Quality of child anthropometric data from SISVAN, Brazil, 2008-2017.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of anthropometric data of children recorded in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2017. METHOD: Descriptive study on the quality of anthropometric data of children under five years of age admitted in primary care services of the Unified Health System, from the individual databases of SISVAN. Data quality was annually assessed using the indicators: coverage, completeness, sex ratio, age distribution, weight and height digit preference, implausible z-score values, standard deviation, and normality of z-scores. RESULTS: In total, 73,745,023 records and 29,852,480 children were identified. Coverage increased from 17.7% in 2008 to 45.4% in 2017. Completeness of birth date, weight, and height corresponded to almost 100% in all years. The sex ratio was balanced and approximately similar to the expected ratio, ranging from 0.8 to 1. The age distribution revealed higher percentages of registrations from the ages of two to four years until mid-2015. A preference for terminal digits "zero" and "five" was identified among weight and height records. The percentages of implausible z-scores exceeded 1% for all anthropometric indices, with values decreasing from 2014 onwards. A high dispersion of z-scores, including standard deviations between 1.2 and 1.6, was identified mainly in the indices including height and in the records of children under two years of age and residents in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions. The distribution of z-scores was symmetric for all indices and platykurtic for height/age and weight/age. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of SISVAN anthropometric data for children under five years of age has improved substantially between 2008 and 2017. Some indicators require attention, particularly for height measurements, whose quality was lower especially among groups more vulnerable to nutritional problems.

Participatory construction of the food security agenda in Brazil: Interests and priorities from re-democratization to institutional dismantling

This study analyzed the trajectory of interests and priorities related to food security expressed in the reports of the five National Food and Nutritional Security Conferences (Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CNSAN) held in Brazil between 1994 and 2015. The documentary research was systematized through content analysis with a quantitative and qualitative focus. Food security dimensions were identified in the 1,181 action proposals assessed through an analysis model consisting of 3 cross-sectional categories, 8 thematic categories, and 10 subcategories. The temporal content analysis revealed: continuous reduction in demands for "universal access to adequate food", especially in the subcategory "employment and income"; constant predominance of the category "structuring sustainable food production and supply systems" with a progressive increase in the subcategory "incentive to agroecology-based production"; and increased demands for "prioritization of traditional peoples and communities". The timeline suggests different contributions of the Conferences to the evolution of the debate on food security in Brazil. However, the insertion of social actors in the process of formulating the Brazilian National Food and Nutritional Security Policy did not guarantee the incorporation of the problems into the public agenda, which should be re-established and deepened in the decision-making processes. The findings attest to the importance of social participation for the theoretical and political qualification of food security in Brazil.

Este estudio analizó la trayectoria de los intereses y prioridades relacionados con la seguridad alimentaria expresados en los informes de las cinco Conferencias Nacionales de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CNSAN) realizadas en Brasil entre 1994 y 2015. La investigación fue sistematizada a través del análisis de contenido con un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo. Las dimensiones de la seguridad alimentaria se identificaron en las 1.181 propuestas de acción evaluadas a través de un modelo de análisis que consta de 3 categorías transversales, 8 categorías temáticas y 10 subcategorías. El análisis de contenido temporal reveló: continua reducción de las demandas de "acceso universal a una alimentación adecuada", especialmente en la subcategoría "empleo e ingresos"; predominio de la categoría "estructuración de sistemas sostenibles de producción y abastecimiento de alimentos" con un aumento progresivo de la subcategoría "incentivo a la producción basada en la agroecología"; y mayores demandas de "priorización de los pueblos y comunidades tradicionales". La línea de tiempo sugiere diferentes contribuciones de las Conferencias a la evolución del debate sobre la seguridad alimentaria en Brasil. Sin embargo, la inserción de los actores sociales en el proceso de formulación de la Política Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Brasil no garantizó la incorporación de los problemas en la agenda pública, que debe ser reconquistada y profundizada en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Los hallazgos atestiguan la importancia de la participación social para la calificación teórica y política de la seguridad alimentaria en Brasil.

Quality of child anthropometric data from SISVAN, Brazil, 2008-2017 / Qualidade dos dados antropométricos infantis do Sisvan, Brasil, 2008-2017

