[Research progress in raw and processed Raphani Semen and prediction of quality markers].

Raphani Semen, with both edible and medicinal values, is a typical Chinese herbal medicine with different effects before and after processing. The raw helps ascending and the cooked helps descending. This paper comprehensively summarizes the differences in chemical constituents and pharmacological effects between raw and processed Raphani Semen that are reported in recent years. Based on the principle of quality markers(Q-markers) of traditional Chinese medicines, the chemical constituent sources, chemical constituent detection techniques, and correlation between bidirectional regulatory efficacy and chemical constituents are compared between raw and processed Raphani Semen. The results suggest that sulforaphene and glucoraphanin could be used as candidate Q-markers of raw and processed Raphani Semen, respectively. This review is expected to provide a reference for further research on the processing, new drug development, and improvement of safety and effectiveness of Raphani Semen in clinical application.

Itraconazole Oral Solution for Infantile Complicated Hemangioma with Double Lesions on the Skin and One Inside the Liver.

An infantile hemangioma is a congenital benign tumor formed by the proliferation of vascular cells during the embryonic stage. It is more common in the skin but can also occur in the mucous membranes, liver, brain and muscle. Hepatic hemangioma appears to be a benign tumor; however, it may lead to poor outcomes because of severe complications, such as high-output cardiac failure. The main treatment of hepatic hemangioma in infants is oral drugs, such as propranolol and glucocorticoids, but the clinical response is not always satisfactory. We describe a rare case of a 2-month-old boy who presented with infantile cutaneous and hepatic hemangiomas. By using dermoscopy and observations of the abdominal color Doppler ultrasound, after 9 months of oral treatment with itraconazole solution, the infantile cutaneous hemangioma complicated with hepatic hemangioma was eventually cured. There was no liver or kidney function damage during the whole treatment period. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of infantile cutaneous hemangioma complicated with hepatic hemangioma showed good efficacy, compliance, and safety in this case.

Exploring the chemical composition, medicinal benefits, and antioxidant activity of Plumula nelumbinis essential oil from different habitats in China.

Plumula nelumbinis, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine known for its calming and nerve-soothing properties, contains essential oil as a primary component. However, research on P. nelumbinis essential oil (PNEO) is limited. This study aimed to investigate PNEO components, network target analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, and antioxidant activity of P. nelumbinis from ten different habitats. GC-MS analysis identified 14 compounds in the essential oil, with CP12 (ß-Sitosterol) having the highest concentration. Five compounds were identified for the first time in P. nelumbinis, with three of them reported for the first time in the Nelumbo. Network target analysis revealed 185 potential targets for 11 compounds and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that PNEO was mainly located in the plasma membrane and could regulate a variety of molecular functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the essential oil was primarily enriched in pathways related to cancer and the nervous system. PNEO demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with N8 (Fujiannanping) showing the highest ABTS scavenging capacity and N7 (Hunanxiangtan) showing the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Cell experiments showed that CP4, CP5 and CP10 had protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The study suggests that P. nelumbinis from different regions may have slightly different pharmacological effects due to the presence of unique compounds, and further research is necessary to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of PNEO.

miR-HCC2 suppresses hepatitis B virus replication by inhibiting the activity of the enhancer I/X promoter.

miR-HCC2 has been reported to markedly promote the growth, metastasis, and stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and in vivo. Deep sequencing showed that miR-HCC2 was significantly upregulated in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive (HBV+) HCC tissue samples compared with HBV-negative (HBV-) HCC tissue samples. miR-HCC2 expression was further evaluated in HCC tissues and cells, and the expression of miR-HCC2 was found to be significantly higher in HBV+ HCC tissues and cells than in HBV- HCC tissues and cells, suggesting that high miR-HCC2 expression could be induced by HBV infection. To explore the relationship between miR-HCC2 and HBV, we investigated the effect of miR-HCC2 on HBV antigen expression, transcription, and replication. We found that miR-HCC2 was involved in the negative feedback regulation of HBV replication. Further mechanistic studies revealed that miR-HCC2 suppressed HBV replication by inhibiting the activity of the enhancer I/X promoter. Our study demonstrates the effect of the inhibition of miR-HCC2 on HBV gene expression and replication, which can help to illustrate the complex regulatory network involving host miRNAs and HBV.

