Analysis on acupoint selection rules in the treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease based on data mining. / åŸºäºŽæ•°æ®æŒ–æŽ˜æŠ€æœ¯åˆ†æžé’ˆç¸æ²»ç–—ä»£è°¢ç›¸å ³è„‚è‚ªæ€§è‚ç— çš„é€‰ç©´è§„å¾‹.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the rules of acupoint selection in the treatment of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with acupuncture and moxibustion by using data mining technology. METHODS: The clinical research literature on acupuncture treatment of MAFLD was collected from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database and China Biology Medicine from their inception to November 20, 2022. According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was independently screened and re-screened by two research members, and the screened results were checked, followed by establishing an acupoint prescription database using Excel 2019. Descriptive statistics of acupoints applied frequency, involved meridians, locations and specific acupoints were perpormed. Then, SPSS Modeler18.0 software was used to conduct analysis about association rules, and the SPSS Statistics 26.0 software was used to perform cluster analysis on high-frequency acupoints, exploring the characteristics and rules of acupoint selection and combination in the treatment of MAFLD. RESULTS: Totally, 178 papers were collected, containing 130 acupoints, with a total application frequency of 1 305. The top five acupoints are Zusanli (ST36), Fenglong (ST40), Ganshu (BL18), Taichong (LR3) and Sanyinjiao (SP6). The commonly involved meridians are the Stomach Meridian of Foot Yangming, Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang, and Spleen Meridian of Foot Taiyin. The employed acupoints are mostly located in the lower limbs and abdomen, and the five Shu acupoints and crossing acupoints are in the majority. The association rule analysis of high frequency acupoints indicated that of the 16 qualified acupoint groups, the top 5 with close correlation degrees are ST36 and ST40, ST36 and LR3, ST36 and SP6, ST40 and LR3 and ST36, ST36 and SP6 and ST40. Further, 3 effective clusters were obtained by cluster analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture and moxibustion treatment of MAFLD follows the therapeutic principles of soothing the liver, invigorating the spleen, tonifying the kidney, and resolving phlegm and removing dampness. The core acupoint group is ST36, ST40 and LR3, and the combination of acupoints is based on syndrome differentiation. These results may provide a useful reference for clinical practice.

Acupoint selection rules of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating neurogenic bladder based on data mining. / 基于数据挖掘技术分析针灸治疗神经源性膀胱的选穴规律.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the rules of acupoint selection in the treatment of neurogenic bladder (NB) with acupuncture and moxibustion by using data mining. METHODS: The clinical research literatures on acupuncture treatment of NB were collected from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP Database and China Biology Medicine from retrieved to January 1, 2023. The acupoint prescription database was established using Excel 2019. SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 26.0 softwares were used to conduct the frequency, meri-dians, locations, specific acupoints analysis and association rules analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, etc., to explore the characteristics and rules of acupoint selection in acupuncture and moxibustion treatment of NB. RESULTS: Totally 313 papers were included, including 110 acupoints with a total frequency of 1 995. The high-frequency acupoints are Zhongji (CV3), Guanyuan (CV4), Sanyinjiao (SP6), etc. The commonly used meridians are the Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang and Conception Vessel. The involved acupoints are mostly located in the lumbosacral region and abdomen, and intersection acupoints, mu-front acupoints and back-shu acupoints are the majority in the specific acupoints. The core acupoints group was analyzed, and 17 groups of association rules, 7 factors and 6 effective cluster groups were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture and moxibustion treatment of NB follows the therapeutic principles of toni-fying the kidney, invigorating the spleen, and soothing the liver. The core acupoints group is CV3-CV4-SP6.