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of anthropometric data of children recorded in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2017. METHOD Descriptive study on the quality of anthropometric data of children under five years of age admitted in primary care services of the Unified Health System, from the individual databases of SISVAN. Data quality was annually assessed using the indicators: coverage, completeness, sex ratio, age distribution, weight and height digit preference, implausible z-score values, standard deviation, and normality of z-scores. RESULTS In total, 73,745,023 records and 29,852,480 children were identified. Coverage increased from 17.7% in 2008 to 45.4% in 2017. Completeness of birth date, weight, and height corresponded to almost 100% in all years. The sex ratio was balanced and approximately similar to the expected ratio, ranging from 0.8 to 1. The age distribution revealed higher percentages of registrations from the ages of two to four years until mid-2015. A preference for terminal digits "zero" and "five" was identified among weight and height records. The percentages of implausible z-scores exceeded 1% for all anthropometric indices, with values decreasing from 2014 onwards. A high dispersion of z-scores, including standard deviations between 1.2 and 1.6, was identified mainly in the indices including height and in the records of children under two years of age and residents in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions. The distribution of z-scores was symmetric for all indices and platykurtic for height/age and weight/age. CONCLUSIONS The quality of SISVAN anthropometric data for children under five years of age has improved substantially between 2008 and 2017. Some indicators require attention, particularly for height measurements, whose quality was lower especially among groups more vulnerable to nutritional problems.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Avaliar a qualidade dos dados antropométricos de crianças registradas no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) no período 2008-2017. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo sobre a qualidade dos dados antropométricos de crianças menores de 5 anos atendidas nos serviços de atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde, a partir das bases de dados individuais do Sisvan. A qualidade dos dados foi avaliada anualmente por meio dos indicadores: cobertura, completude, razão entre sexos, distribuição da idade, preferência por dígitos de peso e estatura, valores de escore-z implausíveis, desvio-padrão e normalidade dos escores-z. RESULTADOS No total, 73.745.023 registros e 29.852.480 crianças foram identificados. A cobertura aumentou de 17,7% em 2008 para 45,4% em 2017. A completude da data de nascimento, peso e estatura correspondeu a quase 100% para todos os anos. A razão entre sexos foi equilibrada e aproximadamente similar a razão esperada, variando entre 0,8 e 1. A distribuição da idade revelou maiores percentuais de registros entre as idades de 2 a 4 anos até meados de 2015. Uma preferência pelos dígitos terminais "zero" e "cinco" foi identificada entre os registros de peso e estatura. As porcentagens de escores-z implausíveis excederam 1% para todos os índices antropométricos, com redução dos valores a partir de 2014. Uma alta dispersão dos escores-z, incluindo desvios-padrão entre 1,2 e 1,6, foi identificada principalmente nos índices incluindo estatura e nos registros de crianças menores de 2 anos e residentes das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. A distribuição dos escores-z foi simétrica para todos os índices e platicúrtica para estatura/idade e peso/idade. CONCLUSÕES A qualidade dos dados antropométricos do Sisvan para crianças menores de 5 anos melhorou substancialmente entre 2008 e 2017. Alguns indicadores requerem atenção, sobretudo para medidas de estatura, cuja qualidade foi principalmente inferior entre os grupos mais vulneráveis a agravos nutricionais.

Public infrastructure for food and nutrition security in brazil: fufilling the constitutional commitment to the human right to adequate food.

Food insecurity is a critical global problem with social and public health consequences. In Brazil, access to adequate food is a fundamental human right guaranteed under the country's Constitution since 2010. As such, the State assumes the distinct and complementary obligations to respect, protect, promote and provide the Right to Adequate Food. The aim of this study is to present actions related to the "provision" dimension that have been developed as part of a network of public infrastructure strategies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Through an exploratory, analytical literature review, the paper focuses on the operational designs and logistics of three main strategies: Food Banks, Community Kitchens, and Popular Restaurants. The Brazilian experience indicates that public actions are necessary, especially considering the urgency for those groups living with hunger and poverty. While similar programs can be found in other countries in South and North America, they are mostly offered by civil society organizations, and have not advanced toward public institutionalization. In fact, private programs are criticized for negating governments' obligation and responsibility in this area. Brazil's experience sheds light on public initiatives in meeting the State's obligations towards the Right to Adequate Food. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-022-01272-1.

Percepção de gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre o cuidado da obesidade infanto-juvenil no Sistema Único de Saúde / Health managers and professionals' perception on the care of child and adolescent obesity in Brazil's Unified Health System

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção de gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre o cuidado disponível para crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade no Sistema Único de Saúde em Sergipe, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo e exploratório, com amostra composta por 46 atores e coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O cuidado existente foi percebido como falho e fragmentado, independentemente do nível de atenção à saúde. As principais dificuldades abrangeram o processo de trabalho, a gestão e organização do cuidado, a adesão familiar e a insuficiência de recursos. Potencialidades relacionadas à gestão, equipes e profissionais, que poderiam contribuir para a implantação de uma linha de cuidado integral, foram também identificadas. Contudo, a organização do cuidado à obesidade infantil ainda requer uma conectividade dos papéis e tarefas dos diversos atores, por meio da pactuação e corresponsabilização entre os serviços, profissionais e a família.

Abstract The study aimed to analyze the perception of health managers and professionals on the care of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity in the Unified Health System of Sergipe, Brazil. This is a qualitative and exploratory study with sample composed of 46 actors and semi-structured interviews as data collection method. The existing care was perceived as poor and fragmented, regardless of the health care level. The main difficulties were the professionals' work process, care management and organization, family support and insufficient resources. Potentialities related to management, teams and professionals, which could contribute to the implementation of a comprehensive care line, were also identified. However, the organization of care for child obesity still requires the connectivity of different actors' roles and tasks, with the agreement and co-responsibility between services, professionals and family.

