A tripartite evolutionary game study of low-carbon innovation system from the perspective of dynamic subsidies and taxes.

Traditional manufacturing industry is in the early stages of transition to low-carbon innovative production, and is in urgent need of a low-carbon innovation system to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. In order to realize the effective supervision of enterprise carbon emissions, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among the corporate, government and public from the perspective of dynamic subsidies and taxes. The main results are as follows. First, the increase in government subsidies to a certain extent will help encourage companies to choose low-carbon innovative production strategies, but more subsidies are not always better. Excessive subsidies will increase the cost of government regulation and reduce the probability of government regulation. Second, the tripartite evolutionary game system does not converge under the static subsidies and taxes mechanism. But the system could quickly converges to the stable condition under dynamic subsidies and taxes. The stable point is the situation of corporate low-carbon innovation, government regulation, and public supervision. Third, the public intervention and supervision can effectively prevent the phenomenon of government misconduct and enterprises over-emission production. And the influence of public reward and punishment is more effective for the government than for enterprises.

Lipidomic Profiles of Lipid Biosynthesis in Oil Palm during Fruit Development.

The fruit of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has fleshy mesocarpic tissue rich in lipids. This edible vegetable oil is economically and nutritionally significant across the world. The core concepts of oil biosynthesis in oil palms remain to be researched as the knowledge of oil biosynthesis in plants improves. In this study, we utilized a metabolite approach and mass spectral analysis to characterize metabolite changes and identify the sequences of protein accumulation during the physiological processes that regulate oil synthesis during oil palm fruit ripening. Here, we performed a comprehensive lipidomic data analysis in order to understand the role of lipid metabolism in oil biosynthesis mechanisms. The experimental materials were collected from the mesocarp of oil palm (Tenera) at 95 days (early accumulation of fatty acid, first stage), 125 days (rapid growth of fatty acid accumulation, second stage), and 185 days (stable period of fatty acid accumulation, third stage) after pollination. To gain a clear understanding of the lipid changes that occurred during the growth of the oil palm, the metabolome data were found using principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the accumulations of diacylglycerols, ceramides, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidic acid varied between the developmental stages. Differentially expressed lipids were successfully identified and functionally classified using KEGG analysis. Proteins related to the metabolic pathway, glycerolipid metabolism, and glycerphospholipid metabolism were the most significantly changed proteins during fruit development. In this study, LC-MS analysis and evaluation of the lipid profile in different stages of oil palm were performed to gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms that enhance fruit quality and govern differences in lipid composition and biosynthesis.

Differential analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic of free fatty acid rancidity process in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits of different husk types.

Introduction: Oil palm is the world's highest yielding oil crop and its palm oil has high nutritional value, making it an oilseed plant with important economic value and application prospects. After picking, oil palm fruits exposed to air will gradually become soft and accelerate the process of fatty acid rancidity, which will not only affect their flavor and nutritional value, but also produce substances harmful to the human body. As a result, studying the dynamic change pattern of free fatty acids and important fatty acid metabolism-related regulatory genes during oil palm fatty acid rancidity can provide a theoretical basis for improving palm oil quality and extending its shelf life. Methods: The fruit of two shell types of oil palm, Pisifera (MP) and Tenera (MT), were used to study the changes of fruit souring at different times points of postharvesting, combined with LC-MS/MS metabolomics and RNA-seq transcriptomics techniques to analyze the dynamic changes of free fatty acids during fruit rancidity, and to find out the key enzyme genes and proteins in the process of free fatty acid synthesis and degradation according to metabolic pathways. Results and discussion: Metabolomic study revealed that there were 9 different types of free fatty acids at 0 hours of postharvest, 12 different types of free fatty acids at 24 hours of postharvest, and 8 different types of free fatty acids at 36 hours of postharvest. Transcriptomic research revealed substantial changes in gene expression between the three harvest phases of MT and MP. Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis results show that the expression of SDR, FATA, FATB and MFP four key enzyme genes and enzyme proteins in the rancidity of free fatty acids are significantly correlated with Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid and Palmitoleic acid in oil palm fruit. In terms of binding gene expression, the expression of FATA gene and MFP protein in MT and MP was consistent, and both were expressed higher in MP. FATB fluctuates unevenly in MT and MP, with the level of expression growing steadily in MT and decreasing in MP before increasing. The amount of SDR gene expression varies in opposite directions in both shell types. The above findings suggest that these four enzyme genes and enzyme proteins may play an important role in regulating fatty acid rancidity and are the key enzyme genes and enzyme proteins that cause differences in fatty acid rancidity between MT and MP and other fruit shell types. Additionally, differential metabolite and differentially expressed genes were present in the three postharvest times of MT and MP fruits, with the difference occurring 24 hours postharvest being the most notable. As a result, 24 hours postharvest revealed the most obvious difference in fatty acid tranquility between MT and MP shell types of oil palm. The results from this study offer a theoretical underpinning for the gene mining of fatty acid rancidity of various oil palm fruit shell types and the enhancement of oilseed palm acid-resistant germplasm cultivation using molecular biology methods.

