Nobiletin inhibits cell growth through restraining aerobic glycolysis via PKA-CREB pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nobiletin is a polymethoxylated flavone enriched in Citrus and is used as an important drug in traditional Chinese medicine for various kinds of diseases. Among its multiple functions, it has shown that nobiletin inhibits proliferation of various cancer cells. However, it is unclear whether nobiletin inhibits the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We explored the antitumor effects of nobiletin in TCA-8113 and CAL-27 oral squamous cells. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure cell vitality. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the number of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle. PCR and Western blot were applied to determine mRNA and protein expression, respectively. RESULTS: Nobiletin inhibited proliferation of TCA-8113 and CAL-27 cells via inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated-PKA and phosphorylated-CREB were reduced in nobiletin-treated TCA-8113 and CAL-27 cells. Importantly, our results showed that nobiletin treatment resulted in impaired mitochondrial function and altered glucose consumption, and pyruvate and lactate production. Lastly, nobiletin was found to inhibit the generation of xenografts in vivo. Interestingly, administration of 50 µmol/L Sp-cAMP, a potent PKA activator, rescued all phenotypes caused by nobiletin. CONCLUSIONS: Nobiletin inhibits OSCC cell proliferation in a mitochondria-dependent manner, indicating that it may have a promising role in cancer treatment and attenuation of drug resistance.

[EMD Time-Frequency Analysis of Raman Spectrum and NIR].

This paper analyzes the Raman spectrum and Near Infrared Spectrum (NIR) with time-frequency method. The empirical mode decomposition spectrum becomes intrinsic mode functions, which the proportion calculation reveals the Raman spectral energy is uniform distributed in each component, while the NIR's low order intrinsic mode functions only undertakes fewer primary spectroscopic effective information. Both the real spectrum and numerical experiments show that the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) regard Raman spectrum as the amplitude-modulated signal, which possessed with high frequency adsorption property; and EMD regards NIR as the frequency-modulated signal, which could be preferably realized high frequency narrow-band demodulation during first-order intrinsic mode functions. The first-order intrinsic mode functions Hilbert transform reveals that during the period of empirical mode decomposes Raman spectrum, modal aliasing happened. Through further analysis of corn leaf's NIR in time-frequency domain, after EMD, the first and second orders components of low energy are cut off, and reconstruct spectral signal by using the remaining intrinsic mode functions, the root-mean-square error is 1.001 1, and the correlation coefficient is 0.981 3, both of these two indexes indicated higher accuracy in re-construction; the decomposition trend term indicates the absorbency is ascending along with the decreasing to wave length in the near-infrared light wave band; and the Hilbert transform of characteristic modal component displays, 657 cm⁻¹ is the specific frequency by the corn leaf stress spectrum, which could be regarded as characteristic frequency for identification.

TMPyP4 promotes cancer cell migration at low doses, but induces cell death at high doses.

TMPyP4 is widely considered as a potential photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy and a G-quadruplex stabilizer for telomerase-based cancer therapeutics. However, its biological effects including a possible adverse-effect are poorly understood. In this study, whole genome RNA-seq analysis was used to explore the alteration in gene expression induced by TMPyP4. Unexpectedly, we find that 27.67% of changed genes were functionally related to cell adhesion. Experimental evidences from cell adhesion assay, scratch-wound and transwell assay indicate that TMPyP4 at conventional doses (≤0.5 µM) increases cell-matrix adhesion and promotes the migration of tumor cells. In contrast, a high dose of TMPyP4 (≥2 µM) inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death. The unintended "side-effect" of TMPyP4 on promoting cell migration suggests that a relative high dose of TMPyP4 is preferred for therapeutic purpose. These findings contribute to better understanding of biological effects induced by TMPyP4 and provide a new insight into the complexity and implication for TMPyP4 based cancer therapy.