Healthy Canteen Certification Seal: a proposal for the promotion of appropriate and healthy diets in school canteens / Selo de Certificação Cantina Saudável: uma proposta para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável em cantinas escolares

ABSTRACT Objective Although school is considered a suitable space for health promotion, there have been difficulties adopting healthy eating practices due to many ultra-processed foods offered in school canteens and irregularities in Food and Nutrition Education actions. This study aimed to propose a certification seal to encourage school canteens' managers in Brazil to adopt actions for the Promotion of Appropriate and Healthy Diets. Methods It is a methodological study in which the "Healthy Canteen Certification Seal" was developed, containing ten guidelines based on the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. The instrument was built based on national and international documents and later was consensually agreed upon by experts using the Delphi method. Results Ten guidelines for the Seal were developed around the following topics: the creation of a Council, availability of written and accessible standards; stimulation of water intake; offer of natural foods, limitation of processed and ultra-processed foods, promotion of educational actions, prohibition of abusive food advertisements, structural changes, and staff training. The overall evaluation of the proposal by the experts was positive concerning its relevance, and more than 70% of positive results were attained for all guidelines. The participants agreed that the Seal would contribute to expanding and enhancing healthy eating practices in schools. Conclusion We believe that this proposal will encourage educational institutions to adopt and implement actions for the Promotion of Appropriate and Healthy Diets, thus contributing to ensuring Food and Nutrition Safety for students.

RESUMO Objetivo Embora a escola seja considerada um espaço adequado para a promoção da saúde, dificuldades na adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis têm sido observadas devido à oferta de uma grande quantidade de alimentos ultraprocessados em cantinas escolares e irregularidades nas ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional. Este estudo teve por objetivo propor um selo de certificação para estimular cantinas escolares do Brasil a adotarem ações de Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo de natureza metodológica no qual se desenvolveu o instrumento "Selo de Certificação Cantina Saudável", contendo dez orientações coerentes com as diretrizes do Guia Alimentar da População Brasileira. O instrumento foi elaborado com base em documentos nacionais e internacionais e posteriormente pactuado via consenso com especialistas por meio da metodologia Delphi. Resultados As dez orientações foram elaboradas em torno das seguintes questões: criação de um Conselho, presença de normas escritas e acessíveis, incentivo à ingestão de água, oferta de alimentos in natura e limitação de processados e ultraprocessados, estímulo a ações educativas, proibição de propagandas abusivas sobre alimentos, mudanças estruturais e treinamento de funcionários. A avaliação global da proposta pelos especialistas foi positiva quanto à sua relevância, sendo obtidos resultados superiores a 70% para todas as orientações. Os participantes concordaram que o Selo contribuirá para ampliar e aprimorar a alimentação saudável nas escolas. Conclusão Acredita-se que essa proposta incentivará as instituições educativas a aderirem e implementarem ações de Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável, devendo contribuir para a garantia da segurança alimentar e nutricional dos escolares.

Harvesting rainwater for food security: farmers' perceptions of the Boardwalk Cisterns Program in Alagoas, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Boardwalk Cisterns is a government program that aims to attend a population with precarious access to water in Brazil. Developed as part of the Zero Hunger strategy, it intends to increase food security and contribute to the realization of the human right to food. The objective of this study was to assess farmers' perceptions of the Boardwalk Cisterns program and its impact on the food security situation of beneficiary households. METHODS: Data were collected through a descriptive cross-sectional quali-quantitative survey. Questionnaires were applied to farming families selected from two municipalities in the state of Alagoas (Northeast Brazil), containing questions on sociodemographic characteristics, production methods, and food security status. The Free Evocation Technique for social representation, analyzed through the software Ensemble of Programs Permettant L'analyze des Évocations, was used to ascertain farmers' perceptions of the program. RESULTS: The study showed a positive perception of the interviewees in relation to the boardwalk cisterns. The program brought some improvement in the agricultural production conditions and, consequently, in the food security situation of the households. Corn, beans and cassava were the most common crops, with almost half of this production (48.3%) destined for consumption by the families themselves. Farmers also reported having more water, allowing them to plant more fruit trees, as well as medicinal and ornamental plants. Nevertheless, 79.1% of the households interviewed were still in a situation of food insecurity, of which 28.1% were classified as mild food insecurity, 26% as moderate food insecurity, and 25% as severe food insecurity. CONCLUSION: Farmers were correct in their perception that the Boardwalk Cisterns program improved their food security situation. The program resulted in greater access to water, and greater production and consumption of food. However, by itself, the Boardwalk Cisterns program was not enough to raise beneficiary families above their food-insecure status. The program alleviated the problem of food insecurity, but other complementary government interventions are needed to guarantee the food security of families living in extreme poverty.