Compared with CT/MRI LI-RADS, whether CEUS LI-RADS is worth popularizing in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma?-a direct head-to-head meta-analysis.

Background: Until now, there has been no systematic review or meta-analysis of direct head-to-head studies that compare two liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) algorithms, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) LI-RADS and contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) LI-RADS, for the diagnostic efficacy of hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to identify and head-to-head compare the diagnostic performance of both LI-RADS algorithms for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from the inception of each database to April 26, 2022, to find the comparative study of both LI-RADS algorithms for hepatocellular carcinoma at risk of patients who underwent both LI-RADS algorithms. Eligibility criteria included only studies published in English, full reports published, both retrospective and prospective studies. Liver histology or imaging follow-up results served as the reference standard. We analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristic curve to determine summary estimates. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies was utilized to assess the methodological quality. Results: In 5 included studies (831 patients, 877 lesions), the pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity of CEUS LR-5 were 0.79, 0.81, and 0.78, 0.79 in CT/MRI LR-5, respectively. The pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity of CEUS LR-4/5 were 0.86, 0.70, and 0.93, 0.59 in CT/MRI LR-4/5, respectively. There was no obvious difference between the two LI-RADS algorithms for hepatocellular carcinoma, and there was no significant statistical difference between two LR-M algorithms for non-hepatocellular carcinoma malignancies. Conclusions: The results of our analysis demonstrated that CEUS LI-RADS has satisfactory diagnostic performance similar to that of CT/MRI LI-RADS, which provides a theoretical basis for the popularization of CEUS LI-RADS for diagnosing HCC. This work was supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2020YFS0211). We registered this study on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022328107) before the search step.

Two new meroterpenoids from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia and their antioxidant activity.

Two new (1 and 2) meroterpenoids were isolated from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. Antioxidant activities of 1 and 2 were evaluated by the ORAC and DPPH radical scavenging assays, and the results revealed that compound 2 displayed oxygen radical absorbance capacity. The discovery of compounds 1 and 2 added new members of this kind of natural product.

Fabrication of Noble-Metal-Free Mo2C/CdIn2S4 Heterojunction Composites with Elevated Carrier Separation for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

Molybdenum-based cocatalyst being used to construct heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic H2 production is a promising research hotspot. In this work, CdIn2S4 was successfully closely supported on bulk Mo2C via the hydrothermal method. Based on their matching band structures, they formed a Type Ⅰ heterojunction after the combination of Mo2C (1.1 eV, -0.27 V, 0.83 V) and CdIn2S4 (2.3 eV, -0.74 V, 1.56 V). A series of characterizations proved that the heterojunction composite had higher charge separation efficiency compared to a single compound. Meanwhile, Mo2C in heterojunction could act as an active site for hydrogen production. The photocatalytic H2 production activity of the heterojunction composites was significantly improved, and the maximum activity was up to 1178.32 µmmol h-1 g-1 for 5Mo2C/CdIn2S4 composites. 5Mo2C/CdIn2S4 heterojunction composites possess excellent durability in three cycles (loss of 6%). Additionally, the mechanism of increased activity for composites was also investigated. This study provides a guide to designing noble-metal-free photocatalyst for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution.

The regulatory effect of the YY1/miR­HCC2/BAMBI axis on the stemness of liver cancer cells.

Cancer stem cells serve key roles in liver cancer recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, the present study evaluated novel regulators of stem cell factor expression to identify novel therapeutic strategies that could target liver cancer stem cells. Deep sequencing was performed to identify novel microRNAs (miRNAs) that were specifically altered in liver cancer tissues. The expression levels of stem cell markers were investigated by reverse transcription­quantitative PCR and western blotting. Sphere formation assays and flow cytometry were used to assess tumor sphere­forming ability and evaluate the population of cluster of differentiation 90+ cells. Tumor xenograft analyses were used to evaluate tumorigenicity, metastasis and stemness in vivo. Bioinformatics analyses and enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter assays or luciferase reporter assays were performed to identify the direct targets of miR­HCC2 and its upstream transcription factors. MiR­HCC2 strongly promoted the cancer stem cell­like properties of liver cancer cells in vitro; it also contributed to tumorigenicity, metastasis and stemness in vivo. Bone morphogenic protein and activin membrane­bound inhibitor homolog, a direct target of miR­HCC2, activated the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway to promote stemness in liver cancer cells. The transcription factor YY1 bound to the promoter of miR­HCC2 and activated its transcription. The present study demonstrated the importance of miR­HCC2 in the induction of stemness in liver cancer, providing new insights into liver cancer metastasis and recurrence.

