Protocol for preliminary, multicenteric validation of "PoCOsteo device": A point of care tool for proteomic and genomic study of osteoporosis.

One of the goals of the HORIZON 2020 project PoCOsteo was to develop a medical device, which would measure and/or quantify proteomic as well as genomic factors as present in whole blood samples collected through finger prick. After validating the tool in the clinical setting, the next step would be its clinical validation based on the existing guidelines. This article presents the protocol of a validation study to be carried out independently at two different centers (Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology at the Medical University of Graz as a clinic-based cohort, and the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences as a population-based cohort). It aims to assess the tool according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, confirming if the proteomics and genomics measurements provided by the tool are accurate and reproducible compared with the existing state-of-the-art tests. This is the first time that such a detailed protocol for lab validation of a medical tool for proteomics and genomic measurement is designed based on the existing guidelines and thus could be used as a template for clinical validation of future point-of-care tools. Moreover, the multicentric cohort design will allow the study of a large number of diverse individuals, which will improve the validity and generalizability of the results for different settings.

Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Plant-derived Hypoglycemic Medicines: An In vivo/In vitro Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The activation of oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions has been associated with acceleration in diabetes (DM) onset and complications. Despite various anti-DM medications, there is a growing trend to discover inexpensive and effective treatments with low adverse effects from plants as one of the promising sources for drug development. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically investigate the simultaneous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of plant-derived hypoglycemic medicines in diabetic experimental models. METHODS: The search terms consisted of "diabetes", "herbal medicine", "antioxidant", "Inflammatory biomarker", and their equivalents among PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases up to 17 August 2021. RESULTS: Throughout the search of databases, 201 eligible experimental studies were recorded. The results showed that the most commonly assessed inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1ß, IL-10, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). The activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were assessed in the present review. Among herbal treatments, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Vitis vinifera L., and Moringa oleifera Lam. were most commonly used for diabetic complications. Due to the dispersion of the treatments, meta-analysis was not applicable. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the application of different plant-derived hypoglycemic treatments in animal models improved diabetes and its complications, as well as modulated concomitant inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. These findings suggest that plant-based antidiabetic medicines and food supplements have the potential to manage diabetes and its complications.

Crosstalk between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: a focus on anti-diabetic drugs.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the most common age-related diseases. There is accumulating evidence of an overlap in the pathophysiological mechanisms of these two diseases. Studies have demonstrated insulin pathway alternation may interact with amyloid-ß protein deposition and tau protein phosphorylation, two essential factors in AD. So attention to the use of anti-diabetic drugs in AD treatment has increased in recent years. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have evaluated possible neuroprotective effects of anti-diabetic different medicines in AD, with some promising results. Here we review the evidence on the therapeutic potential of insulin, metformin, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1R), thiazolidinediones (TZDs), Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Inhibitors, Sulfonylureas, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and Amylin analog against AD. Given that many questions remain unanswered, further studies are required to confirm the positive effects of anti-diabetic drugs in AD treatment. So to date, no particular anti-diabetic drugs can be recommended to treat AD.

Improvement of thermostability of cholesterol oxidase from streptomyces Sp. SA-COO by random mutagenesis.

To enhance the thermal stability of Streptomyces Sp. SA-COO cholesterol oxidase, random mutagenesis was used. A random mutant library was generated using two types of error-prone PCR (single step and serial dilution) and two mutants (ChOA-M1 and ChOA-M2) with improved thermostability were obtained. The best mutant ChOA-M1 acquired three amino acid substitutions (G49T, W52K, and F62V) and improved thermostability (at 50 °C for 5 h) by 40% and increased the kcat/Km value by 23%. The optimum pH was desirably changed to encompass a broad range from alkali to acid and circular dichroism revealed no significant secondary structure changes in mutants against wild type. These findings indicated that random mutagenesis was an effective technique for optimizing cholesterol oxidase properties and make a foundation for practical applications of Cholesterol oxidase in clinical diagnosis and industrial fields.

Knowledge discovery in genetics of diabetes in Iran, a roadmap for future researches.