Contribution of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods to the cardiometabolic risk of Brazilian young adults: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the simultaneous increase in the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and in the consumption of ultraprocessed foods (UPF) suggests a possible relationship between UPF and cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Objective: to evaluate the association between food consumption, according to the degree of processing, and CMR in young adults. Methods: this is a comparative cross-sectional study in 120 Brazilian young adults aged 18-25 years, categorized by the presence of CMR. Food consumption was investigated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and classified according to the extent of food processing. Food groups and tertiles in grams of unprocessed, minimally processed (MPF), processed and ultra-processed foods (UPF) were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The associations of food consumption, according to level of processing (MPF and UPF), with CMR components were evaluated using logistic regression models. Results: a high caloric contribution of UPF was observed in the diet of this study population. The total energy intake from lipids in all foods (p = 0.04) and in UPF (p = 0.03) was greater in the group with CMR. A greater consumption of UPF was a risk factor for abdominal obesity (OR = 1.09; 95 % CI = 1.00-1.18) while a greater consumption of MPF was protective for LDL-c alterations independently of sex, physical activity, and alcohol intake (OR = 0.70; 95 % CI = 0.50-0.98). Conclusions: UPF contributed to a greater caloric intake from fat in the CMR, and was a risk factor for abdominal obesity. MPF was an independent protective factor for LDL-c alterations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la alta prevalencia de enfermedades cardiometabólicas y el avance de los alimentos ultraprocesados en la dieta sugieren una posible relación entre ellos. Objetivo: valorar la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos clasificado por el grado de procesamiento y el riesgo cardiometabólico en adultos jóvenes. Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra compuesta por 120 jóvenes brasileños de 18 a 25 años, que fueron categorizados según el riesgo cardiometabólico (presencia o ausencia). El consumo de alimentos se evaluó mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencias a partir del que se clasificó la ingesta de acuerdo con el grado de procesamiento. Estos resultados se dividieron en terciles de gramos de alimentos (procesados y mínimamente procesados, procesados y ultraprocessados). Las diferencias de consumo diario de alimentos entre los terciles se compararon por medio del test de Kruskal-Wallis. Se realizó una regresión logística para asociar el grado de procesamiento con los componentes del riesgo cardiometabólico. Resultados: se observó una alta contribución energética de los alimentos ultraprocesados en la dieta de la muestra estudiada. La ingestión de grasas totales (p = 0,04) y alimentos ultraprocesados (p = 0,03) fue mayor entre el grupo con riesgo cardiometabólico. El consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados fue un factor de riesgo de obesidad abdominal (OR = 1,09; IC 95 %: 1,00-1,18), mientras que el consumo de los mínimamente procesados fue protector frente a las alteraciones del LDL-c, independientemente del sexo, la actividad física y la ingesta de alcohol (OR = 0,70; IC 95 % = 0,50-0,98). Conclusión: los alimentos ultraprocesados contribuyeron a aumentar la ingesta de grasas y a la obesidad abdominal; en cambio, los alimentos no procesados y mínimamente procesados redujeron los niveles de LDL-c.

Condições de trabalho de caminhoneiros: percepções sobre a saúde e autocuidado / Health perception and relationship with work activities among truck drivers

Resumo Os caminhoneiros estão expostos a situações nocivas à saúde o que favorece a elevada prevalência de morbimortalidade. Buscou-se conhecer a percepção de saúde e sua relação com as condições de trabalho entre caminhoneiros do estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas de 15 caminhoneiros e roteiro constando duas questões norteadoras: a primeira avaliando a sua saúde atribuindo notas de 0 a 10 e a segunda sobre a sua opinião a respeito da relação do seu próprio estado de saúde com a profissão. Na análise do conteúdo emergiram três categorias: autopercepção da saúde, determinantes de risco laboral e cuidados com a saúde. A autopercepção da saúde obteve notas 7,5±1,4, revelando percepção da saúde limitada a ausência de doença, resignados com a vulnerabilidade associada à rotina laboral extenuante. O entendimento sobre a relação entre saúde e trabalho mostrou-se associado aos determinantes do risco laboral, embora percebessem sua influência na saúde, mostraram-se pouco estimulados quanto ao autocuidado e apontaram como incompatível às rotinas laborais. Conhecer a percepção dos caminhoneiros sobre suas condições de trabalho possibilita o enfrentamento da vulnerabilidade da saúde laboral, viabilizando levantar discussões sobre a necessidade de reformulação e cumprimento das políticas trabalhistas com intuito de reduzir os impactos ocupacionais.

