Comparative Cytotoxic Activity of Hydroxytyrosol and Its Semisynthetic Lipophilic Derivatives in Prostate Cancer Cells.

A high adherence to a Mediterranean diet has been related to numerous beneficial effects in human health, including a lower incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa). Olive oil is an important source of phenolic bioactive compounds, mainly hydroxytyrosol (HT), of this diet. Because of the growing interest of this compound and its derivatives as a cancer chemopreventive agent, we aimed to compare the in vitro effect of HT isolated from olive mill wastewaters and five semisynthetic alkyl ether, ester, and nitro-derivatives against prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. The effect in cell proliferation was determined in RWPE-1, LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC-3 cells by resazurin assay, the effect in cell migration by wound healing assay, and tumorsphere and colony formation were evaluated. The changes in key signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis were assessed by using a phosphorylation pathway profiling array and by Western blotting. Antiproliferative effects of HT and two lipophilic derivatives [hydroxytyrosyl acetate (HT-Ac)/ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether (HT-Et)] were significantly higher in cancerous PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells than in non-malignant RWPE-1 cells. HT/HT-Ac/HT-Et significantly reduced migration capacity in RWPE-1 and PC-3 and prostatosphere size and colony formation in 22Rv1, whereas only HT-Ac and HT-Et reduced these functional parameters in PC-3. The cytotoxic effect in 22Rv1 cells was correlated with modifications in the phosphorylation pattern of key proteins, including ERK1/2 and AKT. Consistently, HT-Ac and HT-Et decreased p-AKT levels in PC-3. In sum, our results suggest that HT and its lipophilic derivatives could be considered as potential therapeutic tools in PCa.

A comparative study of the antiangiogenic activity of hydroxytyrosyl alkyl ethers.

The phenolic compound hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives are responsible for some of the health benefits of the intake of virgin olive oil, having shown antiangiogenic properties. In this study, we explored the antiangiogenic potential of six synthetic hydroxytyrosyl alkyl ethers (HT C1, C2, C4, C6, C8 and C12). Our results showed that all compounds affected endothelial cell viability in vitro at low micromolar doses. In addition, compounds HT C1, C2, C4 and C6 inhibited endothelial cell migration and formation of tubular-like structures. In these assays, hydroxytyrosyl hexyl ether (HT C6) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity in vitro, activating as well apoptosis in endothelial cells. Furthermore, the antiangiogenic activity of HT C6 was confirmed in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Hence, we present hydroxytyrosol synthetic derivative HT C6 as a new antiangiogenic compound and as a good candidate for an antiangiogenic drug in the treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

Comparison of the anti-angiogenic potential of hydroxytyrosol and five derivatives.

Hydroxytyrosol is a phenolic compound present in extra virgin olive oil, either in free form or as derivatives, and related to some of the health benefits described for olive oil intake. We have demonstrated previously that hydroxytyrosol inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we evaluate the anti-angiogenic potential of five hydroxytyrosol derivatives. Three of these derivatives contain a nitro group and they exhibit a much weaker effect than hydroxytyrosol in the tubule formation assay on Matrigel and therefore were not studied further. In contrast, both hydroxytyrosyl acetate and ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether show more potent inhibitory effects than hydroxytyrosol in both the in vitro tubule formation assay on Matrigel and the in vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay. Additionally, these three compounds had slight pro-apoptotic effects and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels in cell extracts.

Isolation and Quantification of Pinitol, a Bioactive Cyclitol, in Retama spp.

The genus Retama (Fabaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. In the present study, pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol), an anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic molecule, was isolated from aerial parts of R. monosperma, and its structure established on the basis of spectroscopic techniques (1D/2D NMR) and MS. Identification and quantification of pinitol in R. raetam and R. sphaerocarpa were also performed. R. monosperma had the highest concentration of pinitol (2.3%). The presence of pinitol in aqueous extracts of Retama spp. may explain the adaptation of these plants to drought and salinity. Furthermore, pinitol could be considered as a mediator in the anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities of Retama spp., which are traditionally used to treat diabetes.

Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Alkyl Nitroderivatives of Hydroxytyrosol.

