An effective strategy for simply varying relative position of two carbazole groups in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters to achieve deep-blue emission.

The development of efficient deep-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials is especially important for organic light-emitting devices as displays and lighting sources. However, finding suitable deep-blue TADF emitters is still challenging. Based on an experimentally reported blue-light TADF emitter DCZ-TTR, two new molecules (DCZ1-TTR and DCZ2-TTR) have been designed to investigate the impact of the change of relative position in two carbazole groups on their TADF properties. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations coupled with the Marcus rate theory have been performed. It is found that the absorption and emission spectra simulated using the BMK functional can reproduce the available experimental data very well. The fluorescence emissions of DCZ1-TTR and DCZ2-TTR are predicted to show clear blue-shifting in cyclohexane with respect to their analogue DCZ-TTR. Especially, the emission wavelength of DCZ2-TTR is calculated to be 435nm, in the deep-blue light range. According to the Marcus rate theory, the rates of reverse intersystem crossing of DCZ1-TTR and DCZ2-TTR are estimated to be two orders of magnitude larger than that of DCZ-TTR, which is more favorable for the occurrence of delayed fluorescence. This strongly suggests that our newly designed two molecules DCZ1-TTR and DCZ2-TTR can be also expected to be potential blue-light or even deep-blue-light TADF emitters. This may be an effective strategy for realizing deep-blue emission by simply varying relative position of two carbazole groups in the TADF molecules. To our best knowledge, this is a novel finding, which may be useful in preparing highly efficient deep-blue TADF-OLED materials.

Strategy for tuning the up-conversion intersystem crossing rates in a series of organic light-emitting diodes emitters relevant for thermally activated delayed fluorescence.

Accurate prediction on the up-conversion intersystem crossing rate (kUISC) is a critical issue for the molecular design of an efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, and the kUISC rate is considered to be mainly determined by the spin-orbit coupling matrix element (SOCME) and the singlet-triplet energy difference (∆EST). In the present contribution, we strategically designed a series of organic molecules, bearing an isoindole-dione core as the electron acceptor (A) unit and dinitrocarbazolyl, carbazolyl, diphenylcarbazolyl, dicarbazolyl and tercarbazolyl groups as the electron donor (D) units, respectively. Their SOCME and ∆EST values between the S1 and T1 states were calculated by the DFT and TD-DFT methodes, and the kUISC rates were estimated by using the semiclassical Marcus theory. The present studies indicate that as the π-conjugation in the D unit enhances, the ∆EST value gradually decreases, and the kUISC rate gradually increases. The molecule using tercarbazolyl as the D moiety is found to exhibit the largest kUISC in the present computations, as high as 1.22 × 106 s-1, which is of the same order of magnitude as an experimentally observed highly-efficient TADF emitter using a 4-benzoylpyridine as the A unit and the same tercarbazolyl group as the D moiety. The present results sufficiently prove the necessity of introducing strong electron-rich substituent groups when designing highly efficient TADF emitters.

Theoretical studies on thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism of a series of organic light-emitting diodes emitters comprising 2,7-diphenylamino-9,9-dimethylacridine as electron donor.

According to one experimentally reported thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter (AcDPA-2TP), two new molecules (AcDPA-2PP and AcDPA-TPP) have been designed theoretically to probe into the effect of different acceptor strengths on their TADF mechanisms. In this work, the rates of reverse intersystem crossing (kRISC ) of the three targeted molecules were calculated by the semiclassical Marcus rate expression. The present results demonstrate that the kRISC rate of AcDPA-2PP is estimated to be 5.56 × 106 s-1 , about twice larger than that of AcDPA-2TP (2.63 × 106 s-1 ), and especially AcDPA-TPP is found to exhibit the largest kRISC value (6.97 × 106 s-1 ) among the three molecules. Considering that AcDPA-2TP has been observed to be an efficient TADF emitter, our newly designed two molecules AcDPA-2PP and AcDPA-TPP are also expected to be potential TADF materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Theoretical studies on electroluminescent mechanism of a series of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters possessing asymmetric-triazine-cored triads.

A series of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters using asymmetric-triazine-cored triad as the electron-accepting unit have been investigated theoretically. Based on two experimentally reported TADF molecules (TPXZ-as-TAZ and oDPXZ-as-TAZ), two new molecules (mDPXZ-as-TAZ and pDPXZ-as-TAZ) have been designed to explore the isomeric effect on their TADF properties. The present results reveal that the absorption and emission spectra calculated by the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method at the M06-2X level are match well the available experimental findings, and mDPXZ-as-TAZ and pDPXZ-as-TAZ are found to exhibit the same yellow emission as their analogue oDPXZ-as-TAZ. In addition, the rates of reverse intersystem crossing of mDPXZ-as-TAZ and pDPXZ-as-TAZ estimated by the semiclassical Marcus theory are 2.51 × 106 and 4.57 × 106 s-1, respectively, one order of magnitude larger than that of oDPXZ-as-TAZ (1.27 × 105 s-1), which suggests that our newly designed two molecules mDPXZ-as-TAZ and pDPXZ-as-TAZ can be also considered as potential yellow-light TADF emitters.

Benzimidazobenzothiazole-based highly-efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for organic light-emitting diodes: A quantum-chemical TD-DFT study.