[Moxibustion at Baihui combined with acupuncture for cervical vertigo: a Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moxibustion at Baihui (CV20) combined with acupuncture in treatment of cervical vertigo. METHODS: From the databases, such as CNKI, VIP, WanFang, CBM, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase, the studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on moxibustion at CV20 combined with acupuncture for cervical vertigo were searched from inception to September 15th, 2021. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Using RevMan5.3, Stata12.0 and TSA0.9.5.0 10 Beta software, the Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed. RESULTS: Seventeen RCTs with 1 232 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that in the trial group (moxibustion at CV20 combined with acupuncture), the total effective rate (RR=1.17, 95%CI［1.12, 1.22］, P<0.000 1), the curative and remarkably-effective rate (RR＝1.28，95%CI［1.20，1.36］，P<0.000 1) and the score of cervical vertigo (WMD=2.88, 95%CI［1.87, 3.89］, P<0.000 1) were all better when compared with the control group (simple acupuncture or electroacupuncture group). The results of trial sequential analysis indicated that for the cumulative Z-score of each RCT, the Z-curve crossed the conventional test boundary and TSA boundary, which further confirmed the clinical efficacy of moxibustion at CV20 combined with acupuncture on cervical vertigo. CONCLUSION: The clinical efficacy of moxibustion at CV20 combined with acupuncture is determined in treatment of cervical vertigo.

[Effect of electroacupuncture combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion on expression of apoptosis-related factors in gastric antrum of diabetic gastroparesis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion on expression of apoptosis-related factors in gastric antrum of diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of DGP. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, medication, EA, Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion (moxibustion) and EA+moxibustion (combination) groups (12 rats in each group). The DGP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats of the medication group were treated by gavage of 0.15 mg/mL mosapride citrate suspension （10 mL/kg）. EA (10 Hz/50 Hz, 2 mA, 20 min) or Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion (3 cones) was applied to "Zhongwan" (CV12), bilateral "Neiguan" (PC6) and bilateral "Sanyinjiao" (SP6) of the related groups, once a day for 3 weeks. The blood glucose, gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsion rate of rats were measured. The apoptosis index of gastric antrum cells were observed by TUNEL staining. The protein and mRNA expressions of Caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in gastric antrum were detected by Wes-tern blot and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the blood glucose, the apoptosis index, the protein and gene expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsive rate, the protein and gene expressions of Bcl-2 were considerably decreased (P<0.01) in the model group. In contrast to the model group, the blood glucose in the EA, moxibustion and combination groups, the apoptosis index in the 4 treatment groups, as well as Caspase-3 protein, Bax protein and mRNA expressions in the medication, EA and combination groups, Caspase-3 protein and mRNA, Bax mRNA expressions in the moxibustion group were significantly decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05); while the gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsive rate in the 4 treatment groups, and Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expressions in the medication and combination groups, Bcl-2 mRNA expressions in the EA and moxibustion groups were obviously increased (P<0.01). The effects of EA+moxibustion were significantly superior to those of simple EA, moxibustion or medication in increasing gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsive rate, and in lowering blood glucose (P<0.05, P<0.01). And the effects of the combination treatment were better than those of EA in lowering Caspase-3 protein and Bax mRNA expressions (P<0.01), and in increasing Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expressions (P<0.05, P<0.01). Also the effects of the combination treatment were better than those of moxibustion in lowering the apoptosis index, Caspase-3 protein, and Bax protein and mRNA expressions (P<0.01, P<0.05), and in increasing Bcl-2 protein expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: EA combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion can reduce blood glucose and improve gastrointestinal motility in DGP rats, which may be related to its effect in regulating of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 expression.

