Challenges and successful management of subglottic tracheal stenosis in a 2­year­old child: A case report and a mini­review of the literature.

Tracheal stenosis is a narrowing of the windpipe that can lead to shortness of breath, stridor and even suffocation. The present study reports the clinical course of a patient with this condition in an aim to help clinicians obtain more information about this rare condition and identify potential treatment options. A 2-year-old female child presented with progressive shortness of breath and stridor. She was initially managed with tracheostomy; however, this was unsuccessful in relieving the stenosis. Subsequent interventions, including rigid bronchoscopy and dilatation were successful in relieving the condition. A benign hypertrophy of the bronchial wall was identified through biopsy. The patient was treated with steroids and antibiotics, and she experienced a marked improvement in symptoms and remained asymptomatic after a 1-year follow-up. Tracheal stenosis is a rare, yet serious condition that may be life-threatening. Thus, the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition are essential in order to improve outcomes.

Adult embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the nasal cavity; a case report with a review of the literature.

Introduction: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a primitive malignant soft tissue tumor arising from premature mesenchymal cells. The current study presents a rare case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the nasal cavity of an adult patient. Case presentation: An 18-year-old female presented with right nasal obstruction for five months. Examination showed a pale soft, painless mass in the right nasal cavity with attachment to the nasal septum at the osteocartilaginous junction. The patient was falsely suspected for bacterial infection, but later histological examination showed undifferentiated small round blue cell tumor with extensive necrosis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of embryonal RMS. The patient was operated on for endoscopic sinus surgery to remove the mass with additional cleaning of surrounding sinuses. Discussion: Embryonal RMS is a rare type of malignant tumor that mostly affects the head and neck area in children while usually occur in the extremities of adults. Encountering an adult ERMS of the nasal chambers represents a small portion of head and neck cases that lack specific presentations. Conclusion: Adult embryonal RMS of the nasal cavity is exceedingly rare and presents a diagnostic and management challenge, with immunohistochemistry being the only definitive diagnostic method.

The diagnostic challenge of juvenile hyaline fibromatosis, a case report with literature reviews.

INTRODUCTION: Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (JHF) is a rare genetic condition characterized by impaired collagen production or metabolism. This study aims to present a rare case of JHF. CASE REPORT: An 11-year-old boy presented with bilateral keloid-like lesions on his ears and admitted intermittent reappearance of such lesions since he was seven. He was born to second-degree relative consanguineous parents. Physical examination revealed bilateral soft pink masses on the ears, multiple scars on the scalp, severe gingival hypertrophy, multiple small soft white papules on the anterior neck, broadly shaped enlargements on the ends of the fingers and toes, and multiple reticulated hard livedoid and hyperpigmented macules on the back and anterior lower extremities. A 5 mm biopsy was taken from the lesion on the ear and histopathological examination of the specimen revealed a normal epidermis but dermal and subcutaneous deposits of nodules composed of abundant amorphous eosinophilic hyaline material with sparse embedded fibroblast associated with areas of congestion and focal hemorrhage. The ear lesions were managed by surgical excision with intraregional steroid injections to prevent relapse. To improve eating ability and oral hygiene, a gingivectomy was planned. DISCUSSION: JHF presents with bone lesions, gingival hypertrophy, joint contractures, and skin lesions. The clinical features usually appear late in infancy and up to 5 years. The condition occurs mostly sporadically. A portion of the cases can be in siblings born to consanguineous parents. CONCLUSION: JHF is a rare genetic disorder that can present even beyond five years. There is no standard treatment for these cases.

Fibrolipoma of the tongue; a case report with literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Fibrolipoma is a less frequent variant of lipoma, it is rarely reported in the oral cavity, especially in the tongue. This study aims to report a very rare case of tongue fibrolipoma. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old female presented with a painless mass at the anterior part of the tongue. It was soft with a smooth regular border. The patient underwent wide local excision to remove the lesion, and the sample was sent for histopathological examination which confirmed the diagnosis of a single fibrolipoma. DISCUSSION: Fibrolipoma is rare in the oral cavity, however, they have been seen in the buccal mucosa, lips, buccal vestibule, floor of the mouth, and retromolar area. It has been proposed that disturbance in glucose and lipid metabolism, hormone therapy, and trauma can lead to the formation and proliferation of the tumor. CONCLUSION: Fibrolipoma of the tongue is a rare occurrence. Surgical excision is the ideal management strategy. Histopathological examination is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis.