The effects of group adaptation on task performance: An agent-based approach.

Organisations rely upon group formation to solve complex tasks, and groups often adapt to the demands of the task they face by changing their composition periodically. Previous research has often employed experimental, survey-based, and fieldwork methods to study the effects of group adaptation on task performance. This paper, by contrast, employs an agent-based approach to study these effects. There are three reasons why we do so. First, agent-based modelling and simulation allows to take into account further factors that might moderate the relationship between group adaptation and task performance, such as individual learning and task complexity. Second, such an approach allows to study large variations in the variables of interest, which contributes to the generalisation of our results. Finally, by employing an agent-based approach, we are able to study the longitudinal effects of group adaptation on task performance. Longitudinal analyses are often missing in prior related research. Our results indicate that reorganising well-performing groups might be beneficial, but only if individual learning is restricted. However, there are also cases in which group adaptation might unfold adverse effects. We provide extensive analyses that shed additional light on and help explain the ambiguous results of previous research.

An eHealth ecosystem for stepped and early psychosocial care in advanced lung cancer: Rationale and protocol for a randomized control trial.

Background: Receiving a diagnosis of lung cancer is an emotional event, not least because it is usually diagnosed at advanced stages with limited life expectancy. Although evidence-based educational, emotional, and social interventions exist, they reach few patients and usually when it is too late. Objective: This project will be carried out in a comprehensive center for cancer care and health research, aiming to study the efficacy, costs, and utility of an eHealth ecosystem to meet the psychosocial needs of patients with advanced lung cancer. Method: We will enroll 76 patients with advanced lung cancer into an eHealth ecosystem of stepped and personalized psychosocial care for 9 months. These patients will be compared with another 76 receiving usual care in a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. The following main outcomes will be measured every 3 months: emotional distress, spirituality, demoralization, quality of life, and medication adherence. Secondary outcomes will include symptomatology, health education, cost-utility analyses, usability and satisfaction with the platform, and time to detect emotional needs and provide care. Baseline differences between groups will be measured with the Student t-test or chi-square test, as appropriate. We will then compare the main outcomes between groups over time using multilevel linear models, report effect sizes (Hedges' g), and assess non-inferiority. The cost-utility of both interventions will be considered in terms of quality adjusted life years and quality of life given the costs of providing each treatment. Discussion: This randomized controlled trial should provide new evidence on the efficacy and cost-utility of an eHealth ecosystem to deliver personalized and timely psychosocial care to patients with advanced lung cancer. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID "NCT05497973".

Distinct mechanism of action for antitumoral neutral cyclometalated Pt(II)-complexes bearing antifungal imidazolyl-based drugs.

Three neutral Pt(II) complexes containing 1-Methylimidazole and the antifungal imidazolyl drugs Clotrimazole and Bifonazole have been prepared. The general formula of the new derivatives is [Pt(κ2-(C^N)Cl(L)], where C^N stands for ppy = 2-phenylpyridinate, and L = 1-Methylimidazole (MeIm) for [Pt-MeIm]; L = Clotrimazole (CTZ) for [Pt-CTZ] and L = Bifonazole (BFZ) for [Pt-BFZ]). The complexes have been completely characterized in solution and the crystal structures of [Pt-BFZ] and [Pt-CTZ] have been resolved. Complexes [Pt-MeIm] and [Pt-BFZ] present higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin in SW480 (colon adenocarcinoma), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and A2780 (ovarian cancer) cell lines. [Pt-MeIm] shows the highest accumulation in A549 cells, in agreement with its inability to interact with serum albumin. By contrast, [Pt-CTZ] and [Pt-BFZ] interact with serum proteins, a fact that reduces their bioavailability. The strongest interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) is found for [Pt-BFZ], which is the least internalized inside the cells. All the complexes are able to covalently interact with DNA. The most cytotoxic complexes, [Pt-MeIm] and [Pt-BFZ] induce cellular accumulation in G0/G1 and apoptosis by a similar pathway, probably involving a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation mechanism. [Pt-BFZ] turns out to be the most efficient complex regarding ROS generation and causes mitochondrial membrane depolarization, whereas [Pt-MeIm] induces the opposite effect, hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. On the contrary, the least cytotoxic complex, [Pt-CTZ] cannot block the cell cycle or generate ROS and the mechanism by which it induces apoptosis could be a different one.