Heat-killed Lactobacillus murinus confers neuroprotection against dopamine neuronal loss by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome.

The intestinal flora has become very active in studies related to Parkinson's disease (PD) in recent years. The microbe-gut-brain axis is closely related to the maintenance of brain homeostasis as well as PD pathogenesis. Alterations in gut bacteria can contribute to neuroinflammation and dopamine (DA) neurodegeneration. Lactobacillus murinus, a gram-positive bacterium, is a commensal gut bacteria present in the mammalian gut and considered as a potential probiotic due to its beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial actions. In this study, the effects of live L. murinus and heat-killed L. murinus on DA neuronal damage in rats and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Data showed that heat-killed L. murinus ameliorated 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor dysfunctions and loss of substantia nigra DA neurons, while no protection was shown in live L. murinus treatment. At the same time, heat-killed L. murinus reduced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, thus inhibiting the development of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, heat-killed L. murinus failed to display its original neuroprotective properties in NLRP3 inflammasome knockout mice. Together, heat-killed L. murinus conferred neuroprotection against DA neuronal loss via the inhibition of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings provide a promising potential for future applications of L. murinus, and also beneficial strategy for PD treatment.

Co-infection of tick-borne bacterial pathogens in ticks in Inner Mongolia, China.

Tick-borne infectious diseases pose a serious health threat in certain regions of the world. Emerging infectious diseases caused by novel tick-borne pathogens have been reported that are causing particular concern. Several tick-borne diseases often coexist in the same foci, and a single vector tick can transmit two or more pathogens at the same time, which greatly increases the probability of co-infection in host animals and humans and can lead to an epidemic of tick-borne disease. The lack of epidemiological data and information on the specific clinical symptoms related to co-infection with tick-borne pathogens means that it is not currently possible to accurately and rapidly distinguish between a single pathogen infection and co-infection with multiple pathogens, which can have serious consequences. Inner Mongolia in the north of China is endemic for tick-borne infectious diseases, especially in the eastern forest region. Previous studies have found that more than 10% of co-infections were in host-seeking ticks. However, the lack of data on the specific types of co-infection with pathogens makes clinical treatment difficult. In our study, we present data on the co-infection types and the differences in co-infection among different ecological regions through genetic analysis of tick samples collected throughout Inner Mongolia. Our findings may aid clinicians in the diagnosis of concomitant tick-borne infectious diseases.

Active sites modification and superior carriers separation synergistically boosted hydrogen production of Bi/Bi2MoO6/ZnIn2S4 non-noble metal S-scheme photocatalyst.

Novel Bi/Bi2MoO6/ZnIn2S4 is not only cost-effective compared to noble metals, but also shows superior hydrogen production. Comprehensive characterization illustrated that the S-scheme heterojunction and excellent photon utilization capability of the photocatalyst were the main factors that enhanced its hydrogen production performance. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy illustrated the elemental composition of the catalyst and the presence of Bi metal in ternary heterojunction. The photoluminescence and electrochemical characterization proved that S-scheme heterojunction Bi/Bi2MoO6/ZnIn2S4 promoted the separation of photogenerated carriers. The amount of hydrogen produced by Bi/Bi2MoO6/ZnIn2S4 was 2306.90 µmol g-1 under visible light illumination for 5 h. It was 4.3, 29.6 and 2.2 times more than those of ZnIn2S4, Bi2MoO6/ZnIn2S4 and Pt/ZnIn2S4, respectively. The excellent hydrogen production activity of the ternary complexes may be attributed to the following: (1) Bi/Bi2MoO6 could replace precious metals to enhance reactive sites of ZnIn2S4. (2) Metal Bi could produce surface plasmon resonance effect facilitating light absorption, and Bi acted as an electron bridge promoting charge transfer. (3) The charge transfer mechanism of S-scheme heterojunction and hot electrons injection process of Bi metal synergistically drove the photocatalytic hydrogen production. This work provides an innovative method for the construction of visible-light-driven photocatalysts without using precious metals.

