injuries with associated higher mortality rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The National Trauma Data Bank, maintained by the American College of Surgeons, from 2010 to 2016 was utilized. All pediatric patients (0-19 y) with firearm injuries who had complete data were analyzed for mechanism, location, demographics, and outcomes. Basic descriptive statistics were used to compare subgroups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate risk factors for firearm injury-caused mortality. RESULTS: In the study period, 46,039 pediatric patients sustained firearm injuries (median age = 17 y). Males, Blacks, ages 15-19, and the Southern region were the most common injured demographics. However, subgroup analysis showed the demographics differ for self-inflicted and unintentional firearm injuries, which had significantly higher White patients (66.6% and 47.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). Nearly 76% of injuries were related to assaults, 14% were unintentional, 5% were self-inflicted, and 5% were undetermined. The overall mortality was nearly 12%. The youngest population had higher proportion of unintentional injuries and highest mortality rate when compared with other classifications of intent (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric firearm injuries have high mortality, especially in the youngest populations. Age-tailored prevention strategies, such as strict child access prevention laws and enforced gun storage violations, may help in reducing firearm injuries and improving health outcomes.

Esophageal Foreign Body Management in Children: Can It Wait?

Introduction: Pediatric foreign body ingestion remains a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits. Button battery ingestion is an established surgical emergency, requiring immediate removal. Timing of removal for other foreign bodies remains controversial. We hypothesize that there is no difference in complication rate or successful removal of esophageal foreign bodies that wait until the following morning for removal. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review for cases involving esophageal foreign body removal by pediatric surgery or pediatric gastroenterology from November 2015 to November 2019 was performed. Patients were divided into two groups based on ED arrival-daytime (05:00-16:59); nighttime (17:00-04:59). Imaging confirmed an esophageal foreign body. Data collected included basic demographics, time of presentation, time of procedure, symptoms, location of the foreign body, and complications within 30 days. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: After excluding button batteries, 273 children underwent esophageal foreign body removal. Two-thirds presented at night. A significant difference was identified in the median time from ED to the operating room when comparing daytime (194.8 minutes; interquartile range [IQR]: 108.5-347) versus nighttime groups (643 minutes; IQR: 471.5-745; P < .001). Nine children had a complication or readmission within 30 days of their procedure and 25 patients had migration of their foreign body into the stomach, both with no significant difference (P = .94; P = .98, respectively). Conclusion: We found that waiting until the following morning had minimal impact on complications or success rate when removing esophageal foreign bodies. By waiting, institutions with limited personnel can keep resources and staff available for more pressing emergencies.

Curriculum Change Needed: A Decline in Antireflux Surgery in the Pediatric Surgery Fellowship.

BACKGROUND: Case number requirements by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have recently changed in general surgery residency and pediatric surgery fellowship. Overall, pediatric surgery fellowship case volumes remain high, but there may be limited exposure to many index cases. We hypothesize that pediatric antireflux surgery is decreasing nationally, and this trend is independent of the fluctuating number of pediatric surgery fellows. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of publicly available ACGME case reports from 2003 to 2018 was performed. Both open and laparoscopic antireflux surgery cases were evaluated. Analyzed data included average case number per fellow, minimum and maximum case numbers, and number of fellows each year. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: We identified a significant relationship (P < 0.001) between the total number of antireflux procedures and the years of operation. The slope coefficient was -1.45, meaning the number of operations decreased by an average of 1.45 per year from 2003 to 2018 . The number of fellows fluctuated during this time period (range: 24-45). With multiple linear regression analysis, we found that the number of fellows did not affect the decline of antireflux surgery seen over the years (P = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Case numbers continue to be an important topic in ACGME discussions for surgical residency and subspecialty fellowships. Our review has shown a national decline in the number of pediatric antireflux surgeries performed in pediatric surgery fellowship. Identifying additional trends in surgical management of diseases may aid in the evolution of the pediatric surgery curriculum.

Trauma Teams That Train as One Work as One: Invasive Procedure Training in Residency Education.

BACKGROUND: Invasive surgical procedures occur infrequently in an emergency department setting; however, procedural competence is expected from trauma residents. Emergent procedures are challenging to train in a formal manner because of the urgent nature when they present. To supplement education, new and creative teaching tools such as simulation and multidisciplinary training are being used. Our study organized a multidisciplinary simulated learning workshop with surgery and emergency medicine residents for invasive, emergent procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 14 surgical and 36 emergency medicine residents at our institution participated in a simulated learning experience. Ten workshops were organized, with six to seven residents participating in each session. Using a human cadaveric model, all residents were taught by senior-level residents and attendings from both specialties on how to perform uncommonly or anatomically challenging emergent invasive procedures. A pre- and post-laboratory survey was completed by all the residents to assess confidence in performing each of the 13 procedures. RESULTS: All residents (N = 50), who participated in the study, completed pre- and post-laboratory surveys. Comparison of the pre- and post-laboratory confidence levels indicated significant increases in confidence in performing all procedures. Residents stated that this multidisciplinary approach to education in a controlled setting was helpful and fostered a collaborative relationship between both specialties. CONCLUSIONS: Although some surgical procedures remain uncommon in the emergency department, competency is nevertheless expected for appropriate patient care. Using a collaborative simulation-based cadaver laboratory to teach emergent procedures significantly improved residents' confidence while concurrently fostering professional relationships.