RESUMO
Although it is generally assumed that face recognition relies on holistic processing, whether face recognition deficits observed in Developmental Prosopagnosics (DPs) can be explained by impaired holistic processing is currently under debate. The mixed findings from past studies could be the consequence of DP's heterogeneous deficit nature and the use of different measures of holistic processing-the inversion, part-whole, and composite tasks-which showed a poor association among each other. The present study aimed to gain further insight into the role of holistic processing in DPs. Groups of DPs and neurotypicals completed three tests measuring holistic face processing and non-face objects (i.e., Navon task). At a group level, DPs showed (1) diminished, but not absent, inversion and part-whole effects, (2) comparable magnitudes of the composite face effect and (3) global precedence effect in the Navon task. However, single-case analyses showed that these holistic processing deficits in DPs are heterogeneous.
RESUMO
Although it is generally accepted that face recognition relies on holistic processing, it has been suggested that the simultaneous face matching task may depend on a more analytical or featural processing approach. However, empirical evidence supporting this claim is limited. In two experiments, we further explored the role of holistic and featural processing on simultaneous face matching by manipulating holistic processing through inversion and presenting faces with or without face masks. The results from Experiment 1 revealed that both inversion and face masks impaired matching performance. However, while the inversion effect was evident in both full-view and masked faces, the mask effect was only found in upright, but not inverted, faces. These results were replicated in Experiment 2 but, the inversion and mask effects were stronger in delayed face matching than in simultaneous face matching. Our findings suggest that simultaneous face matching relies on holistic processing, but to a smaller extent compared to higher memory-demanding identification tasks.
Assuntos
Reconhecimento Facial , Máscaras , Reconhecimento Visual de ModelosRESUMO
Para resolver problemas aritméticos, los humanos necesitamos tratar con diferentes piezas de información. Por esta razón, parece plausible que necesitemos de algún sistema capaz de procesar, retener y manipular dicha información. La memoria de trabajo es el sistema encargado de llevar a cabo estos procesos, por lo que podría estar implicado en la resolución de operaciones aritméticas. En este sentido, la investigación empírica ha mostrado que los diferentes componentes de la memoria de trabajo (el ejecutivo central, el bucle fonológico, y la agenda visoespacial) juegan diferentes roles en el proceso de resolución de problemas aritméticos. Por otro lado, algunos investigadores sugieren que la discalculia evolutiva, la dificultad para llevar a cabo operaciones matemáticas más frecuente en la población, se caracteriza por un déficit principal en la memoria de trabajo. Sin embargo, estos resultados no han sido siempre replicados. En este artículo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la implicación de la memoria de trabajo en la resolución de operaciones aritméticas. Como se verá, cada componente cumple con una función específica en el proceso de resolución de operaciones aritméticas. Además, la evidencia en contra y apoyando un déficit principal en memoria de trabajo en pacientes con discalculia del desarrollo será revisada.
To solve arithmetic problems, humans need to deal with several pieces of information. The working memory system actively stores and manipulates information. For this reason, it seems plausible that this system is involved in solving arithmetic problems. In fact, it has been shown that the different subcomponents of working memory (central executive, phonological loop and visual sketchpad) play different roles in solving arithmetic problems. On the other hand, some research has shown that the most typical arithmetic disability, that is developmental dyscalculia, is characterized by a main deficit in working memory. However, these results have not been always obtained. In the present article the involvement of working memory in solving arithmetic operations is reviewed. Moreover, the evidence supporting and against a main impairment in working memory in people with developmental dyscalculia will be discussed.