[Effect of electroacupuncture combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion on oxidative stress in gastric antrum of diabetic gastroparesis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion on oxidative stress-related indicators in diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of DGP. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, medication, EA, Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion (moxibustion) and EA+Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion (combination) groups (15 rats in each group). The DGP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats of the medication group were treated by gavage of 0.15 mg/mL mosapride citrate suspension（10 mL/kg）. EA (10 Hz/50 Hz, 2 mA, 20 min) or Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion (3 cones) was applied to "Zhongwan" (CV12), bilateral "Neiguan" (PC6) and bilateral "Sanyinjiao" (SP6) of the related groups, once a day for 3 weeks. The body weight, blood glucose, gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsion rate of rats were measured. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured by thiobarbituric acid method, the serum supero-xide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by xanthine oxidase method, and the serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity was detected by ELISA. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of gastric antrum. The expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nicotin-amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX4), peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α(PGC-1α) proteins and mRNAs in gastric antrum was detected by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the body weight, gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsion rate, serum SOD activity, the expressions of HO-1, PGC-1α, total Nrf2 proteins and mRNAs, and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in gastric antrum were decreased (P<0.01), while the blood glucose, serum MDA content and ROS activity, NOX4 protein and mRNA expressions in gastric antrum were increased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the blood glucose was decreased in the EA, moxibustion and combination groups (P<0.01); the body weight, gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsion rate, and the expressions of HO-1 and PGC-1α mRNAs in gastric antrum were all increased in the four treatment groups (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the serum MDA content and ROS activity, NOX4 protein and mRNA expressions in gastric antrum were all decreased (P<0.01); the serum SOD activity and total Nrf2 protein expression in gastric antrum were increased in medication, moxibustion and combination groups (P<0.01, P<0.05); the expressions of HO-1 and PGC-1α proteins, and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in gastric antrum were increased in medication and combination groups (P<0.05, P<0.01); the expression of Nrf2 mRNA was increased in the medication, EA and combination groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the combination group, the body weight, gastric emptying rate and intestine propulsion rate were decreased in the medication, EA and moxibustion groups(P<0.01, P<0.05), and the blood glucose increased (P<0.01); the serum MDA content and ROS activity, NOX4 protein and mRNA expressions in gastric antrum were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), serum SOD activity, and the expressions of total Nrf2 protein, PGC-1α protein and mRNA, HO-1 mRNA in gastric antrum were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the EA and moxibustion groups; the expression of Nrf2 mRNA was decreased in the moxibustion group (P<0.05). HE staining showed a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa, and the gastric glands in the lamina propria were significantly expanded, the submucosa was severely edematous in the model group, which were relative milder in the four treatment groups. CONCLUSION: EA combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion can effectively improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce the production of lipid peroxide, and regulate the expression of antioxidant related proteins and genes, which may be one of the mechanisms in treating DGP.

[Effect of ZhuLian's type â ¡ inhibition needling technique on endocrine metabolism in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of ZhuLian's type Ⅱ inhibition needling technique on sex hormones, insulin resistance and ovarian morphology in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), so as to explore its mechanism on regulating endocrine and metabolic dysfunction of PCOS. METHODS: Twenty-four female SD rats were randomly divided into control, model and ZhuLian acupuncture groups (n=8 in each group). The PCOS model was established by continuous gavage of letrozole combined with high-fat diet. Rats of the ZhuLian acupuncture group were stimulated at "Guanyuan"(CV4) and bilateral "Guilai"(ST29), "Zusanli"(ST36), "Sanyinjiao"(SP6), and "Fenglong"(ST40) by ZhuLian's type Ⅱ inhibition needling technique for 30 min, continuously intervented for 28 days. The body weight was measured before and after modeling and after intervention. The ovarian volume was calculated. HE staining was used to observe the changes of ovarian histology. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured by ELISA. LH/FSH ratio and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were calculated. RESULTS: After modeling, the rats' body weight and the ovarian volume were increased (P<0.05), and the ovaries showed polycystic changes in the model group compared with the control group. And the FINS level, HOMA-IR, LH content and LH/FSH ratio were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the FSH level was decreased (P<0.05). After the intervention, the rats' body weight and ovarian volume were decreased (P<0.05), and a small number of preantral follicles and more antral follicles were observed under microscope, and the levels of LH, LH/FSH, FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while FSH content was increased (P<0.05) in the ZhuLian acupuncture group than in the model group. CONCLUSION: ZhuLian's type Ⅱ inhibition needling technique can improve the endocrine and metabolic disorders in PCOS rats, which may be related to the regulation of endocrine system.