Isolated Influences of Surgery Repair on Maxillofacial Growth in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the maxillofacial morphologic characteristics of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with and without surgical correction and better understand the relation between surgery and inhibition of maxillary growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lateral cephalometric radiography was performed in 3 groups of 9-year-old children: 1) 20 whose UCLP was repaired in infancy; 2) 20 who had no surgical repair or any relevant treatments; and 3) 20 without UCLP who served as controls. RESULTS: Marked morphologic deviations of patients in groups 1 and 2 compared with the control group were observed in the cranial base angle, maxillary heights, length and shape of the mandible, and anteroposterior jaw relation. Facial morphology was similar between groups 1 and 2 except for less vertical maxillary height and more obtuse gonial angle in group 1. CONCLUSION: The facial morphology of children with UCLP differs markedly from that of normal children. The differences can be ascribed to the difference in the primary anomaly in the UCLP groups, but isolated surgery has minor effects on growth disturbances.

Non-joint effusion is associated with osteoarthritis in temporomandibular joints with disk displacement.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the possible association between different grades of joint effusion (JE) and osteoarthritis (OA) in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disk displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 101 female patients 20-40 years of age with unilateral TMJ ADDwoR were retrospectively reviewed. JE and OA were diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). JE was subdivided into three different grades: grade 0, no or minimal effusion; grade 1, moderate effusion; and grade 2, extensive effusion. Eight categories of degenerative changes were used for screening for the existence of OA. Cases with no less than one type of degenerative change were diagnosed as OA. RESULTS: In all, 71 patients (70.3%) were diagnosed as having OA in the joints with disk displacement. In the univariate analysis, the proportion of subjects with non-JE (grade 0) was higher in the OA group (p = 0.003), while the proportion of subjects with extensive effusion (grade 2) was lower in the OA group (p = 0.02). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, non-JE was independently associated with the development of OA (odds ratio = 5.68, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-29.37, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that non-JE was associated with OA in the joints with ADDwoR.

[Adaptive "3R" De-Noising Algorithm Based on Near Infrared Bi-Spectrum].

Adaptive de-noising algorithm is proposed based on transmission spectrum and absorption spectrum of near infrared. Near infrared transmission spectrum and absorption spectrum collected synchronously are decomposed into intrinsic mode functions by ensemble empirical mode decomposition; the intrinsic mode function is a single frequency component. Correlations between intrinsic mode functions and transmission spectrum, absorption spectrum were calculated, and the correlation between intrinsic mode functions of transmission spectrum and absorption spectrum was also computed. The results show that the intrinsic mode function with minimum correlation coefficient should be noise component. The self-correlation of this intrinsic mode function was analyzed to judge whether the intrinsic mode function is noise. IF the self-correlation is very large at the midpoint and is zero or very small at the other point of the spectrum, then the intrinsic mode function is noise component for judgment, based on which "3R" algorithm is named to judge whether the intrinsic mode function is noise component. Removing noise component, constructing spectral signal and circulating the previous decomposition was conducted, and the noise reduction process was ended until it did not meet the "3R" rule. To do experiment on the simulated spectrum with noise, the effect of de-noising with "3R" algorithm is better than EMD and EEMD low pass filter, and it is not so good as wavelet decomposition. In the real spectrum testing, the model was established between spectra treated by above methods with chlorophyll on three layers. BP neural network, and the model de-noised by "3R" method has the biggest correlation coefficient and prediction coefficient, but the smallest correction standard error and prediction standard error. "3R" method's effects on the peak position and peak intensity of spectrum are the smallest among the four kinds of de-noising methods. Experiments show that the "3R" algorithm based on bi-spectrum can be used for near infrared spectra de-nosing without presetting the number of iterations, there is no need to consider layers of decomposition, also no need of basis function, and the adaptability is very strong.

Surgical treatment of temporomandibular disorder in a 24-year-old male patient with ganglion cyst.