A series of alkyl nitrohydroxytyrosyl ether derivatives has been synthesized from free hydroxytyrosol (HT), the natural olive oil phenol, in order to increase the assortment of compounds with potential neuroprotective activity in Parkinson's disease. In this work, the antioxidant activity of these novel compounds has been evaluated using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and Oxygen Radical Scavenging Capacity (ORAC) assays compared to that of nitrohydroxytyrosol (NO2HT) and free HT. New compounds showed variable antioxidant activity depending on the alkyl side chain length; compounds with short chains (2-4 carbon atoms) maintained or even improved the antioxidant activity compared to NO2HT and/or HT, whereas those with longer side chains (6-8 carbon atoms) showed lower activity than NO2HT but higher than HT.

Sucrose esters from Physalis peruviana calyces with anti-inflammatory activity.

Physalis peruviana is a native plant from the South American Andes and is widely used in traditional Colombian medicine of as an anti-inflammatory medicinal plant, specifically the leaves, calyces, and small stems in poultice form. Previous studies performed by our group on P. peruviana calyces showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in an enriched fraction obtained from an ether total extract. The objective of the present study was to obtain and elucidate the active compounds from this fraction and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro. The enriched fraction of P. peruviana was purified by several chromatographic methods to obtain an inseparable mixture of two new sucrose esters named peruviose A (1) and peruviose B (2). Structures of the new compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. The anti-inflammatory activity of the peruvioses mixture was evaluated using λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and lipopolysaccharide-activated peritoneal macrophages. Results showed that the peruvioses did not produce side effects on the liver and kidneys and significantly attenuated the inflammation induced by λ-carrageenan in a dosage-dependent manner, probably due to an inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, which was demonstrated in vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of sucrose esters in P. peruviana that showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect. These results suggest the potential of sucrose esters from the Physalis genus as a novel natural alternative to treat inflammatory diseases.

Cytotoxic activity of dihydrochalcones isolated from Corema album leaves against HT-29 colon cancer cells.

During our search for cytotoxic compounds from Andalusian vascular plants, the ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of Corema album (L.) D. Don (Ericaceae) was selected for its cytotoxic activity against the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Two dihydrochalcones, 2',4'-dihydroxydihydrochalcone (1) and 2'-methoxy-4'-hydroxydihydrochalcone (2), have been isolated from the leaves of C. album. Their structural identification was based on 1H NMR and 13C NMR data, including 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. These compounds were subjected to the sulfhorhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxic assay against human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). Compounds 1 and 2 showed higher cytotoxicity than the positive control 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); the IC50 values (microM +/- SEM) were 1.8 +/- 0.4 for compound 1, 8.5 +/- 2.1 microM for compound 2, and 8.7 +/- 4.0 for 5-FU. The cytotoxic activity of 1 and 2 was reduced in the presence of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Mn(III) Tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride (MnTMPyP), therefore suggesting that reactive oxygen species generation participates in the cytotoxic activity of these dihydrochalcones.

Anti-apoptotic activity of hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosyl laurate.

Hydroxytyrosol (HyT) is a polyphenol primarily released in olive mill wastewater and in olive oil. In animal and cell model studies, HyT and its metabolites have strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and in several human diseases. Differently, many researchers reported that HyT down-regulates tumor cell viability and cell cycle progression, and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis. In this study we have investigated the effects of HyT and the corresponding ester hydroxytyrosyl laurate in U937 cells, a human monocytoid cell line, and in C2C12 myoblasts, a murine proliferating muscle cell model, after apoptotic death induction. Inverted, light and transmission electron microscopy have been utilized to characterize cell death patterns. H2O2, at the concentrations known to induce apoptosis, was utilized as cell death trigger. The results obtained show that laur-HyT has a protective antioxidant effect against H2O2 treatment, greater than HyT, so having a role in the prevention of apoptotic death in normal and tumor cells. These data suggest these compounds as good candidate for novel therapeutic strategies.

(+)-Dihydrorobinetin: a marker of vinegar aging in acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood.