[Efficacy and action mechanism of ZHU Lian inhibition type â acupuncture for acne with spleen-stomach dampness-heat].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy of ZHU Lian inhibition type Ⅰ acupuncture for acne with spleen-stomach dampness-heat, and to explore its possible action mechanism. METHODS: A total of 82 patients of acne with spleen-stomach dampness-heat were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 41 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with danshentong capsules (1 g, 3 times per day) and 0.1% adapalene gel smear (once every night) for 4 weeks. The patients in the observation group were treated with ZHU Lian inhibition type Ⅰ acupuncture at Hegu (LI 4), Neiting (ST 44), Quchi (LI 11), Yangbai (GB 14), Sibai (ST 2), Qihai (CV 6), Xuehai (SP 10), Yinlingquan (SP 9) and skin lesions, once every other day, 7 times as a course of treatment, totaling for 2 courses of treatment. The skin lesion score of the global acne grading system (GAGS) and quality of life-acne (Qol-Acne) score as well as the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were compared between the two groups before and after treatment; the clinical efficacy were compared between the two groups, and the recurrence rate was evaluated 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, the skin lesion scores of GAGS in the two groups were reduced (P<0.05), and the score in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the Qol-Acne scores were increased in the two groups (P<0.05), and the score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the two groups were reduced after treatment (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 95.1% (39/41) in the observation group, which was higher than 82.9% (34/41) in the control group (P<0.05). Four weeks after treatment, the recurrence rate of acne lesions was 10.3% (4/39) in the observation group, which was lower than 32.4% (11/34) in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ZHU Lian inhibition type Ⅰ acupuncture is effective for acne with spleen-stomach dampness-heat, and the recurrence rate is low. Its mechanism may be related to the reduction of serum inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-6.

[Effect of electroacupuncture combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion on silent information regulator-1/nuclear factor κB signaling pathway in gastric antrum of diabetic gastroparesis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion on silent information regulator-1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway and inflammatory factor expression in gastric antrum tissue of diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of DGP. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, medication, EA, Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion (moxibustion) and EA+moxibustion groups (n=12 per group). The DGP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats of the medication group were treated by gavage of 0.15 mg/mL mosapride citrate suspension. EA (10 Hz /50 Hz, 2 mA) or moxibustion (3 cones) or EA+moxibustion was applied to "Zhongwan"(CV12), bilateral "Neiguan"(PC6) and bilateral "Sanyinjiao"(SP6) of the related group for 20 min, once a day for 3 weeks. Blood glucose, gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsion rate were measured. The levels of serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were detected by ELISA; the phosphorylation level of the phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα inhibitor (pIκ-Bα), the protein and mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 and SIRT1 in the gastric antrum tissue were detected by Western blot and real-time quantifitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the normal group, the levels of blood glucose, serum IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and gastric pIκ-Bα and NF-κB p65 protein and mRNA expressions were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsion rate, serum IL-10 level, and SIRT1 protein and mRNA expressions were considerably decreased in the model group (P<0.01). (2) In contrast to the model group, the blood glucose in the EA, moxibustion and EA+moxibustion groups, serum IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in the 4 treatment groups, as well as NF-κB p65 protein expression in the medication and EA+moxibustion groups, and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression and pIκ-Bα protein and mRNA expression in the 4 treatment groups were significantly decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05); while the gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsive rate and IL-10 content in the 4 treatment groups, and SIRT1 protein and mRNA expression in the medication and EA+moxibustion groups were obviously increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). (3) The effects of EA+moxibustion were significantly superior to those of simple EA and moxibustion in increasing gastric emptying rate, IL-10, SIRT1 protein expression (P<0.05, P<0.01), and in lowering IL-8 and TNF-α contents, pIκ-Bα protein and mRNA expression and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression (P<0.05, P<0.01). No significant differences were found among the 4 intervention groups in promoting the intestinal propulsive rate and among the EA, moxibustion and EA+moxibustion groups in lowering blood glucose (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: EA combined with Zhuang-medicine-thread moxibustion can effectively reduce the level of serum inflammatory factors and regulate SIRT1/NF-κB signal pathway in DGP rats, which may contribute to its function in improving gastrointestinal movement.

