IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY OF BIOMATERIAL COLLECTION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE ORAL CAVITY MUCOSA DISEASES.

Aim - to improve the methodology for collecting material from lesions of the oral mucosa for exfoliative cytological examination. A group of patients diagnosed with B37.0 Candida stomatitis was examined. To clarify the diagnosis, various methods of collecting biological material from the tongue of patients were used, namely, the method using a cytobrush with subsequent fixation of cytological material on a slide. The microbiota of the back of the tongue was analyzed in 12 patients with glossitis and 12 healthy subjects (the control group). The microscopic method of research was used - using an immersion microscope MICROmed@XS-3330, and the morphological and tinctorial properties of microorganisms were determined. In ten fields of view, the number of leukocytes, the nature of epithelial cells, and the presence of various microorganisms were detected and counted. A comparison of the quality of the use of the microscope method for the study of the tongue microbiota of patients with candidal glossitis was performed under the conditions of taking pathological material using a dental scalpel and an oral cytobrush. For a reasonable interpretation of the results and determination of their significance, a statistical analysis was performed to determine the frequency of detection of microorganisms in patients with glossitis and healthy subjects, depending on the nature of the material taken from the back of the tongue using a dental scalpel or cytobrush. The studies showed that the etiologic structure of glossitis pathogens was dominated by Candida yeast-like fungi, but cases of leptotrichosis aetiology were observed (16.7%). Monococci and gram-negative monobacteria were detected in all studied groups. An increase in the diversity of microorganisms was found when the material was taken with a cytobrush. The microbiota of all subjects differed depending on the type of instrument used for sampling. Thus, in the group of healthy individuals, the interdental brush helped to detect twice as many streptococci as a scalpel. In patients with candidiasis, a brush biopsy showed a 2.7-fold increase in gram-positive diplococci, twice as many streptococci and gram-positive bacilli, three times as many staphylococci, 2.25 times as many clusterforming gram-negative cocci, and 2.3 times as many gram-negative diplococci. A significant increase in the diversity of microorganisms was observed with the cytobrush compared to the use of a dental scalpel. In patients with glossitis, the accumulation of keratinized epithelial cells was significantly higher compared to the presence of young cells in healthy subjects, regardless of the method of sampling.

OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ENT ORGANS MYCOSES (REVIEW).

The review considers one of the most important problems of modern otorhinolaryngology - the diagnosis of opportunistic mycoses. Data on the species spectrum of pathogens of opportunistic mycoses of the ENT organs and their epidemiology are presented, the analysis of existing methods of laboratory diagnosis of this pathology is given. The solution to the problem of rapid and reliable identification of fungi and determination of their sensitivity to antifungals is provided by the use of semi-automatic and automatic microbiological analyzers, as well as the use of mass spectrometry. Particular attention is paid to modern molecular genetic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, sequencing of a new generation, which in combination with classical microbiological methods, make it possible, with the highest level of reliability, to identify microorganisms by species based on decoding their genomes. It also gives the possibility to assess the sensitivity of the isolated strains to chemotherapeutic drugs using the disco-diffusion method, the method of serial dilutions, epsilometric and the use of ATB strips. The introduction into clinical practice a set of classical and modern diagnostic technologies should become the standard for the diagnosis of fungal diseases not only upper respiratory tract and ear, but also other biotopes of the macroorganism.

[Opportunistic fungal infections of ent organs. Part 2]. / Opportunisticheskie mikozy LOR-organov. Chast' 2.

The review of literature summarized information about main fungal pathogens and theirs proportions in infections affecting the ENT areas. Different nosological forms of fungal diseases of upper respiratory tract and ear were considered, and listed the main clinical manifestations. Microbiological diagnosis of mycoses affecting the ENT organs is based on microscopic, mycological, immunological and molecular-genetic studies. The review paid particular attention to the treatment of fungal infections of the areas. It presented the classification of modern antifungal drugs, and described regimens and duration of treatment depending on fungus type, disease severity and other patient's condition. It was noted that success of therapy of fungal infections affecting upper respiratory tract and ear now provided by using of complex antimycotics, immunotropic agents, antihistamines and probiotics. The emergence of resistant strains of micromycetes was observed as the main reason for decreased effectiveness of antifungal agents. Prospective solution of this problem were indicated by way of using of biologically active plant compounds, nanoantiseptics, metal ions, enzymes and photodynamic therapy. The review suggested relevance of increasing rates of fungal morbidity affecting the ENT areas, the necessity of early diagnosis, the search of new antifungal agents and compounds with fungicidal activity and theirs introduction into clinical practice.

[COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ANTI-FUNGAL EFFECT OF EVGENOL EMULSION IN POLYSORBAT-80 ON REFERENCE STRAIN OF CANDIDA ALBICANS ATCC 885-653].