Pixel level spatial variability modeling using SHAP reveals the relative importance of factors influencing LST.

As an important indicator of the regional thermal environment, land surface temperature (LST) is closely related to community health and regional sustainability in general, and is influenced by multiple factors. Previous studies have paid scant attention to spatial heterogeneity in the relative contribution of factors underlying LST. In this study of Zhejiang Province, we investigated the key factors affecting daytime and nighttime annual mean LST and the spatial distribution of their respective contributions. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting tree (XGBoost) and Shapley Additive exPlanations algorithm (SHAP) approach were used in combination with three sampling strategies (Province-Urban Agglomeration -Gradients within Urban Agglomeration) to detect spatial variation. The results reveal heterogenous LST spatial distribution with lower LST in the southwestern mountainous region and higher temperatures in the urban center. Spatially explicit SHAP maps indicate that latitude and longitude (geographical locations) are the most important factors at the provincial level. In urban agglomerations, factors associated with elevation and nightlight are shown to positively impact daytime LST in lower altitude regions. In the urban centers, EVI and MNDWI are the most notable influencing factors on LST at night. Under different sampling strategies, EVI, MNDWI, NL, and NDBI affect LST more prominently at smaller spatial scales as compared to AOD, latitude and TOP. The SHAP method proposed in this paper offers a useful means for management authorities in addressing LST in a warming climate.

Potency of the pandemic on air quality: An urban resilience perspective.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown policy across the globe has brought improved air quality while fighting against the coronavirus. After the closure, urban air quality was subject to emission reduction of air pollutants and rebounded to the previous level after the potency period of recession. Different response patterns exhibit divergent sensitivities of urban resilience in regard to air pollution. In this paper, we investigate the post-lockdown AQI values of 314 major cities in China to analyse their differential effects on the influence factors of urban resilience. The major findings of this paper include: 1) Cities exhibit considerable range of resilience with their AQI values which are dropped by 21.1% per day, took 3.97 days on average to reach the significantly decreased trough point, and reduced by 49.3% after the lockdown initiatives. 2) Mega cities and cities that locate as the focal points of transportation for nearby provinces, together with those with high AQI values, were more struggling to maintain a good air quality with high rebounds. 3) Urban resilience shows divergent spatial sensitivities to air pollution controls. Failing to consider multi-dimensional factors besides from geomorphological and economical activities could lead to uneven results of environmental policies. The results unveil key drivers of urban air pollution mitigation, and provide valuable insights for prediction of air quality in response to anthropogenic interference events under different macro-economic contexts. Research findings in this paper can be adopted for prevention and management of public health risks from the perspective of urban resilience and environmental management in face of disruptive outbreak events in future.

Effects of thermopeaking on the thermal response of alpine river systems to heatwaves.

Within the past 30years there have been two major heatwave events (in 2003 and 2006) that broke 500-year-old temperature records in Europe. Owing to the growing concern of rising temperatures, we analyzed the potential response in a number of river sections that are subject to hydropeaking and thermopeaking through the intermittent release of water from hydropower stations. Thermopeaking in alpine streams is known to intermittently cool down the river water in summer and to warm it up in winter. We analyzed the response of river water temperature to air temperature during heatwaves at 19 gauging stations across Switzerland, using a 30-yr dataset at a 10-min resolution. Stations were either classified into "unpeaked" or "peaked" groups according to four statistical indicators related to hydropeaking and thermopeaking pressure. Peaked stations were exposed to reduced temporal variability in river water temperature, and it was determined that correlations between river water and air temperature were weaker for peaked stations compared with unpeaked stations. Similarly, peaked stations showed a much weaker response to heatwaves compared with unpeaked stations. It is important to note that this "cooling effect" created by hydro-thermopeaking was most pronounced during the two major heatwave events that took place in 2003 and 2006. Furthermore, results from thermal stress events on the growth of a typical cold eurythermic fish species (brown trout) increased continuously in rivers subject to peaked station water release during heatwaves. While hydropower operations that take place high up on mountains releasing hypolimnetic water may mitigate the adverse effects of heatwaves on downstream alpine river ecosystems locally, our results show the complexity of an artificial physical template associated with flow regime regulation in alpine streams.

Design, synthesis, insecticidal activity and structure-activity relationship of 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyloxy-containing phthalic acid diamide structures.