[ZHU Lian's type-â inhibition acupuncture combined with Zhuang medicinal thread moxibustion for acute herpes zoster].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of ZHU Lian's type-Ⅰ inhibition acupuncture combined with Zhuang medicinal thread moxibustion for acute herpes zoster (HZ), and explore the possible analgesic mechanism. METHODS: Sixty-six patients with acute HZ were randomly divided into an observation group (33 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (33 cases, 1 case dropped off). The patients in the control group were treated with valaciclovir hydrochloride tablets, mecobalamin tablets and vitamin B1 tablets for 14 days. The patients in the observation group were treated with ZHU Lian's type-Ⅰ inhibition acupuncture and Zhuang medicinal thread moxibustion. ZHU Lian's type-Ⅰ inhibition acupuncture was given at ashi points (around herpes site), Qimen (LR 14), Geshu (BL 17), Quchi (LI 11), Xuehai (SP 10) and Neiguan (PC 6); Zhuang medicinal thread moxibustion was given at Changzi point, Kuihua point, Xionglongji point, Zhuang medicine Jiaji points; both the treatment was given once every other day for 14 days. The symptom improvement (blister stopping time, scab forming time, scab removing time) in the two groups were observed. The pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, substance P (SP) in the two groups before and after treatment were compared. The clinical efficacy of the two groups and the recurrence rate of neuralgia 1, 2, 3 months after treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: The blister stopping time, scab forming time and scab removing time in the observation group were earlier than those in the control group (P<0.05). Compared before treatment, VAS scores and serum levels of IL-6, IL-8 and SP in the two groups were decreased after treatment (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 96.9% (31/32), which was higher than 84.4% (27/32) in the control group (P<0.05). The recurrence rates of neuralgia 1, 2, 3 months after treatment in the observation group were 9.7%, 6.5%, 3.2%, which were lower than 29.6%, 22.2%, 14.8% in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ZHU Lian's type-Ⅰ inhibition acupuncture combined with Zhuang medicinal thread moxibustion have better analgesic effect and lower recurrence rate of neuralgia in patients with acute HZ, and this effect might be related to the reduction of serum IL-6, IL-8 and SP levels.

[Using old meshy cage cover to make a rat fixating device for acupuncture study].

Binding-fixation is the most commonly used method for acupuncture research in rats, but its resulted stronger stress response may affect the experimental outcomes. Hence, we developed a practical fixing device using the abandoned meshy cage covers, bolts, hooks, and loop fasteners. It includes two straps, two ropes, a small jacket with a self-locking Velcro strap and a meshy cage cover with a piece of fixed Velcro which may be placed on a rectangular storage box. Rats can be fixed in a recumbent position or a prone position. Outcomes showed that it is not only convenient and cheaper but also has a higher successful rate of fixation and a longer fixation time for completing an experiment.

[Study on influence factors of acupoint function based on energetics].

Acupoint is the integration of structure and function. In this paper, the structure and function of acupoint are studied based on energetics. It is viewed that acupoint is the aggregation and release place of energy, acupuncture is the process of applying energy to acupoint, and the variations of speed, direction, time and local temperature are the key factors of acupoint function.

Autophagy restricts mitochondrial DNA damage-induced release of ENDOG (endonuclease G) to regulate genome stability.