Fabrication of Novel g-C3N4@Bi/Bi2O2CO3 Z-Scheme Heterojunction with Meliorated Light Absorption and Efficient Charge Separation for Superior Photocatalytic Performance.

Herein, a novel g-C3N4@Bi/Bi2O2CO3 Z-scheme heterojunction was synthesized via simple methods. UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) revealed that the visible light absorption range of heterojunction composites was broadened from 400 nm to 500 nm compared to bare Bi2O2CO3. The XRD, XPS and TEM results demonstrated that metal Bi was introduced into g-C3N4@Bi/Bi2O2CO3 composites, and Bi may act as an electronic bridge in the heterojunction. Metal Bi elevated the separation efficiency of carriers, which was demonstrated by photocurrent and photoluminescence. The performance of samples was assessed via the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), and the results exhibited that g-C3N4@Bi/Bi2O2CO3 possessed notably boosted photocatalytic activity compared with g-C3N4, Bi2O2CO3 and other binary composites. The heterojunction photocatalysts possessed good photostability and recyclability in triplicate cycling tests. Radical trapping studies identified that h+ and •O2- were two primary active species during the degradation reaction. Based on the energy band position and trapping radical experiments, the possible reaction mechanism of the indirect Z-scheme heterojunction was also proposed. This work could provide an effective reference to design and establish a heterojunction for improving the photocatalytic activity of Bi2O2CO3.

Construction of novel noble-metal-free MoP/CdIn2S4 heterojunction photocatalysts: Effective carrier separation, accelerating dynamically H2 release and increased active sites for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution.

Developing novel photocatalysts with high performance is significant for the practical application of photocatalytic H2 production. Herein, novel and noble-metal-free heterojunction photocatalysts contained CdIn2S4 nanoparticles and bulk MoP were prepared. The H2-production rate of optimal MoP/CdIn2S4 (MPCIS) composites achieved at 286.10 µmol g-1h-1, which was nearly 2.2 times that of CdIn2S4-1 %Pt (130.51 µmol g-1h-1). Electrochemical and PL results displayed that MoP cocatalyst could vastly boost the carrier separation efficiency of CdIn2S4. The high carrier separation efficiency maybe put down to the Fermi level rearrangement between MoP and CdIn2S4. The linear sweep voltammograms tests showed that, compared to CdIn2S4, CdIn2S4 with 30 %MoP (30MPCIS) has smaller Tafel slopes and lower H2 evolution overpotentials, which contributed to facilitate H2 release in kinetics. The 30MPCIS composites possess higher Cdl value and MoP has Pt-like electronic structure, so that MoP could offer abundant surface reaction sites of MPCIS composites for HER. Aforementioned results demonstrate that MoP may have great potential in replacing precious metal Pt for photocatalytic H2 production. It is expected that this study can provide new insights into developing the novel sulfide-based heterojunction photocatalysts with MoP as cocatalyst for resultful photocatalytic H2 generation.

New hope for Parkinson's disease treatment: Targeting gut microbiota.

There might be more than 10 million confirmed cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) worldwide by 2040. However, the pathogenesis of PD is still unclear. Host health is closely related to gut microbiota, which are affected by factors such as age, diet, and exercise. Recent studies have found that gut microbiota may play key roles in the progression of a wide range of diseases, including PD. Changes in the abundance of gut bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, Enterococcus faecalis, and Desulfovibrio, might be involved in PD pathogenesis or interfere with PD therapy. Gut microbiota and the distal brain achieve action on each other through a gut-brain axis composed of the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system. Here, this review focused on the current understanding of the connection between Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota, to provide potential therapeutic targets for PD.