Abstract Truck drivers are exposed to harmful health situations, favoring the high prevalence of morbidity and mortality. We sought to know the perception of health and its relationship with working conditions among truckdrivers in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Qualitative research, with semi-structured interviews of 15 truck drivers and script consisting of two main questions: the first evaluating their health assigning scores from 0 to 10 (0 as unhealthy and 10 totally healthy); and the second about his opinion about the relationship of his own state of health with the profession. In the content analysis, three categories emerged: self-perceived health, determinants of labor risk and health care. Self-perceived health obtained scores of 7.5±1,4, revealing a perception of health limited to the absence of disease, resigned to the vulnerability associated with strenuous work routine. The understanding of the relationship between health and work was associated with the determinants of occupational risk, although they perceived its influence on health, they were little stimulated in terms of self-care and pointed out as incompatible with work routines. Knowing the perception of truck drivers about their working conditions enables them to face the vulnerability of occupational health, making it possible to raise discussions about the need to reformulate and comply with labor policies in order to reduce occupational impacts.

Educação alimentar e nutricional melhora conhecimento sobre o tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2: um estudo qualitativo / Food and nutrition education actions based on Pestalozzi's intuitive method

A educação alimentar e nutricional é um fator determinante para a prevenção e controle das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como o diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional na percepção e no conhecimento sobre a doença, seu tratamento e dificuldades enfrentadas por pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Estudo longitudinal do tipo quanti-qualitativo, realizado com 10 adultos com diabetesmellitus tipo 2, atendidos pela Liga Acadêmica de Nutrição em Diabetes da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Os indivíduos foram convidados a participar de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional realizadas semanalmente durante seis semanas. Os participantes foram entrevistados antes (T0) e após (T1) as ações a fim de investigar os conhecimentos obtidos. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada com duas perguntas para obtenção dos discursos, a primeira relacionou-se com a percepção sobre a doença e tratamento, e a segunda com as dificuldades enfrentadas na busca da alimentação saudável. A análise foi realizada pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Para a primeira pergunta emergiram discursos categorizados em significado emocional, fisiológico e tratamento, já para a segunda emergiram aspectos externos, internos e sem dificuldades. Após as ações, os discursos mostraram-se positivos quanto à adoção de uma alimentação saudável no tratamento. A intervenção permitiu que os indivíduos obtivessem maior conhecimento da doença e dos aspectos relacionados ao tratamento.

Food and nutrition education is a determining factor for the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of food and nutrition education actions on the perception and knowledge about the disease, its treatment, and the difficulties faced by people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Longitudinal quantitative-qualitative study, carried out with 10 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, assisted by the Academic Diabetes Nutrition League of the Federal University of Sergipe. Individuals were invited to participate of the food and nutrition education activities carried out weekly for six weeks. Participants were interviewed before (T0) and after (T1) the activities in order to investigate the knowledge obtained. A semi-structured interview with two questions was used to obtain their responses, the first was related to the perception about the disease and treatment, and the second concerned the difficulties faced in the search for healthy eating. The analysis was performed using the Content Analysis technique. For the first question, responses were categorized into emotional, physiological meanings and treatment, while for the second, external, internal aspects and those without difficulties emerged. After the activities, the responses were positive about the adoption of healthy eating in the treatment. The intervention allowed individuals to gain more knowledge of the disease and aspects related to treatment.

Food and nutritional security of semi-arid farm families benefiting from rainwater collection equipment in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to identify and describe the experience of family farmers and their respective families after using the Boardwalk Cistern rainwater collection system and consequent impacts on nutrition profile and food security. This is a qualitative-quantitative study conducted in two municipalities in the semi-arid region of the state of Alagoas, northeastern Brazil. A structured questionnaire was applied to collect information on demographic and socioeconomic status and household access to food, based on the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale of 29 family farmers' households. Food intake was assessed by food intake markers of the Ministry of Health, while nutritional status was determined by measuring the weight and height of all family members and waist circumference of adults. Nutrition diagnosis was performed using the cutoff points of body mass index for age. Three focus groups were conducted, and the information collected was analyzed through Content Analysis with the aim of knowing the participants' perception of the effects of the received water equipment. The study showed a high prevalence of excess weight (52.7%) and high risk for cardiovascular diseases (35.9%) marked by a high salt and sugar in the food intake. Food Insecurity Scale showed that food insecurity is a problem occurring in 75% of these families. However, focus groups showed that families have a positive perception of Boardwalk Cisterns for their food security. They believe that agricultural production has improved, thereby offering a wider range of foods and, consequently, improving food security. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of water access programs for food production within public policies to guarantee FNS.

