Comparison of the host cells apoptosis induced by precocious strains and virulent strains of Eimeria tenella.

The present study aims to investigate the similarities and differences between the host cells apoptosis induced by virulent line of Eimeria tenella (Tsx) and precocious line (PTsx), which can provide a theoretical basis for the study of drugs and vaccines against coccidiosis. HE staining, Hoechst 33342/AnnexinV-FITC/PI composite staining, and ELISA were used to detect the infection rate, apoptosis rate, and Caspase-3 enzyme activity of host cells infected by PTsx or Tsx, respectively. The apoptotic rates and Caspase-3 absorbance of the inoculation groups were lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) than those of the control group at 4 h, whereas the apoptotic rates and Caspase-3 absorbance of the inoculation groups were higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) than those of the control groups at 24 to 120 h. At the same inoculation dose, there was no significant difference in the infection rate, apoptosis rate or Caspase-3 absorbance between Tsx groups and PTsx groups after E. tenella inoculation for 4 to 72 h (P > 0.05). However, these indicators of PTsx groups were lower (P < 0.01) than those of the same dose inoculated Tsx groups at 120 h. The apoptosis rates of cecal and glandular epithelial cells in the inoculated groups were higher (P < 0.01) than those in the control group after inoculated E. tenella 5 D in vivo, and the apoptosis rates of cecal and glandular epithelial cells in PTsx group was lower (P < 0.01) than that in the same dose inoculated Tsx group. These observations indicate that both Tsx and PTsx inhibit host cell apoptosis in the early development of E. tenella, induce host cell apoptosis in the middle and late stages, and the apoptosis-inducing effect on host cells increases with increasing dose. However, when the same dose of oocysts was inoculated, the amount of apoptosis induced by PTsx in late development was less than Tsx.

Novel Fe-Mn-Si-Pd alloys: insights into mechanical, magnetic, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility performances.

Two new Fe-based alloys, Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd and Fe-30Mn6Si1Pd, have been fabricated by arc-melting followed by copper mold suction casting. The Fe-30Mn6Si1Pd alloy mainly consists of ε-martensite and γ-austenite Fe-rich phases whereas the Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd alloy primarily contains the α-Fe(Mn)-ferrite phase. Additionally, Pd-rich precipitates were detected in both alloys. Good mechanical response was observed by nanoindentation: hardness values around 5.6 GPa and 4.2 GPa and reduced Young's moduli of 125 GPa and 93 GPa were measured for the as-prepared Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd and Fe-30Mn6Si1Pd alloys, respectively. Both alloys are thus harder and exhibit lower Young's modulus than 316L stainless steel, which is one of the most common Fe-based reference materials used for biomedical applications. Compared with the ferromagnetic Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd alloy, the paramagnetic Fe-30Mn6Si1Pd alloy is more appropriate to be used as an implant since it would be compatible for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses. Concerning biocompatibility, the more hydrophilic Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd alloy shows improved cell adhesion but its pronounced ion leaching has a negative effect on the proliferation of cells. The influence of immersion in a simulated body fluid on the composition, microstructure, mechanical and magnetic properties of both alloys is assessed, and the correlation between microstructure evolution and physical properties is discussed.

Nucleotide composition bias and codon usage trends of gene populations in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. Agalactiae.

Because of the low GC content of the gene population, amino acids of the two mycoplasmas tend to be encoded by synonymous codons with an A or T end. Compared with the codon usage of ovine, Mycoplasma capricolum and M. agalactiae tend to select optimal codons, which are rare codons in ovine. Due to codon usage pattern caused by genes with key biological functions, the overall codon usage trends represent a certain evolutionary direction in the life cycle of the two mycoplasmas. The overall codon usage trends of a gene population of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum can be obviously separated from other mycoplasmas, and the overall codon usage trends of M. agalactiae are highly similar to those of M. bovis. These results partly indicate the independent evolution of the two mycoplasmas without the limits of the host cell's environment. The GC and AT skews estimate nucleotide composition bias at different positions of nucleotide triplets and the protein consideration caused by the nucleotide composition bias at codon positions 1 and 2 largely take part in synonymous codon usage patterns of the two mycoplasmas. The correlation between the codon adaptation index and codon usage variation indicates that the effect of codon usage on gene expression in M. capricolum subsp. capricolum is opposite to that of M. agalactiae, further suggesting independence of the evolutionary process influencing the overall codon usage trends of gene populations of mycoplasmas.

Tahyna virus and human infection, China.