Dendrobium Nobile Lindl. Alkaloid Suppresses NLRP3-Mediated Pyroptosis to Alleviate LPS-Induced Neurotoxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder recognized as a global public health priority. Although available treatments temporarily relieve the symptoms, they could not prevent the progression of cognitive decline. Natural compounds have been rich sources for drug discovery. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloid (DNLA) is the main active compound in Dendrobium nobile Lindl, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Recent studies indicated that DNLA produced neuroprotection. However, the mechanisms underlying DNLA-generated neuroprotection remain unknown. To investigate neuroprotection and the underlying mechanisms of DNLA, mouse hippocampus injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuronal damage was performed. DNLA protected hippocampus neurons and working memory disorder against LPS-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, DNLA suppressed cell undergoing membrane lysis and cell swelling and inhibited the essential mediator of pyroptosis GSDMD-N expressions. Furthermore, DNLA-mediated neuroprotection was dependent on the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by the fact that DNLA reduced pro-inflammatory factor (IL-18 and IL-1ß) production and inhibited the expression of related proteins. DNLA-exerted neuroprotection against LPS-induced neuronal damage, and cognitive impairment was not observed in NLRP3 knockout mice. Together, this study suggested that DNLA attenuated NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis to generate neuroprotection against LPS-induced neuronal damage and cognitive impairment.

Fabrication of novel and noble-metal-free MoP/In2S3 Schottky heterojunction photocatalyst with efficient charge separation for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light.

Here, we synthesized a series of noble-metal-free MoP/In2S3 Schottky heterojunction photocatalysts through two-step synthesis. Morphology characterization revealed that In2S3 was deposited on metal-like MoP. The electrochemical experiment, photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved transient PL results verify that electron-hole pairs separation efficiency of MoP-In2S3 composites has been immensely elevated compared to pristine In2S3. The effective separation of photocarriers is attributed to the appropriate Schottky energy barrier, band bending and Fermi level rearrangement between MoP and In2S3. Furthermore, the X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed that electrons transferred from In2S3 to MoP in Schottky heterojunction. Importantly, MoP possesses active sites for H2 generation resulting from nearly zero binding for H atoms and low onset overpotentials. As expected, the 25 %MoP-In2S3 composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity (481.73 µmol·h-1·g-1), which was about 23 times than In2S3-1 %Pt (20.73 µmol·h-1·g-1). Hence, the enhanced photocatalytic performance was ascribed to not only the formed Schottky heterojunction leading to better charge separation, but also MoP as the active sites accelerated the surface proton reduction reaction. The research furnishes a thought that suitable semiconductors and metal-like were selected to construct high performance and low-cost Schottky heterojunction with efficient charge separation and active sites for resultful photocatalytic H2 generation.

Characterization of a Secretory YML079-like Cupin Protein That Contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Pathogenicity.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes devastating diseases in many agriculturally important crops, including oilseed rape and sunflower. However, the mechanisms of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a YML079-like cupin protein (SsYCP1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We showed that SsYCP1 is strongly expressed and secreted during Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection was promoted by SsYCP1 overexpression and inhibited by silencing this gene with synthetic double-stranded RNA. These results collectively indicate SsYCP1 as a putative effector protein that contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenicity. These findings extend our understanding of effector-mediated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and suggest a novel role for YML079-like cupin proteins in plant-pathogen interactions.

A Novel Effector Protein SsERP1 Inhibits Plant Ethylene Signaling to Promote Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infection.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating pathogens in Brassica napus and causes huge economic loss worldwide. Though around one hundred putative effectors have been predicted in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome, their functions are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized a novel effector, SsERP1 (ethylene pathway repressor protein 1), in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. SsERP1 is a secretory protein highly expressed at the early stages of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Ectopic overexpression of SsERP1 in plant leaves promoted Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, and the knockout mutants of SsERP1 showed reduced pathogenicity but retained normal mycelial growth and sclerotium formation, suggesting that SsERP1 specifically contributes to the pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transcriptome analysis indicated that SsERP1 promotes Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection by inhibiting plant ethylene signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that knocking down SsERP1 by in vitro synthesized double-strand RNAs was able to effectively inhibit Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, which verifies the function of SsERP1 in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and further suggests a potential strategy for Sclerotinia disease control.