Ligas Acadêmicas na formação do profissional de saúde para o Sistema Único de Saúde: potencialidades e desafios / Academic Leagues in health care worker education for Brazil's Unified Health System: potential and challenges

Introdução: As Ligas Acadêmicas (LA) são associações estudantis que contribuem com o estreitamento da relação ensino-serviço-comunidade. Objetivo: Analisar as potencialidades e os desafios das Ligas Acadêmicas como dispositivos de aprendizagem a partir da percepção de alunos e egressos dos cursos da saúde de dois campi de uma universidade pública do Nordeste brasileiro, com modelos de ensino distintos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de Grupos Focais e analisados pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foi identificado que, apesar dos desafios inerentes à gestão de pessoas, ao processo de normatização das Ligas e à necessidade de recursos financeiros para a realização das ações, as Ligas Acadêmicas, independentemente do modelo de ensino adotado pela instituição, desempenham importante papel na formação de profissionais de saúde com maior senso crítico, ampliada visão sobre o modo de promover saúde e maior atenção aos princípios e demandas do Sistema Único de Saúde. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados, sugere-se aos discentes e professores uma atuação que favoreça a superação de desafios e a troca de experiências para potencializar a formação complementar em saúde. Às instituições de ensino cabe o papel de acompanhamento das ações das Ligas para garantir e fortalecer a extensão universitária. (AU)

Introduction: Academic Leagues (AL) are student associations that help strengthen the teaching-service-community relationship. Objective: To analyze the potential and challenges of Academic Leagues as learning devices, based on the perception of students and graduates of health degree programs on two campuses at a public university in northeastern Brazil, which use different teaching approaches. Methods: This is a qualitative study, whose data were collected through Focus Groups and analyzed using the Content Analysis technique. Results: Despite the challenges posed by people management, the standardization of the Leagues and the need for financial resources for full operation, the Academic Leagues, regardless of the teaching model adopted by the institution, play an important role in education and training of health workers so that they can develop greater critical sense, broader vision on health promotion and greater attention to the principles and demands of the Unified Health System. Conclusion: The results showed that students and teachers are encouraged to take action to overcome challenges and to exchange experiences to enhance complementary health education. Educational institutions have the role of monitoring the actions of the Leagues to strengthen and ensure the offer of university extension activities. (AU)

Students' Perspective on Active Learning in Nutrition Education.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perception of nutrition undergraduates about the use of active methodologies as teaching-learning tools for the Nutrition Education course. METHODS: Quali-quantitative cross-sectional research with application of a structured questionnaire and subsequent use of focus groups. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-three sixth and eighth semester nutrition students, taking or having taken the course of Nutrition Education, with mean age (SD) of 23.6 (±5.02) years; 84% were females, and 54% were sixth semester students. Ten students (8 females) participated in the qualitative phase of the research. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST: The use of active learning (AL) in the Nutrition Education course in a university with a traditional teaching method. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics was performed using absolute and relative frequencies, whereas qualitative analysis was based on categorical content analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported not knowing the meaning of AL, but they believed that these methodologies were useful for their learning process and different from what they had experienced in the traditional method. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: In the above-mentioned course, AL improved students' skills, which should be developed throughout their degree program, and familiarized them with methods that can be replicated in their professional life, be it in an academic career or in other fields.

Objectives and Competencies in Food and Nutrition Education in the Brazilian Undergraduate Nutrition Program.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the objectives and competencies sought by the discipline of food and nutrition education (FNE) in the training of nutritionists. DESIGN: A qualitative study, based on the Theory of Social Representations. SETTING: A total of 381 Brazilian public and private higher education institutions with undergraduate courses in nutrition were invited to complete an online questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 104 professors of FNE participated in the study. ANALYSIS: Qualitative analysis using the Discourse of the Collective Subject method and the Central Core Theory. RESULTS: The FNE discipline aims to bring awareness to the importance of the promotion of health and food and nutrition security, to break with the biological and normative vision of food, to problematize the factors related to food, and to seek strategies of promoting healthy eating habits. In addition to preparing students for their role as educators, from planning to the evaluation of FNE actions, the intended competencies range from the development of criticality in educational practices to the application of appropriate pedagogical approaches. CONCLUSION: The objectives of FNE and the desired competencies are articulated and involve, among others, preparing nutritionists for their role of educators.

Reflections on the extinction of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security and the confrontation of Covid-19 in Brazil / Reflexões sobre a extinção do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e o enfrentamento da Covid-19 no Brasil

ABSTRACT The Provisional Measure 870/2019, which amended the Organic Law on Food and Nutrition Security and extinguished the Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (National Council for Food and Nutrition Security), has brought serious consequences to the Brazilian population, especially for the most vulnerable. This scientific note brings reflections on the trajectory of the Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, the repercussions of its extinction in the last year, and the project to dismantle social protection policies in Brazil, with serious consequences at a time when the country is going through a crisis in public health due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The absence of the Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional and the weakening of the set of policies for Food and Nutritional Security has mobilized the civil society to defend the human rights to food, food sovereignty, and to democracy itself. The resistance of the different social movements in order to maintain the spaces of civil participation related to Food and Nutrition Security public policies are still going to be long and arduous, demanding the continued vocalization and strengthening of partnership networks within the different movements of the organized civil society. Finally, we highlight the urgent need for restoration of the National System of Food and Nutritional Security (Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional) with all its instances, and of other social policies, so that the negative consequences of the pandemic are avoided or mitigated and the State complies with its obligations to guarantee the rights of the Brazilian population.