In 2006, Tahyna virus was isolated from Culex spp. mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. In 2007, to determine whether this virus was infecting humans, we tested serum from febrile patients. We found immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG against the virus, which suggests human infection in this region.

Synthesis and cytotoxicity screening of piperazine-1-carbodithioate derivatives of 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones.

A new series of piperazine-1-carbodithioate derivatives of 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were synthesized via a five-steps procedure starting from 2-amino-5-methylbenzoic acid. The cytotoxicity of the resulting compounds against A-549 (human lung cancer), HCT-8 (human colon cancer), HepG2 (human liver cancer), and K562 (human myelogenous leukaemia) cell lines was determined by the MTT assay. Preliminary screening results of these compounds are reported.

[Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives bearing dithiocarbamate chains].

A series of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives bearing dithiocarbamate side chains have been synthesized through the reaction of 6-bromomethyl-2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone with CS2 and various amines in the presence of anhydrous K3PO4, and their structures were confirmed with ESI-MS, H NMR, elemental analysis or HRMS. The target compounds 8a -8q were tested for their in vitro antitumor activity against human myelogenous leukaemia K562 and human Hela cell lines by means of colorimetric MTT assay. Among the tested compounds, 8q exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity against K562 and Hela cells with IC50 values of 0.5 and 12.0 micromol x L(-01), respectively. Therefore, compound 8q is worthy to be a lead compound for the design and synthesis of new antitumor agents.

Synthesis of substituted benzylamino- and heterocyclylmethylamino carbodithioate derivatives of 4-(3H)-quinazolinone and their cytotoxic activity.

A new series of substituted benzylamino- and heterocyclylmethylamino carbodithioate derivatives of 4-(3H)-quinazolinone were synthesized via four steps starting from 2-amino-5-methylbenzoic acid and initially screened against A-549 (human non-small cell lung cancer), HCT-8 (human colon cancer), and Bel-7402 (human liver cancer) cell lines at the single concentration of 5 microg/mL using the colorimetric MTT assay. The IC50 values were determined for the compounds reaching > or = 70% inhibition in primary screening by serial dilution. Among the newly synthesized compounds, 9n exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxicity against A-549, HCT-8, and Bel-7402 cell lines with the IC50 values of 1.65, 0.93, and 1.43 microM, respectively.

[Study of the interaction between methotrexate and bovine serum albumin by spectrometry].

The interaction of methotrexate (MTX) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by fluorescence and absorption spectra. The results show that methotrexate strongly quenched the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin, and the quenching mechanism is a static quenching procedure. The binding constants and the number of binding sites between MTX and BSA at different temperatures were calculated. Furthermore, the enthalpy and entropy changes in the interaction were also obtained, and the primary binding pattern between MTX and BSA was interpreted as hydrophobic interaction.

Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives with dithiocarbamate side chains.

A series of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives with dithiocarbamate side chains were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antitumor activity against human myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Among them, (3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl)methyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate 8q exhibited significant inhibitory activity against K562 cells with IC(50) value of 0.5 microM.

Complex segregation and linkage analysis of familial gout in Taiwanese aborigines.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in Taiwanese aborigines is remarkably high. Although previous studies have failed to find evidence of a major gene responsible for gout, the disease is thought to involve genetic predisposition. We sought to determine whether genetic factors for familial gout exist among Taiwanese aborigines, and, if so, their chromosomal location. METHODS: We first performed complex segregation analysis. The study sample comprised 945 relatives distributed in 64 pedigrees; among them, 261 affected members (including probands) were found. In all of the aboriginal probands with gout, the disease was diagnosed and confirmed by rheumatologists. Blood specimens were then collected from 127 individuals living in one community that was used in the segregation analysis (from 25 pedigrees, 36 nuclear families, and 112 full sibpairs), and sibpair linkage analysis and a combined transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) method were used to test the genetic components. RESULTS: In segregation analysis, after adjusting for sex and age, an autosomal-arbitrary major gene model was found to fit the data best, with disease allelic frequency of 0.31 and susceptibility of 0.92. In sibpair analysis, there was a clustering of many flanking markers showing significant linkage, including D1S498 (regression coefficient -0.52), D1S2635 (regression coefficient -0.47), and D1S196 (regression coefficient -0.51), in the 1q21 region of chromosome 1 (all P < 0.005). Results of the combined TDT showed that the marker D1S484 was significantly associated (had linkage) with allele 1 and was transmitted more frequently than other markers to the affected offspring (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Results of this study provide evidence of a genetic basis for familial gout in the aboriginal Taiwanese population and suggest that a susceptibility locus may be located in the 1q21 region of chromosome 1.