Angiotensin II Triggers NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by a Ca2+ Signaling-Dependent Pathway in Rat Cardiac Fibroblast Ang-II by a Ca2+-Dependent Mechanism Triggers NLRP3 Inflammasome in CF.

Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is a widely studied hypertensive, profibrotic, and pro-inflammatory peptide. In the heart, cardiac fibroblasts (CF) express type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, which play important roles in pro-inflammatory processes. When activated, the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers proteolytic cleavage of pro-IL-1, resulting in its activation. However, in CF the mechanism by which Ang-II assembles and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome remains not fully known. To elucidate this important point, we stimulated TLR4 receptors in CF and evaluated the signaling pathways by which Ang-II triggers the assembly and activity. In cultured rat CF, pro-IL-1ß levels, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 expression levels were determined by Western blot. NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, whereas by ELISA, we analyzed NLRP3 inflammasome activity and [Formula: see text] release. In CF, Ang-II triggered NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activity; and in LPS-pretreated CF, Ang-II also triggered [Formula: see text] secretion. These effects were blocked by losartan (AT1R antagonist), U73221 (PLC inhibitor), 2-APB (IP3R antagonist), and BAPTA-AM (Ca2+ chelator) indicating that the AT1R/PLC/IP3R/Ca2+ pathway is involved. Finally, bafilomycin A1 prevented Ang-II-induced [Formula: see text] secretion, indicating that a non-classical protein secretion mechanism is involved. These findings suggest that in CF, Ang-II by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism triggers NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation leading to [Formula: see text] secretion through a non-conventional protein secretion mechanism.

Assesment of platelet antiaggregant activity of a fraction from an ethanolic extract of the bark of Nectandra amazonum Nees / Evaluación de la actividad antiagregante plaquetaria de una fracción del extracto etanólico de corteza de Nectandra amazonum Nees

Background: Some species of the Lauraceae family are known to produce secondary metabolites that have antiplatelet properties. Studies on the leaves of Nectandra amazonum Nees. have shown antiaggregant activity but the bark of this species has not been studied. Objectives: To assess the antiplatelet effect of the ethanolic fraction obtained from the bark of Nectandra amazonum Nees. [N.V. "laurel amarillo", Lauraceae] applying the "Born" turbidimetric method. Methods: The screening test compared the effects of a fraction of N. amazonum (0.1 mg/mL), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 0.5 mM, as reference standard) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, 0.1%, as control) on human platelets stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 2 µM), epinephrine (EPI, 1 uM (one micromolar)), collagen (COLL, 1 µg/mL) and arachidonic acid (AA, 0.2 mg/mL). Subsequently, the study focused on determining the antiaggregant potency of the N. amazonum fraction through concentration - response curves (from 1 µg/mL to 0.4 mg/ mL), obtaining pIC50 (-log IC50) values against the platelet agonists. Results: Control platelets attained the highest percentage values of aggregation (96% AA, 89% EPI, 85% COLL, and 77% ADP). The N. amazonum fraction significantly reduced the aggregation effects (6% AA, 45% EPI, 10% COLL, 21% ADP), with values close to those obtained with ASA (17% AA, 21% EPI, 10% COLL, 20% ADP). According to concentration - response curves, the pIC50 values of the ethanolic fraction indicated the following order of potency: AA, 4.90 > ADP, 4.51 > COLL, 4.33 > EPI, 3.85. Conclusions: These results suggest that the N. amazonum Nees. ethanolic fraction elicited antiplatelet effects mainly related to the inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway.

Antecedentes: Algunas especies de la familia Lauraceae poseen metabolitos secundarios que ejercen efectos antiplaquetarios. Estudios de las hojas de Nectandra amazonum Nees. han mostrado esa actividad, pero no se conoce sobre las propiedades antiagregantes de su corteza. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antiagregante plaquetario de la fracción etanólica obtenida de la corteza de Nectandra amazonum Nees. [N.V. "laurel amarillo", Lauraceae] aplicando el método turbidimétrico de Born. Métodos: En el tamizaje antiagregante se comparó la fracción de N. amazonum (0,1 mg/mL) con ácido acetil salicílico (ASA 0,5 mM, como estándar de referencia) y dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO, 0,1%, como control) en plaquetas humanas estimuladas con adenosin difosfato (ADP, 2 µM), epinefrina (EPI, 1 uM (uno micromolar)), colágeno (COLL, 1 µg/mL) y ácido araquidónico (AA, 0,2 mg/mL). Posteriormente, el estudio se enfocó en la determinación de la potencia antiagregante de la fracción mediante curvas de concentración - respuesta (desde 1 µg/mL hasta 0,4 mg/mL) para obtener los valores respectivos de pIC50 (-log CI50). Resultados: En el grupo control se alcanzaron altos valores de agregación plaquetaria (96% AA, 89% EPI, 85% COLL, 77% ADP). La fracción de N. amazonum redujo significativamente la agregación (6% AA, 45% EPI, 10% COLL, 21% ADP), con valores próximos a los obtenidos con ASA (17% AA, 21% EPI, 10% COLL, 20% ADP). De acuerdo con las curvas de concentración ­ respuesta, los valores de pIC50 arrojaron el siguiente orden de potencia: AA, 4,90 > ADP, 4,51 > COLL, 4,33 > EPI, 3,85. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la fracción etanólica de N. amazonum Nees ejerce efectos antiplaquetarios relacionados especialmente con la cascada metabólica del ácido araquidónico.