Ganglion cysts are common pseudocystic masses, whereas those arising from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are rare entities. We report a case of ganglion cyst of the right TMJ with symptomatic bilateral TMJ internal derangement in a 24-year-old man. Disk repositioning using bone anchors and excision of the ganglion cyst were performed. A unique characteristic of inflammatory infiltrates was revealed in the specimen, and the relationship between these 2 distinct entities and probable pathogenesis of infectious involvement are discussed.

Bacillus vanillea sp. nov., Isolated from the Cured Vanilla Bean.

A Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain XY18(T), was isolated from a cured vanilla bean in Hainan province, China. Cells were rod-shaped, endospore producing, and peritrichous flagella. Strain XY18(T) grew at salinities of 0-8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimally 1-4 %), pH 4.0-8.0 (optimally 5.0-7.0 %) and temperature range 20-45 °C (optimally 28-35 °C). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, and iso-C17:0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain XY18(T) was a member of the genus Bacillus, and closely related to B. amyloliquefaciens NBRC 15535(T) and B. siamensis PD-A10(T), with 99.1 and 99.2 % sequence similarity, respectively. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain XY18(T) and B. amyloliquefaciens NBRC 15535(T) was 35.7 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain XY18(T) was 46.4 mol%, significantly differed from B. siamensis PD-A10(T) (41.4 %), which was higher than the range of 4 % indicative of species. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic study, including phenotypic features, chemotaxonomy, and phylogenetic analyses, strain XY18(T) represents a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus vanillea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XY18(T) (=CGMCC 8629 = NCCB 100507).

[Adaptive EEMD residue related baseline correction algorithm].

Baseline correction is an important part of spectral analysis; the existing algorithms usually need to set the key parameters and does not have adaptability. The spectral baseline is fitted by the residue according to the feature of ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD for short). The correlation between residual and original signal, the self-correlation and the cross-correlation of residual form the residual related rule. The residual related rule is proposed to judge whether the residual is a component of baseline, based on which adaptive EEMD residual related base line algorithm is proposed. With experiment on the simulated spectrum data of superimposing curve background and the linear background, the results showed that in the case of known baseline mathematical assumption: EEMD residual related method is not so good for polynomial fitting, it is almost no difference from linear fitting, but is better than the wavelet decomposition. In the absence of spectral background knowledge, the real Raman spectrum data are tested. The model is established between Raman spectra treated by the procedure above and chlorophyll, and the model corrected by EEMD residual related baseline method has the biggest correlation coefficient and prediction coefficient, but the smallest root mean square error of cross validation and relative prediction deviation. The effect of EEMD residual related baseline method effects on the peak position, peak intensity and peak width is the smallest in all kinds of baseline correction methods. EEMD residual method has the best baseline correction effect. Experiments show that this algorithm can be used for Raman spectra baseline correction, without prior knowledge of the sample composition analysis, and there is no need to select appropriate fitting function, fitting data points, fitting order as well as basis function and decomposition levels, also there is no need of mathematical hypothesis of baseline signal distribution, so the adaptability is very strong.

Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of temporomandibular joint soft tissue injuries of intracapsular condylar fracture.

We evaluated the soft tissue of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after intracapsular condylar fracture. Eighteen consecutive patients (19 TMJ) were diagnosed between 1 January 2010 and 30 October 2011. They were examined using bilateral sagittal and coronal MRI, which were obtained immediately after injury to assess the displacement of the disc, whether there was a tear in capsule or the retrodiscal tissue, and whether there was an effusion in the joint. On the affected side MRI showed disc displacement in 15 of 19, tears in the capsule in 9, and tears in the retrodiscal tissue in 16. All 19 had joint effusions. It also showed 2 joints with abnormalities on the unaffected side. We conclude that MRI is useful for diagnosis and for estimating the amount of damage to the TMJ, and is helpful in planning treatment.

[EEMD de-noising adaptively in Raman spectroscopy].