Genotoxic insult causes nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damages with macroautophagy/autophagy induction. The role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in the requirement of autophagy for nuclear DNA (nDNA) stability is unclear. Using site-specific DNA damage approaches, we show that specific nDNA damage alone does not require autophagy for repair unless in the presence of mtDNA damage. We provide evidence that after IR exposure-induced mtDNA and nDNA damages, autophagy suppression causes non-apoptotic mitochondrial permeability, by which mitochondrial ENDOG (endonuclease G) is released and translocated to nuclei to sustain nDNA damage in a TET (tet methylcytosine dioxygenase)-dependent manner. Furthermore, blocking lysosome function is sufficient to increase the amount of mtDNA leakage to the cytosol, accompanied by ENDOG-free mitochondrial puncta formation with concurrent ENDOG nuclear accumulation. We proposed that autophagy eliminates the mitochondria specified by mtDNA damage-driven mitochondrial permeability to prevent ENDOG-mediated genome instability. Finally, we showed that HBx, a hepatitis B viral protein capable of suppressing autophagy, also causes mitochondrial permeability-dependent ENDOG mis-localization in nuclei and is linked to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma development.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; 5-hmC: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; DFFB/CAD: DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta; cmtDNA: cytosolic mitochondrial DNA; ConA: concanamycin A; CQ: chloroquine; CsA: cyclosporin A; Dox: doxycycline; DSB: double-strand break; ENDOG: endonuclease G; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Gy: gray; H2AX: H2A.X variant histone; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HBx: hepatitis B virus X protein; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; I-PpoI: intron-encoded endonuclease; IR: ionizing radiation; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOMP: mitochondrial outer membrane permeability; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; nDNA: nuclear DNA; 4-OHT: 4-hydroxytamoxifen; rDNA: ribosomal DNA; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TET: tet methylcytosine dioxygenase; TFAM: transcription factor A, mitochondrial; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; VDAC: voltage dependent anion channel.

[Effect of moxibustion with ignited Zhuang-medicine medicated-thread on interstitial cells of Cajal in gastric antrum in diabetic gastroparesis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Zhuang-medicine medicated-thread moxibustion therapy on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gastric antrum of diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) rats, so as to investigate its mechanism underlying improving DGP. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (n = 30) , model (n = 30) and moxibustion (n = 30). The DGP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and by feeding the rats with high fat-sugar forage. Zhuang-medicine medicated-thread moxibustion was applied to "Zhongwan" (CV 12), bilateral "Pishu" (BL 20), "Weishu" (BL 21), "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) once per day, for 3 weeks except weekends. The gastrointestinal propulsion rate and weight of stool in 24 h were determined, and c-kit (a marker for ICC) expression of the gastric antrum tissue was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The stool weight was significantly higher in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.01), but the rate of gastrointestinal propulsion and the rate of c-kit immunoreaction (IR) positive cells in the gastric antrum tissue were significantly lower in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.01). After moxibustion, the increased stool weight and the decreased gastrointestinal propulsion rate and decreased c-kit IR-positive cell rate were reversed (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Zhuang-medicine medicated-thread moxibustion therapy can improve gastrointestinal function in DGP rats, which may be associated with its effect in up-regulating the expression of c-kit IR-positive ICC.

[A few questions on the major collateral of stomach].

It is held by some of the researches that the "16 collaterals" is composed of the "15 collaterals" and "the major collateral of stomach". And it is included into the textbook that Xuli, the major collateral of stomach, is the pulsation point at the cardiac region. Xuli is often explained as the empty portion of the human body by many researches. Through analysis and summarization of the related theory of the major collateral of stomach, the above mentioned opinion is discussed. And the understanding on the major collateral of stomach is deepened. As a result, it is concluded that count the major collateral of stomach into the 16 collaterals together with the 15 collaterals is inadvisable. The real pulsation point at the cardiac region locates under the left breast. And the real meaning of Xuli is "extending in all directions".