Based upon two thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters 1 and 2, compounds 3-6 have been designed by replacing the carbazol group with the bis(4-biphenyl)amine one (3 and 4) and introducing the electron-withdrawing CF3 group into the acceptor unit of 3 and 4 (5 and 6). It is found that the present calculations predict comparable but relatively large energy differences (approximate 0.5eV) between the lowest singlet S1 and triplet T1 states (∆EST) for the six targeted compounds. In order to explain the highly-efficient TADF behavior observed in compounds 1 and 2, the"triplet reservoir" mechanism has been proposed. In addition, the fluorescence rates of all six compounds are very large, in 107-108 orders of magnitude. According to the present calculations, it is a reasonable assumption that the newly designed compounds 3-6 could be considered as the potential TADF emitters, which needs to be further verified by experimental techniques.

Theoretical insights into the 1D-charge transport properties in a series of hexaazatrinaphthylene-based discotic molecules.

Discotic liquid crystal (DLC) materials have attracted considerable attention mainly due to their high charge carrier mobilities in quasi-one-dimensional columns. In this article, five hexaazatrinaphthylene-based DLC molecules were investigated theoretically, and their frontier molecular orbital energy levels, crystal structures, and electron/hole drift mobilities were calculated by combination of density functional theory (DFT) and semiclassical Marcus charge transfer theory. The systems studied in this work include three experimentally reported molecules (1, 2, and 3) and two theoretically designed molecules (4 and 5). Compared with the 1-3 compounds, 4 and 5 have three more extended benzene rings in the π-conjugated core. The present results show that the orders of the frontier molecular orbital energy levels and electron drift mobilities agree very well with the experiment. For 4 and 5, the electron/hole reorganization energies are lower than those of compounds 1-3. Furthermore, the calculated electron/hole transfer integral of 5 is the largest among all the five systems, leading to the highest electron and hole mobilities. In addition, the hydrophobicity and solubility were also evaluated by DFT, indicating that compound 5 has good hydrophobicity and good solubility in trichloromethane. As a result, it is expected that compound 5 can be a potential charge transport material in electronic and optoelectronic devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in NH-type dye molecules with a seven-membered-ring intramolecular hydrogen bond: A theoretical insight.

Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reactions of a series of N(R)H⋯N-type seven-membered-ring hydrogen-bonding compounds were explored by employing density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory calculations with the PBE0 functional. Our results indicate that the absorption and emission spectra predicted theoretically match very well the experimental findings. Additionally, as the electron-withdrawing strength of R increases, the intramolecular H-bond of the NS1 form gradually enhances, and the forward energy barrier along the ESIPT reaction gradually decreases. For compound 4, its ESIPT reaction is found to be a barrierless process due to the involvement of a strong electron-withdrawing COCF3 group. It is therefore a reasonable presumption that the ESIPT efficiency of these N(R)H⋯N-type seven-membered-ring H-bonding systems can be improved when a strong electron-withdrawing group in R is introduced.

Tunable excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reactions with NH or OH as a proton donor: A theoretical investigation.

Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reactions occurring in the S1 state for five molecules, which possess five/six-membered ring intramolecular NH···N or OH···N hydrogen bonds bearing quinoline or 2-phenylpyridine moiety, have been described in detail by the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach using the B3LYP hybrid functional. For the five molecules, the constrained potential energy profiles along the ESIPT reactions show that proton transfer is barrierless in molecules possessing six-membered ring intramolecular H-bonds, which is smoother than that with certain barriers in five-membered ring H-bonding systems. For the latter, chemical modification by a more strong acid group can lower the ESIPT barrier significantly, which harnesses the ESIPT reaction from a difficult type to a fast one. The energy barrier of the ESIPT reaction depends on the intensity of the intramolecular H-bond, which can be measured with the topological descriptors by topology analysis of the bond critical point (BCP) of the intramolecular H-bond. It is found that when the value of electron density ρ(r) at BCP is bigger than 0.025a.u., the corresponding molecule might go through an ultrafast and barrierless ESIPT process, which opens a new scenario to explore the ESIPT reactions.

A quantum-chemical insight into the tunable fluorescence color and distinct photoisomerization mechanisms between a novel ESIPT fluorophore and its protonated form.

Enol-keto proton tautomerization and cis-trans isomerization reactions of a novel excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore of BTImP and its protonated form (BTImP+) were explored using density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) computational methods with a B3LYP hybrid functional and the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. In addition, the absorption and fluorescence spectra were calculated at the TD-B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Our results reveal that both BTImP and BTImP+ can undergo an ultrafast ESIPT reaction, giving rise to the single fluorescence emission with different fluorescence colors, which are nicely consistent with the experimental findings. Calculations also show that following the ultrafast ESIPT, BTImP and BTImP+ can experience the distinctly different cis-trans isomerization processes. The intersystem crossing between the first excited singlet S1 state and triplet T1 state is found to play an important role in the photoisomerization process of BTImP+. In addition, the energy barrier of the trans-keto→cis-keto isomerization in the ground state of BTImP+ is calculated to be 10.49kcalmol-1, which implies that there may exist a long-lived trans-keto species in the ground state for BTImP+.