RESUMO A Medida Provisória nº 870/2019, que alterou a Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e extinguiu o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, tem trazido graves consequências à população brasileira, em especial, àqueles em situação de maior vulnerabilidade. Esta nota científica traz reflexões sobre a trajetória do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, as repercussões de sua extinção no último ano e o projeto de desmonte das políticas de proteção social no Brasil, com graves desdobramentos no momento em que o país atravessa uma crise de saúde pública em decorrência da pandemia da Covid-19. A ausência do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e a fragilização do conjunto de políticas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional tem mobilizado a sociedade civil para a defesa do direito humano à alimentação, da soberania alimentar e da própria democracia. A resistência dos diferentes movimentos sociais para manutenção dos espaços de participação da sociedade civil nas políticas públicas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional ainda será longa e árdua, demandando a continuidade da vocalização e fortalecimento de redes de parceria nos diferentes movimentos da sociedade civil organizada. Por fim, destaca-se que a recomposição do Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, com todas as suas instâncias, e das demais políticas sociais, constitui uma necessidade premente para que as consequências negativas da pandemia sejam evitadas ou atenuadas e o Estado cumpra com as suas obrigações para a garantia dos direitos da população brasileira.

Government-subsidized restaurants in Brazil: an evaluation within the framework of food and nutrition security / Restaurantes populares brasileiros: avaliação no âmbito da segurança alimentar e nutricional

ABSTRACT Objective The objective was to evaluate government-subsidized restaurants in southern Brazil according to current regulations and the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy. Methods An evaluation matrix was developed on the basis of a literature review, logic model, immersion in a government-subsidized restaurant, and workshops with experts in the field. The Government-Subsidized Restaurant Evaluation Matrix contemplates two dimensions: Political/Organizational, composed of the subdimensions Administration, Structure, and Target Groups; and Technical/Operational, composed of the subdimensions Meal Quality, Food and Nutrition Education, and Extended Social Support. Subdimensions comprised 24 indicators. Data were gathered through an online survey of the 35 government-subsidized restaurants operating in southern Brazil. Results Of the 35 government-subsidized restaurants in southern Brazil, 86% (n=30) participated in the study. Meal Quality and Administration received the highest score in 73% and 60% of government-subsidized restaurants, respectively, whereas Food and Nutrition Education and Extended Social Support received the lowest score in 47% and 40%, respectively. Conclusion Advances are needed in the understanding of government-subsidized restaurants as public facilities for ensuring food and nutrition security and the human right to adequate food.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os restaurantes populares da região Sul do Brasil utilizando como parâmetros as diretrizes e normativas em vigor e a Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Métodos Avaliação do tipo normativa. Para isso, foi utilizada a Matriz Avaliativa elaborada por meio das seguintes etapas: revisão sistematizada; elaboração do Modelo Teórico-Lógico; processo de imersão em um restaurante popular e oficinas de consenso com especialistas na temática. A matriz avaliativa contempla duas dimensões: Político-Organizacional, organizada nas subdimensões Administração, Estrutura e Público Frequentador; e Técnico-Operacional, organizada nas subdimensões Alimentação Adequada, Educação Alimentar e Nutricional e Assistência Ampliada ao Público Frequentador. Foram elencados 24 indicadores, coletados por meio de questionário online respondido pelos gestores dos restaurantes. Resultados Dos 35 restaurantes existentes na região Sul, 86% (30) participaram da pesquisa. As subdimensões mais bem avaliadas foram Alimentação Adequada e Administração, com 70% e 63% dos restaurantes avaliados como "bom", respectivamente. As subdimensões com piores avaliações foram Educação Alimentar e Nutricional e Assistência Ampliada ao Usuário, com 47% e 40% dos restaurantes classificados como "ruim", respectivamente. Conclusão Destaca-se a boa avaliação dos itens referentes à administração, estrutura e ao processo de produção de refeições, em detrimento aos aspectos relacionados à garantia dos direitos dos usuários.

Comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em adolescentes de um colégio público / Risk behaviors for eating disorders in adolescents at a public school