[Effect of drug-paste separated moxibustion on expression of estrogen, progestogen and their endometrial receptor mRNA in rats with primary dysmenorrhea].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of drug-paste separated moxibustion of "Mingmen" (GV 4) on the levels of serum estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P) and their endometrial receptor mRNA expression in rats with primary dysmenorrhea in order to investigate its mechanism underlying improvement of primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: A total of 100 female SD rats were randomized into control, model, medication, acupuncture and moxibustion groups, with 20 rats in each group. Primary dysmenorrhea model was established by subcutaneous injection of Benzestrofol for 10 days and intraperitoneal injection of Oxytocin for 1 d. Rats of the medication group were fed with extractum leonuri inspissatum (8 g/100 g) and those of the moxibustion group treated with drug-paste separated moxibustion at "Mingmen" (GV 4). For rats of the acupuncture group, a filiform needle was inserted into GV 4, manipulated for a while and retained for 30 min. The treatment of the latter 3 groups was conducted once daily for 7 days. The rat's body-writhing latency and times during 30 min were recorded. The contents of serum E2 and P were detected by ELISA, and the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA in the endometrium was determined by quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR. RESULTS: (1) The body-writhing latency was shorter and the writhing times were more in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the body-writhing latency was significantly increased and the writhing times were obviously decreased in the medication, acupuncture and moxibustion groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences among the medication, acupuncture and moxibustion groups in the body-writhing latency (P > 0.05), but the body-writhing numbers of the acupuncture and moxibustion groups were markedly lower than that of the medication group (P < 0.01). (2) Compared with the control group, serum E2 content and endometrial ER mRNA expression level were significantly increased, and serum P content and endometrial PR mRNA level evidently decreased in the model group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). In comparison with the model group, serum E2 contents and endometrial ER mRNA expression levels were considerably down-regulated, and serum P contents and endometrial PR mRNA expression levels markedly up-regulated in the medication, acupuncture and moxibustion groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The effects of the moxibustion group were significantly superior to those of the acupuncture and medication groups, and those of the acupuncture group were also significantly superior to those of the medication group in lowering E2 and endometrial ER mRNA levels, and raising serum P and endometrial PR mRNA expression levels (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Drug-paste separated moxibustion of GV 4 is effective in relieving pain in primary dysmenorrheal rats, which is probably associated with its effects in down-regulating serum E2 content and endometrial ER mRNA expression, and up-regulating serum P and endometrial PR mRNA expression levels.

A chemical genetics approach reveals a role of brassinolide and cellulose synthase in hypocotyl elongation of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings.

The development of juvenile seedlings after germination is critical for the initial establishment of reproductive plants. Ethylene plays a pivotal role in the growth of seedlings under light or dark during early development. Previously, we identified small molecules sharing a quinazolinone backbone that suppressed the constitutive triple response phenotype in dark-grown eto1-4 seedlings. We designated these small molecules as ACSinhibitor quinazolinones (acsinones), which were uncompetitive inhibitors of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase. To explore the additional roles of acsinones in plants, we screened and identified 19 Arabidopsis mutants with reduced sensitivity to acsinone7303, which were collectively named revert to eto1 (ret) because of their recovery of the eto1 phenotype. A map-based cloning approach revealed that CELLULOSE SYNTHASE6 (CESA6) and DE-ETIOLATED2 (DET2) were mutated in ret8 (cesa6(ret8);eto1-4) and ret41 (det2(ret41);eto1-5), respectively. Etiolated seedlings of both ret8 and ret41 exhibit short hypocotyls and roots. Ethylene levels were similar in etiolated cesa6(ret8) and det2-1 and in eto1 mutants treated with acsinone7303. Chemical inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and perception did not significantly suppress the etiolated phenotype of cesa6(ret8) and det2(ret41). However, together with eto1, cesa6(ret8) and det2(ret41) exhibited an enhanced phenotype in the hypocotyls and apical hooks of etiolated seedlings. These results confirm that, in addition to ethylene, cellulose synthesis and brassinolides can independently contribute to modulate hypocotyl development in young seedlings.

[Professor XIAO Ji-fang's idea on acupuncture-moxibustion ].

Professor XIAO Ji-fang, an experienced practitioner of Chinese medicine of Guangxi, is famous for his medical ethics, wide range of studies, comprehensive understanding of the classics, innovation, as well as u nique academic ideas. He focuses on mind-regulating in acupuncture and pulse diagnosis. At the same time, differentiation of syndromes, diseases and meridians are emphasized. The combination of acupuncture and moxibustion and integration of acupuncture and medicine are promoted. He is especially skilled at slow twisting needle insertion, Taiji needling therapy, scalp acupuncture and moxibustion with a herb prepared thread of Zhuang nationality, which all achieve remarkable effects.