PURPOSE: The pathogenesis of diabetes is considered polygenic as a result of complex interactions between genetic/epigenetic and environmental factors. This review intended to evaluate the scientometric and knowledge gap of diabetes genetics researches conducted in Iran as a case of developing countries, and drawn up a roadmap for future studies. METHODS: We searched Scopus and PubMed databases from January 2015 until December 2019 using the keywords: (diabetes OR diabetic) AND (Iran). All publications were reviewed by two experts and after choosing relevant articles, they were categorized based on the subject, level of evidence, study design, publication year, and type of genetic studies. RESULTS: Of 10,540 records, 428 articles were met the inclusion criteria. Generally, the number of researches about diabetes genetics rose since 2015. Case-control/cross-sectional and animal studies were the common types of study design and based on the subject, the most frequent researches were about genetic factors involved in diabetes development (38%). Briefly, the top seven genes that were evaluated for T2DM were TCF7L2, APOAII, FTO, PON1, ADIPOQ, MTHFR, and PPARG respectively, and also, CTL4 for T1DM. miR-21, miR-155, and miR-375 respectively were the most micro-RNAs that were evaluated. Furthermore, there were six studies about lncRNAs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Investigation about the genetic of diabetes is progressed although there are some limitations like non-homogenous data from Iran, heterogeneity of ethnicity, and rationale of studies. Compared to the previous analysis in Iran, still, GWAS and large-scale studies are required to achieve better policies for manage and control of diabetes disease. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00838-8.

Finding Appropriate Signal Peptides for Secretory Production of Recombinant Glucarpidase: An In SilicoMethod.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is a general chemotherapeutic agent utilized to treat a variety of malignancies, woefully, its high doses can cause nephrotoxicity and subsequent defect in the process of MTX excretion. The recombinant form of glucarpidase is produced by engineered E. coli and is a confirmed choice to overcoming this problem. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, in silico analyses were performed to select suitable SPs for the secretion of recombinant glucarpidase in E. coli. METHODS: The signal peptide website and UniProt database were employed to collect the SPs and protein sequences. In the next step, SignalP-5.0 helped us to predict the SPs and the position of cleavage sites. Moreover, physicochemical properties and solubility were evaluated using Prot- Param and Protein-sol online software, and finally, ProtCompB was used to predict the final subcellular localization. RESULTS: Luckily, all SPs could form soluble fusion proteins. At last, it was found that PPB and TIBA could translocate the glucarpidase into the extracellular compartment. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there are only 2 applicable SPs for the extracellular translocation of glucarpidase. Although the findings were remarkable with high degrees of accuracy and precision based on the utilization of bioinformatics analyses, additional experimental assessments are required to confirm and validate it. Recent patents revealed several inventions related to the clinical aspects of vaccine peptides against human disorders.

Iran diabetes research study; knowledge discovery in diagnosis: a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: The rising prevalence of diabetes shows high health and socio-economic burdens. Therefore, the development and evaluation of new diagnostic methods may improve the detection of disease and its complications in the early stages. This study aimed to analyze the scope of the studies related to diabetes diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Publications from January 2015 until December 2019 (5 years) were searched with keywords of (diabetes OR diabetic) AND (Iran) in Scopus and PubMed databases. All data were reviewed by two reviewers and the included publications were categorized based on the subjects, study design, and publication year. RESULTS: Based on the selected criteria, 103 articles were included. The highest number of publications was observed in 2019. The trend of publication was slightly increased during the study period (2015-2019). Case-control and cross-sectional studies were the most common type of study design used in the included documents. Publications in the field of diagnostic models, biomarkers, and biosensors from 2015 to 2019 showed an increasing trend compared to others subjects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Studies about proper diabetes diagnostic procedures such as new diagnostic techniques, using diagnostic models, and evaluation of new diagnostic biomarkers in Iran are remarkably increased. However, more original and review studies are needed to improve scientific methods in the field of early detection of diabetes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00843-x.

The effects of natural compounds on wound healing in Iranian traditional medicine: A comprehensive review.

Wounds are physical and anatomical disruption in healthy skin and represent an important healthcare concern around the world. Wound healing is a complex and dynamic cascade of cellular and molecular interactions which include four main phases: hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. Therefore, some pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities can play a key role in the process of wound healing. Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) has a rich background of practice and a wealth of ancient medicine scientists from the Old Persian days until today. This paper presents and characterizes pure data from original references of ITM about wound remedies and verifies their function by reviewing articles from three databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus), which could be an interesting and comprehensive resource for future researchers interested in traditional medicine (TM) generally and in ITM in particular. Selected natural compounds from the references were divided into 5 groups, including herbs, herbal products, animal products, minerals, and animals. In total, 23 natural compounds with regard to the current state of knowledge and ITM were introduced and verified. The present review will provide better insights into ITM and its extensive experience in topics such as wound healing.