It is well known that the second generation wavelet is the best de-noising means, but the result of de-noising depends on how to set up the basis function, decomposition layers and threshold parameters. Without parameter setting empirical mode decomposition (EMD) decomposes the signal into intrinsic mode functions (IMF), then structuring IMF filter and the de-noising process is adaptive. It is worth noting that the signal and the noise are mixed together in very high frequency, that is to say that there has been mode overlap, and what happened will affect the de-noising effect. It was found that ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) decomposes Raman spectrum into the signal and the noise effectively avoiding from mode overlap in high frequency in the experiments, and it is similar with wavelet in de-nosing effect fortunately. At first, a period of non-linear and non-smooth bean greases Raman spectrum was decomposed by EMD in the paper, there was mode overlap, but the authors have got clear characteristic components by EEMD. Secondly noisy spectrum was processed by fast Fourier transform (FFT), wave-let, EMD and EEMD independently, and signal to noise ratio, root mean square error and correlation coefficient indicate that FFT is the worse means in high frequency de-noising than EMD, and the appropriate wavelet is similar with EEMD in de-noising result, but the de-noising process of EEMD is adaptive. In the last section, a brief research direction of the spectrum study method in time frequency field and noise properties criterion on IMF are given for the future.

A data-driven noise reduction method and its application for the enhancement of stress wave signals.

Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) has been recently used to recover a signal from observed noisy data. Typically this is performed by partial reconstruction or thresholding operation. In this paper we describe an efficient noise reduction method. EEMD is used to decompose a signal into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The time intervals between two adjacent zero-crossings within the IMF, called instantaneous half period (IHP), are used as a criterion to detect and classify the noise oscillations. The undesirable waveforms with a larger IHP are set to zero. Furthermore, the optimum threshold in this approach can be derived from the signal itself using the consecutive mean square error (CMSE). The method is fully data driven, and it requires no prior knowledge of the target signals. This method can be verified with the simulative program by using Matlab. The denoising results are proper. In comparison with other EEMD based methods, it is concluded that the means adopted in this paper is suitable to preprocess the stress wave signals in the wood nondestructive testing.

Stress wave signal denoising using ensemble empirical mode decomposition and an instantaneous half period model.

Stress-wave-based techniques have been proven to be an accurate nondestructive test means for determining the quality of wood based materials and they been widely used for this purpose. However, the results are usually inconsistent, partially due to the significant difficulties in processing the nonlinear, non-stationary stress wave signals which are often corrupted by noise. In this paper, an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) based approach with the aim of signal denoising was proposed and applied to stress wave signals. The method defined the time interval between two adjacent zero-crossings within the intrinsic mode function (IMF) as the instantaneous half period (IHP) and used it as a criterion to detect and classify the noise oscillations. The waveform between the two adjacent zero-crossings was retained when the IHP was larger than the predefined threshold, whereas the waveforms with smaller IHP were set to zero. Finally the estimated signal was obtained by reconstructing the processed IMFs. The details of threshold choosing rules were also discussed in the paper. Additive Gaussian white noise was embedded into real stress wave signals to test the proposed method. Butterworth low pass filter, EEMD-based low pass filter and EEMD-based thresholding filter were used to compare filtering performance. Mean square error between clean and filtered stress waves was used as filtering performance indexes. The results demonstrated the excellent efficiency of the proposed method.

Real time 3D simulation for nose surgery and automatic individual prosthesis design.

This paper presents an intuitive nose surgery planning and simulation system, using 3D laser scan image and lateral X-ray image, to provide high quality prediction of the postoperative appearance, and design the patient specific prosthesis model automatically. After initial registration, the internal surface of soft tissue at the nose region was generated by the statistical data for soft tissue thickness adapted by the individual thickness information from the X-ray image. Then, the sketch contour of the 3D scan data on the lateral X-ray image was modified manually or adjusted automatically according to some aesthetic statistical data, to drive the simulation in real time by the state-of-the-art Laplacian surface deformation method. When satisfied with the 3D postoperative appearance, the deformation was mapped to the internal surface of soft tissue, and the change before and after simulation was utilized to generate the patient specific prosthesis model automatically. The surgeons who used the system confirmed that this planning system is attractive and has potential for daily clinical practice.