The use of acacia wood for the aging of vinegars is increasing because the efficient air transfer through the pores permits a good acetification rate. In this study, vinegars aged in acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood barrels were analyzed and found to contain a characteristic compound, which increased during the aging process. This so far unknown compound was isolated by semipreparative LC and structurally identified by NMR spectroscopy. (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts and optical rotation revealed its structure to be (+)-dihydrorobinetin, a dihydroflavonol identified for the first time in vinegars as a marker of aging in this kind of wood. This study also reports for the first time the complete assignment of (13)C NMR data for this compound. Moreover, it revealed a longer contact time with acacia wood results in higher concentrations of (+)-dihydrorobinetin found in vinegars. Another finding was that the vinegars aged with nontoasted acacia chips showed significantly higher concentrations of (+)-dihydrorobinetin than found in vinegars aged with toasted acacia chips (384.8 and 23.5 mg/L, respectively). The in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH(*) and ORAC assays) of (+)-dihydrorobinetin was also determined. (+)-Dihydrorobinetin is reported here for the first time as a chemical marker of vinegars aged in acacia wood and can be used for authenticity purposes.

Synthesis of hydroxytyrosyl alkyl ethers from olive oil waste waters.

The preparation of a new type of derivatives of the naturally occurring antioxidant hydroxytyrosol is reported. Hydroxytyrosyl alkyl ethers were obtained in high yield by a three-step procedure starting from hydroxytyrosol isolated from olive oil waste waters. Preliminary results obtained by the Rancimat method have shown that these derivatives retain the high protective capacity of free hydroxytyrosol.

Lipophilic hydroxytyrosyl esters. Antioxidant activity in lipid matrices and biological systems.

Antioxidant activities of lipophilic hydroxytyrosyl acetate, palmitate, oleate, and linoleate were compared with those of hydroxytyrosol, alpha-tocopherol, and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in both glyceridic matrix and biological systems. Aliquots of a glyceridic matrix spiked with various concentrations of antioxidant were subjected to accelerated oxidation in a Rancimat apparatus operated at 90 degrees C. The relationships between induction time (IT) and antioxidant concentration (mmol/kg) presented by hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosyl acetate, palmitate, oleate, and linoleate were similar. Hydroxytyrosol and its esters showed greater antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol or BHT. We also evaluated the capacity of hydroxytyrosyl esters to protect proteins and lipids against oxidation caused by peroxyl radicals, using a brain homogenate as an ex vivo model. All tested compounds showed a protective effect in these systems, which was greater in preventing the generation of carbonyl groups in protein than of malondialdehyde in lipid. Inclusion of a lipophilic chain in the hydroxytyrosol molecule enhanced its antioxidant capacities in this biological model.

Structural determination of the Nod factors produced by Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum R602.

Rhizobium gallicum is a fast-growing bacterium found in European, Australian and African soils; it was first isolated in France. It is a microsymbiont which is able to nodulate plants of the genus Phaseolus. Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum R602 produces four extracellular signal molecules consisting of a linear backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine, bearing on the nonreducing terminal residue an N-methyl group and different N-acyl substituents. The four acyloligosaccharides terminate with a sulfated N-acetylglucosaminitol. This unit may be also acetylated. These structures were determined using carbohydrate and methylation analysis, mass spectrometric analysis and one-dimensional- and two-dimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. This work establishes the common structure that a lipochito-oligosaccharide must have so that the Rhizobium that produces and excretes it is able to nodulate plants of Phaseolus vulgaris. The substituents common to all the molecules are an N-methyl group and a C(18:1) fatty acid on the nonreducing terminal residue.

Structural determination of the lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nodulation signals produced by Rhizobium giardinii bv. giardinii H152.

Rhizobium giardinii bv. giardinii is a microsymbiont of plants of the genus Phaseolus and produces extracellular signal molecules that are able to induce deformation of root hairs and nodule organogenesis. We report here the structures of seven lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules secreted by R. giardinii bv. giardinii H152. Six of them are pentamers of GlcNAc carrying C 16:0, C 18:0, C 20:0 and C 18:1 fatty acyl chains on the non-reducing terminal residue. Four are sulfated at C-6 of the reducing terminal residue and one is acetylated in the same position. Six of them are N-methylated on the non-reducing GlcN residue and all the nodulation factors are carbamoylated on C-6 of the non-reducing terminal residue. The structures were determined using monosaccharide composition and methylation analyses, 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and a range of mass spectrometric techniques. The position of the carbamoyl substituent on the non-reducing glucosamine residue was determined using a CID-MSMS experiment and an HMBC experiment.