BACKGROUND: Phthalic acid diamide derivatives are among the most important classes of synthetic insecticides. In this study, a 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyloxy group, the essential active group of pyridalyl derivatives, was incorporated into phthalic acid diamide derivatives with the aim of combining the active groups to generate more potent insecticides. RESULTS: Thirty-one new phthalic acid diamides were obtained, and these were characterised by (1) H and (13) C NMR. The structure of N(2) -[1,1-dimethyl-2-(methoxy)ethyl]-3-iodo-N(1) -[4-(3,3-dichloro-2-propenyloxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide was determined by X-ray diffraction crystallography. The insecticidal activities of the compounds against Plutella xylostella were evaluated. The title compounds exhibited excellent larvicidal activities against P. xylostella. Structure-activity relationships revealed that varying the combination of aliphatic amide and aromatic amide moieties, or the nature and position of substituent Y on the aniline ring, could aid the design of structures with superior performance. CONCLUSION: A series of novel phthalic acid diamides containing a 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyloxy group at the 4-position of the aniline ring were designed and synthesised. Structure-activity relationships with the parent structure provided information that could direct further investigation on structure modification.

Synthesis, insecticidal activity, and structure-activity relationship of trifluoromethyl-containing phthalic acid diamide structures.

Phthalic acid diamides have received considerable interest in agricultural chemistry due to a novel action mode, extremely high activity against a broad spectrum of lepidopterous insects, low acute toxicity to mammals, and environmentally benign characteristics. A series of phthalic acid diamides (4I-4IV) with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR (or elemental analysis). The structure of N(2)-[1,1-dimethyl-2-(methylthio)ethyl]-3-iodo-N(1)-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide (4If) was determined by X-ray diffraction crystallography. Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella were evaluated. The results show that some of the title compounds exhibit excellent larvicidal activities against P. xylostella, and improvement in larvicidal activity requires a reasonable combination of substituents in the parent structure, which provides some hints for further investigation on structure modification.

1-Meth-oxy-2-methyl-propan-2-aminium 2,2,2-trifluoro-acetate.

In the title salt, C(5)H(14)NO(+)·C(2)F(3)O(2) (-), the cation and anion are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network.

(Methyl-enedinitrilo)tetra-acetonitrile.

The mol-ecular structure of the title compound, C(9)H(10)N(6), exhibits four cyano-methyl groups around a central N-CH(2)-N unit. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are connected via inter-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

1,4-Dibromo-2,5-dimeth-oxy-benzene.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(8)H(8)Br(2)O(2), contains one half-mol-ecule, the complete mol-ecule being generated by inversion symmetry.

[Study on determination of eight metal elements in Hainan arecanut leaf by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry].

Arecanut is a sort of palm that is important economic crop for the farmers in Hainan province of China, wherein there are many kinds of metal elements such as K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn etc. These elements are important nutrition for the growth of arecanut. It is very valuable to study on the content of these metal elements in arecanut leaf in terms of plant nutriology of arecanut. The arecanut leaf in Wangling county, Hainan province of China was sampled by diagonal-field-sampling method. Refering to other plant sample determination by FAAS, the detailed studies are done with different digestion and determination methods. In the present paper the effects of mixed acid of HNO3-HClO4 digestion method on determining the amount of metal elements in the arecanut leaf by FAAS is reported, and another one is incineration digestion method. FAAS method was established for the determination of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn The samples were incinerated or heated with HNO3-HClO4 (4:1). In the meantime, the optimum parameters of FAAS and effects of different digestion methods on the results were discussed. The recovery rate of standard addition is 98.36%-102.38% in the first method; RSD is 0.42%-2.328% (n=6); The recovery rate of standard addition is 99.22%-103.72% in the second method; RSD is 0.58%-1.283 (n=6). The metal amount determined by the first method is lower than the second method, the ratio is 0.9703-0.9934. The two methods are satisfied, but the latter is better. It is precise enough to common experiment to use flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with digestion by incineration If the especially precise experiment is required, the digestion methods with mixed acid of HNO3-HClO4 may be introduced. The paper introduced methods dependable for determination of some metal elements in order to study on some nutrient effects of these metal elements in arecanut.

1-Hydroxymethyl-1-methylethan-aminium chloride.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(4)H(12)NO(+)·Cl(-), contains two independent ion pairs. Weak intra-molecular C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of three five-membered rings, which have envelope conformations. The crystal structure contains intermolecular O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

2-Methyl-7-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran.

The dihydro-furan ring of the title compound, C(9)H(9)NO(3), adopts an envelope conformation. The nitro group is twisted slightly away from the attached benzene ring [dihedral angle = 21.9 (1)°].