[Effects of moxibustion at "Shenque" (CV 8) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rabbits with kidney-yang deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) point on aging and its mechanism. METHODS: Forty-eight health rabbits were randomly divided into 8 groups, ie., group I (normal control group), group II (model group), group III (prevention with moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) group), group lY (prevention with moxibustion both at Shenque (CV 8) and Zusanli (ST 36) group), group V (prevention with moxibustion both at Shenque (CV 8) and Mingmen (GV 4) group), group VI (treatment with moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) group), group XII (treatment with moxibustion both at Shenque (CV 8) and Zusanli (ST 36) group), and group VIII (treatment with moxibustion both at Shenque (CV 8) and Mingmen (GV 4) group). The rabbit models of kidney-yang deficiency were created by pouring Hydroxyurea. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected and the effect of the moxibustion from both prevention and treatment aspects were compared. And then the effect of different compatibility of acupoints was observed. RESULTS: After modeling, obvious symptoms of kidney-yang deficiency and decrease of SOD activity (all P < 0.01) were found in groups II, VI, VII and VIII. After the moxibustion treatment, the syndromes of kidney-yang deficiency were significantly improved (all P < 0.01) and SOD activities were increased obviously in groups VI, VII and VIII (all P < 0.01); a few syndromes of kidney-yang deficiency were found in groups III, IV and V after modeling, but with no significant changes of SOD activity (all P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in three moxibustion treatment groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Three acupoints compatibilities of moxibustion treatment can all regulate serum SOD activity in rabbits with kidney-yang deficiency effectively and have the significant effect both at prevention and treatment aspects and there is close relationship between their mechanisms on aging and regulating serum SOD activity.

Involvement of the Arabidopsis HIT1/AtVPS53 tethering protein homologue in the acclimation of the plasma membrane to heat stress.

Arabidopsis thaliana hit1-1 is a heat-intolerant mutant. The HIT1 gene encodes a protein that is homologous to yeast Vps53p, which is a subunit of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex that is involved in retrograde membrane trafficking to the Golgi. To investigate the correlation between the cellular role of HIT1 and its protective function in heat tolerance in plants, it was verified that HIT1 was co-localized with AtVPS52 and AtVPS54, the other putative subunits of GARP, in the Golgi and post-Golgi compartments in Arabidopsis protoplasts. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay showed that HIT1 interacted with AtVPS52 and AtVPS54, which indicated their assembly into a protein complex in vivo. Under heat stress conditions, the plasma membrane of hit1-1 was less stable than that of the wild type, as determined by an electrolyte leakage assay, and enhanced leakage occurred before peroxidation injury to the membrane. In addition, the ability of hit1-1 to survive heat stress was not influenced by exposure to light, which suggested that the heat intolerance of hit-1 was a direct outcome of reduced membrane thermostability rather than heat-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, hit1-1 was sensitive to the duration (sustained high temperature stress at 37 °C for 3 d) but not the intensity (heat shock at 44 °C for 30 min) of exposure to heat. Collectively, these results imply that HIT1 functions in the membrane trafficking that is involved in the thermal adaptation of the plasma membrane for tolerance to long-term heat stress in plants.

[Effect of acupuncture with Ling gui Ba fa as main for treatment of chronic superficial gastritis of liver-stomach disharmony type].

OBJECTIVE: To verify the therapeutic effect of acupuncture with Ling gui Ba fa (method for picking eight points linked with extraordinary meridians according to time) for treatment of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) of liver-stomach disharmony type. METHODS: Sixty cases were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with Ling gui Ba fa and acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) and Taichong (LR 3); the control group was treated with routine acupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36), Zhongwan (CV 12), Taichong (LR 3), Neiguan (PC 6), Ganshu (BL 18) and Weishu (BL 21), 3 times a week, 10 times constituted one course. After two courses of treatment, the clinical and gastroscopy effects were evaluated. RESULTS: The clinical curative rate of 66.7% (20/30) in observation group was superior to that of 26.7% (8/30) in control group (P < 0.01); the gastroscopy curative rate of 66.7% (20/30) in observation group was superior to that of 23.3% (7/30) in control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The clinical effect and gastroscopy examination of the acupuncture with Ling gui Ba fa are superior to those of routine point selection for treatment of CSG of liver-stomach disharmony type.