Os transtornos alimentares estão associados com desordens do comportamento alimentar, principalmente em adolescentes que são mais susceptíveis ao apelo midiático, e relacionados a desordens mentais. Os comportamentos de risco são uma etapa anterior ao desenvolvimento dos transtornos e identifica-los possibilita o planejamento de intervenções precoces e oportunas. Diante disso, objetivo do estudo foi identificar comportamentos de risco, associados ao desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares em adolescentes. Estudo transversal descritivo, com 220 discentes, ambos os sexos. Foram utilizados questionários autoaplicáveis, baseados em duas escalas: Teste de Atitudes Alimentares e o Teste de Investigação Bulímica, de Edimburgo, além das silhuetas para avaliar a auto percepção de tamanho, forma e satisfação corporal. Procedeu-se a análise estatística mediante o cálculo das frequências absolutas e relativas, média, desvio padrão e teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson segundo as categorias de satisfação com a imagem corporal. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5% (p<0,05). Entendeu-se que o risco de desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares foi evidenciado por comportamentos, como: temor intenso ao ganho de peso (45,5%); idealização da magreza (40,9%); preocupação excessiva com os alimentos (56,1%); episódios de compulsão alimentar (46,9%) e uso de métodos purgativos (8,7%). Foi identificada forte associação da insatisfação com a imagem corporal e comportamentos de risco. A maioria dos participantes (67,3%) nunca procurou ajuda profissional. Foram identificados entre os adolescentes comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares, os quais estiveram associados a imagem corporal, destacando a necessidade de intervenções que visem minimizar as consequências deletérias na vida dos adolescentes.

Eating disorders are associated with eating behavior disorders, especially in adolescents who are more susceptible to media's influence and related to mental disorders. Risk behaviors are a stage prior to the development of disorders and identifying them makes it possible to plan early and timely interventions. Therefore, the objective of the study was to identify risk behaviors associated with the development of eating disorders in adolescents. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with 220 students of both sexes. Self-administered questionnaires were used, based on two scales: Food Attitudes Test and the Bulimic Investigation Test, by Edinburgh, in addition to the silhouettes assessing self-perception of size, shape and body satisfaction. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating absolute and relative frequencies, mean, standard deviation and Pearson's Chi-squared test according to the categories of satisfaction with body image. The level of significance was set at 5% (p <0.05). It was understood that the risk of developing eating disorders was demonstrated by behaviors such as: intense fear of weight gain (45.5%); idealization of thinness (40.9%); excessive concern with food (56.1%); episodes of binge eating (46.9%) and use of purgative methods (8.7%). A strong association of dissatisfaction with body image and risk behaviors was identified. Most participants (67.3%) never sought professional help. Among the adolescents, risk behaviors for eating disorders were identified, which were associated with body image, highlighting the need for interventions aimed at minimizing these harmful consequences in the adolescents' lives.

Nutritionist's job market: 80 years of history / Mercado de trabalho do nutricionista: 80 anos de história

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the increase in the number of nutritionists and the aspects of the job market in the last decade. Methods Critical test based on literature review and official data provided by nutrition councils and other entities. Results There was an average yearly increase of 8,248 nutritionists in the period from 2010 to 2017, having the largest contingent of professionals concentrated in the Brazilian Southeast region. In 2017 there were 126,539 nutritionists registered in the country's ten regional councils, practically twice as much as in 2009 (60,554 nutritionists). Even though the last nationwide research on the profile of nutritionists was performed in 2006, the production of local studies showed that more than half of the professionals voluntarily continued their education after graduating. In 2018 the Federal Council of Nutritionists updated the areas of work with details divided in subareas, segments and subsegments. Public spaces for food security, primary health care and sports nutrition are examples of new fields for the nutritionist. In the period of analysis there was an increase of 58.9% of the wage floor, however, still below the national average and other health professionals, and with longer working hours. The current wage floor for nutritionists is R$2,558.05. Conclusion In addition to the increase in the number of professionals, there were adjustments in specific labor legislation, as well as geographical repositioning, diversification and expansion of the job market. It is necessary to move ahead, mainly in what concerns a more extended and holistic understanding of the profession.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a expansão do número de nutricionistas e aspectos do mercado de trabalho do profissional na última década Métodos Ensaio crítico realizado com base em revisão da literatura e em dados oficiais fornecidos pelos Conselhos e outras entidades da profissão. Resultados Houve um aumento médio de 8.248 nutricionistas por ano, no período de 2010 a 2017, com manutenção do maior contingente de profissionais na região Sudeste. Em 2017 existiam 126.539 nutricionistas registrados nos dez conselhos regionais do país, praticamente o dobro de 2009 (60.554 nutricionistas). Apesar da ausência de pesquisa nacional sobre o perfil do nutricionista desde 2006, estudos regionais ou locais mostraram que mais da metade dos profissionais buscou a continuidade da formação. Em 2018 o Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas atualizou as áreas de atuação com detalhamento em subáreas, segmentos e subsegmentos. Equipamentos públicos de segurança alimentar, atenção básica e nutrição esportiva são exemplos dos novos campos de atuação. No período de análise houve aumento de 58,9% do piso salarial, no entanto, ainda abaixo da média nacional e de outras profissões da saúde, e com maior jornada de trabalho. Atualmente o piso salarial nacional do nutricionista é de R$2.558,05. Conclusão Além do aumento no número de profissionais, houve ajustes na legislação trabalhista específica, bem como reposicionamento geográfico, diversificação e ampliação do mercado de trabalho. É necessário avançar na atuação, principalmente no que tange ao entendimento mais ampliado e holístico da profissão.