Application of MRI in indirect temporomandibular joint injury without condylar fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the application of MRI in indirect temporomandibular joint injury without condylar fracture. METHODS: MRI examination on temporomandibular joint was conducted in 28 patients with indirect injury to temporomandibular joint without condylar fracture. The scanning sequence included T(1)WI, PDWI on oblique sagittal section at both open and closed mouth positions, and T(1)WI, T(2)WI on oblique coronal section. The MRI appearance was analyzed by 2 senior radiologists. RESULTS: Among the 56 temporomandibular joints of 28 patients, 35 joints exhibited pathological changes on MRI, in which there were 9 bone injuries, 21 articular disc dislocation, 24 intracapsular hematocele and hydrops. CONCLUSIONS: MRI can clearly reveal bone injury, articular disc dislocation as well as articular capsule abnormality in the indirect injury of temporomandibular joint without condylar fracture. It is highly advocated in clinical use.

[Establishment of a three-dimensional finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading].

PURPOSE: To establish a three-dimensional finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading, which will provide a basis for study of the biomechanical characteristics of the immediate loading implant-bone interface. METHODS: A female edentulous mandible was adopted for CT scanning, the scanned data were saved with the form of DICOM, and then input into compute. Universal Surgical Integration System which was developed by ourselves and ANSYS 10.0 were used to divide mesh and establish finite element model. Three dental implants simulating the real shape of ITI thread implant were embedded in the anterior region of the mandible, of which implant-bone interface was granted with situation of smooth friction simulating the case of immediate loading. RESULTS: The accurate finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading was established, which included 127811 tetrahedron elements with 182252 nodes. A single dental implant model comprised 13924 elements with 21420 nodes, the thread of it was continuous and smooth. CONCLUSION: The biomechanical similarity, the geometrical analogy and clinical indication of the model were quite good. The three-dimensional finite element model developed by this method can apply for precise analysis of the rule of biomechanics on the implant-bone interface for immediate loading.

Identification and classification in le fort type fractures by using 2D and 3D computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of two- dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) in the identification and classification of Le Fort type fractures. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with different types of Le Fort fractures underwent CT scanning and 3D-CT reconstruction. The data were analyzed by multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), surface shaded display (SSD) and volume rendering (VR) respectively. RESULTS: The patients with Le Fort I, Le Fort II fracture and Le Fort III fracture accounted for 16.1%, 14.5% and 12.9% respectively. The compound fractures were the most common type and accounted for 56.5% (n=35, 18 cases with Le Fort I+II fracture, 10 cases with Le Fort II+III fracture and 7 cases with Le Fort I+ II+III fracture). Fifty-five cases coexisted with other fractures in maxillofacial region. 2D-CT could be used to define the tiny fractures and the deep-structure fractures more accurately compared with 3D-CT, but the real impression of Le Fort type fractures could not be correctly evaluated on 2D-CT. 3D-CT could clearly demonstrate the whole shape of Le Fort type fractures and identify the classification of Le Fort fractures. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-CT is the best imaging method for the diagnosis of Le Fort type fractures and can provide valuable information of space relationship, especially for the design of treatment plan before operation.

[A finite element analysis system for two-demension morphological analysis of the soft tissue in orthognathic surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a finite element method (FEM) for analysis of the cranial-facial morphology. METHODS: The two-dimensional finite element analysis system was established and used to analysis the lateral side morphology of the soft tissue by the change of each finite unit of the soft tissue in a X-ray cranial-facial lateral cepholometrics film. RESULTS: The finite element analysis system was showing very well in the figures and data made by the system. CONCLUSION: Finite element analysis system may be a good supplement of the traditional X-ray cephalometrics to the soft tissue of orthognatics.