The aim of this research was a comprehensive study of the polysorbate - 80 emulsified eugenol effect on the culture of Candida albicans ATCC 885-653 by determining of minimal mycostatic, mycocidal concentrations and indexes of fungi reproduction intensity in postmycostatic eugenol concentrations. Minimal mycostatic and mycocidal concentrations was determined by sequentialmakrodilution of eugenol emulsion in Sabouraud liquid medium with next transferringthe tubes' contents on the solid Sabouraud medium. The amount of colony forming units /ml of Candida albicans ATCC 885-653 was determined by the sector method. The high antifungal activity of the eugenol emulsion in polysorbate-80 for the Candida albicans ATCC 885-653 culture has been proven. However, postmicostatic concentrations of eugenol led to increasing the number of colony-forming units per 1ml 10 times compared with control, it can promoteincreasingthe colonization potential offungi in this range of concentrations.

[Opportunistic mycoses of ENT organs. Part 1]. / Opportunisticheskie mikozy LOR-organov. Soobshchenie 1.

The present literature review summarizes information about the diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the ears caused by opportunistic fungi. The factors responsible for the increased frequency of opportunistic infections, among which mycosis is the leading one, are given. The exogenous and endogenous risk factors are described. The main pathogens of opportunistic mycotic infections of the ENT-organs are listed. Special attention is given to the mechanism underlying the development of anti-colonial immunity of the upper respiratory tract and the ears and the formation of the antifungal immunity of the macroorganism as a whole. The data on the pathogenetic factors of mycelial and yeast-like micromycetes are presented. The main variants of the pathogenetic mechanisms, such as adhesion, invasive growth, and penetration, behind the formation of the mycotic lesions are considered. These biological properties of the fungi contribute to their ability to cause a wide range of pathological changes - from the superficial lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the ENT organs to the deep invasive processes. The protective cellular and humoral immune reactions of a macroorganism that develop in response to the introduction of a pathogenic fungus are described. The review lists the main nosological forms of mycosis known to affect the ENT-organs with special reference to the leading role of the yeast-like fungi belonging to the genus Candida in the development of mycotic lesions of these biotopes (64.65%). The most pathogenic species, Candida albicans, prevails in the structure of the yeast-like fungi biome whereas the leading role in the development of mycosis of the ENT organs by micromycetes of mold belongs to the species Aspergillus niger.

[Pathomorphological changes in the pancreatic ductal system in fatty and hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis in experiment].

The pancreatic ductal system was morphologically studied in fatty and hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis in experiments. The latter were carried out on 105 male Wistar rats. The use of the study models of fatty (administration of phospholipase A2, common bile duct ligation, and their combination) and hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis (administration of trypsin and snake venom) has shown that in fatty pancreonecrosis there are changes initially revealed in the pancreatic ductal system with subsequent necrosis of its parenchyma. In hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis, the ductal system retains its structure. Based on the findings, the authors soundly identify two forms of acute pancreatitis: primary acinar (parenchymatous) and hypertensive ductal.

[Membrane structure alterations in rat blood lymphocytes under external low dose rate gamma-radiation exposure].

The influence of a 0.72 cGy/day dose rate of gamma-radiation on plasma membranes of peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats exposed to the doses of 1.5, 15, 30, 60 and 100 cGy was studied. Parameters characterizing the viscosity and the polarity of lipid bilayer and also an external membrane surface properties were examined using fluorescent probes pyrene and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS). Was shown the membrane structural parameters alterations after animal exposure to the doses of 1.5, 15, 60 and 100 cGy, being of a nonmonotonous nature as the dose accumulated. After exposure to the doses lower then than 30 cGy spectral changes were revealed not in each particular experiment that was probably caused by the individual peculiarities of radiation response development. After exposure to the doses higher than 30 cGy the changes were of reproducible character. After a 1.5 cGy dose a slight lipid bilayer polarity decrease and ANS binding parameter multidirectional changes were observed. After exposure to 15, 60 and to 100 cGy was shown polarity elevation and repartition of polar groups within the bilayer, the increase of viscosity of more polar membrane regions and also ANS fluorescence reduction mostly at the expense of quantum yield decrease. After the exposure of 60 cGy was observed a viscosity decrease in hydrophobic regions along with viscosity increase in more polar regions and after a 100 cGy dose accumulation an essential surface charge shift was found. Revealed alterations indicate the reorganization of external membrane surface and of intensification of oxidative processes in lipid bilayer.

[Dynamic study of the cytogenetic effects in blood lymphocytes from humans living in the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station exclusion zone without permission]. / Dinamicheskoe issledovanie tsitogeneticheskikh éffektov v limfotsitakh krovi liudei, nesanktsionirovanno prozhivaiuschikh v zone otchuzhdeniia Chernobyl'skoi AES.

The cytogenetic examination of a group of people, self-residing in ChNPP Exclusion Zone with soil contamination density 137Cs 74-477 kBq/m2, 90Sr 33-289 kBq/m2, 238, 239 + 240Pu 1.5-10.0 kBq/m2, was conducted in 1998-1999 and also 2001. It is shown, that after 12-15 years of the accident the level of chromosome damages in Zone self-residents' lymphocytes detected by a routine analysis is higher then at the residents of control Yagotin district, Kiev region and comes to a plateau. Lymphocytes with multiple chromosome damages are detected. The probability of its transuranium elements induction which are present in the Zone is discussed at present.

[The readaptation of the respiration, blood circulation and body oxygen regimen in aquanauts after saturation dives to depths of up to 450 m]. / Readaptatsiia dykhaniia, krovoobrashcheniia i kislorodnogo rezhima organizma akvanavtov posle saturatsionnykh pogruzhenii na glubiny do 450 m.

Main trace posthyperbaric and postdecompression responses to respiration, circulation and oxygen profiles, dynamics of their reduction in 99 aquanauts at pressure of 46 kgs/cm2 (0.46 mPa) during 14-30 day period have been studied. The respiratory changes were found to be characterized by: ventilatory function disorders which followed the obstructive-restrictive pattern; discoordination of ventilation regulation and slowing down of respiratory gas transport through aerohematic barrier. The hemodynamic shifts have been manifested as cardiac rhythm instability, heart pump function followed by decreased cardiac contractions on exercise exposures. The economy and efficiency of body oxygen profiles in a respiration loop become lower than that in hemodynamic loop. The rate of the alveolar oxygen supply is decreased to the levels lower than the rates of oxygen supply by arterial and mixed venous blood. The long-term functional rearrangement of respiratory gas transport followed by the phase changes combined with the specific and nonspecific reactions persisting over a period of 30-60 days and more longer after decompression, is existed.

[Method for determining the functional state of the human respiratory and circulatory systems in underwater conditions]. / Metodika opredeleniia funktsional'nogo sostoianiia sistem dykhaniia i krovoobrashcheniia cheloveka v podvodnykh usloviiakh.

An original device has been worked out which permits registering parameters of respiration, gas exchange and circulation in man during diving and performance of some tests under water (graduated exercise, respiration with changed gas mixture, etc.). The correction coefficients have been experimentally determined to calculate the gas exchange and cardiohemodynamics indices in underwater conditions. The indices of human work capacity under water are determined using the above device.

[Change in nucleic acid metabolism in patients with acute purulent processes]. / Izmenenie obmena nukleinovykh kislot u bol'nykh s ostrymi nagnoitel'nymi protsessami.

In 127 patients with purulent-inflammatory processes of different location, the DNA concentration in the blood serum increased at the period of pronounced local manifestations of an inflammatory process and intoxication of an organism, in elimination of a focus of inflammation--decreased sharply. RNA concentration in the blood serum increased after the operation in intensive development of granulation tissue. The level of inorganic phosphorus decreased. Concentration of the uric acid changed inconsiderably. This evidenced in favour of intensity of the regulatory mechanisms, which control the nucleic metabolism.

[Evaluation of the heart conduction system in patients with ventricular allorhythmia]. / Otsenka provodiashchei sistemy serdtsa u bol'nykh s zheludochkovymi alloritmiiami.

Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies of the sinus node and conductive system of the heart were carried out in 51 patients with ventricular allorhythmias. In half of the cases, ventricular allorhythmias occurred in patients with impaired sinus node operation and abnormal atrioventricular impulse conduction. It is suggested that anti-arrhythmic drugs associated with adverse chrono- and dromotropic effects should be used with caution.

[Features of the clinical picture and diagnosis of nonspecific aorto-arteritis with lesions of the arch of the aorta]. / Osobennosti kliniki i diagnostiki nespetsificheskogo aortoarterita s porazheniem vetvei dugi aorty.

A total of 68 patients with non-specific aortoarteritis (NAA) and the involvement of the aortic arch and its branches were observed. The onset of disease in a young age, a high frequency of cerebro-ischemic disorders and involvement of the other vascular regions, late diagnosis were typical signs. Knowledge of NAA clinical peculiarities, thorough examination of patients using physical and instrumental methods turned out decisive in diagnosis.

[Transport of RNA from rat liver cell nuclei in vitro. Effect of superoxide dismutase on the release of rapidly labeled RNA from isolated nuclei]. / Transport RNK iz Iader Kletok pecheni in vitro. Vliianie superoksiddismutazy na bykhod bystrometiashcheisia RNK iz izolirovannykh iader.

Purified superoxide dismutase from beaf and rat liver cytosol was found to inhibit in vitro a release of the newly synthesized poly(A)-containing RNA from isolated hepatocyte nuclei in a cell-free system. The inhibition was concentration-dependent. Similar effect was observed with Cu2+ and coppertyrosine complex, which possess SOD-like type catalytic activity. The effectiveness of the complex and of Cu2+ however was an order smaller than that of SOD. The inhibitory effects of SOD and the two other copper-containing compounds could be abolished by potassium cyanide and reduced glutathione as far as by gomologous cytosol. Catalase failed to effect the RNA release. Although serum albumin itself did not affect release of RNA it was capable to abolish the inhibitory effects of Cu2+ and of copper-tyrosine, but not that of SOD. Possible mechanisms for the inhibitory effect of SOD on RNA transfer across the nuclear envelope are discussed.