Aceites esenciales con actividad antibacteriana: posible aplicación y administración en odontología / Essential oils with antibacterial activity: possible uses and administration in the dental practice

Resumen Introducción la caries dental es una de las enfermedades de mayor prevalencia a escala mundial, cuyas consecuencias clínicas se encuentran relacionadas directamente con la calidad de vida de los individuos. Asimismo, la atención odontológica exige un elevado costo y muchas veces lejos del alcance de ciertas comunidades. Si bien esta enfermedad se produce por la confluencia de distintos factores, uno de ellos es el económico, por lo que se busca una opción medicinal de bajo costo, y el abordaje a su vez de otro factor, tal vez el más importante, que implica el desarrollo y multiplicación del microorganismo iniciador de esta enfermedad, que es Streptococcus mutans. Actualmente se conoce el consumo de medicinas de origen natural para el tratamiento de algunas enfermedades, entre ellas, la caries. El uso y mecanismo de acción de aceites esenciales que impidan el desarrollo de S. mutans en el biofilm dental está siendo investigado. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar los conocimientos sobre la acción biocida de aceites esenciales y sus posibles aplicaciones en odontología. Resultados. Los aceites esenciales provenientes de los cítricos como limón, mandarina, naranja, como así también de eucalipto y orégano, presentan actividad bacteriostática, y en algunos casos, bactericida frente a bacterias Gram + y Gram -. Conclusión de acuerdo con la información recopilada, el uso de estos aceites mediante la biotecnología sería beneficioso y contribuiría al manejo de la salud bucal sin alterar la microflora oral normal del ser humano.

Abstract Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, whose clinical consequences are directly related to the quality of life of individuals. Likewise, dental care requires a high cost and is often beyond the reach of certain communities. Although this disease is produced by the confluence of different factors, one of them is the economic factor, which is why a low-cost medicinal alternative is sought, and the approach in turn of another factor, perhaps the most important, which implies the development and multiplication of the initiating microorganism of this disease that is Streptococcus mutans. Currently, the consumption of medicines of natural origin is known for the treatment of some diseases, including tooth decay. The use of essential oils that prevent the development of St. mutans in dental biofilm is being investigated and the objective of this work is to update the knowledge about its biocidal action and its applications in dentistry. The objective of this work is to update the knowledge on the biocidal action of essential oils and their possible applications in dentistry. Results The essential oils from citrus fruits such as lemon, mandarin, orange, as well as eucalyptus and oregano, show bacteriostatic activity, and in some cases, bactericidal against Gram + and Gram - bacteria. Conclusion according to the information collected, the use of these oils through biotechnology would be beneficial and would contribute to the management of oral health without altering the normal oral microflora of the human being.

Ultrasonic techniques to obtain dental pulp from impacted third molars.

BACKGROUND: In the dental clinic impacted teeth are frequent findings, especially upper and lower third molars, leading to their exodontia. Among surgical techniques piezosurgery is advantageous for delicate structures in the oral cavity. Extracted teeth, usually discarded, have been revalued as biological material, providing living tissues with possible applications in regenerative dentistry. The aim was to compare cross-section methods of upper included third molars by ultrasonic piezoelectric technique to obtain dental pulp, with diamond-coated tip (DT) against titanium nitride-coated tip (TN), according to the pulp tissue cell viability and the section surface characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients attending dental consultation were evaluated. Upper third molars (n= 24) were avulsed from 15 patients with exodontia indication, age 18-26 years old, who agreed to participate of the study. Third molars were cross-sectioned at amelocemental junction level with piezoelectric device using DT or TN inserts. Pulps were mechanic and enzymatically treated, and tissue viability determined by Trypan Blue test. Sectioned teeth were visualized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Ethical principles of biomedical research were respected; all patients gave their informed consent. RESULTS: Viability of pulp tissue was 84.71% not associated to sex (p= 0.141) nor to teeth position, upper right third molar or upper left third molar (p= 0.580). According to the insert used, pulp tissue viability was 85.21% with TN, similar to 84.00% with DT (p= 0.611). By SEM, cut performed by TN insert showed smooth and uniform surfaces, while DT insert surfaces were irregular, porous, with fissures. CONCLUSIONS: Piezosurgery applied to cross-section upper third molars with both types of inserts showed differences in the cut surfaces but similar effectiveness regarding preservation of pulp tissue with high viability, thus, they could be allocated for further cellular developments. Key words:Impacted teeth, third molars, piezosurgery, regenerative dentistry.

Diabetes y enfermedad periodontal / Diabetes and periodontal disease

El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la relación entre el grado de enfermedad periodontal y el control metabólico de la glucemia en pacientes que padecen diabetes tipo 2. Es un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se seleccionaron 42 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de ambos sexos, entre 25 y 75. Se realizó odontograma y se evaluó el grado de enfermedad periodontal para determinar el grado de compensación metabólica de los pacientes se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa y se midieron los valores de hemoglobina glicosilada. Un 23,55% de los pacientes no presentaron enfermedad periodontal y el resto se dividió en leve, moderada y severa presentándose la enfermedad leve en primer orden. Los pacientes con mayor grado de enfermedad periodontal presentaron mayor número de piezas dentarias perdidas (p 0,0334). La enfermedad periodontal se distribuye de la misma manera en ambos grupos de control glucémico (p=0,1211). En el grupo estudiado, el grado de enfermedad periodontal es independiente del control glucémico de los pacientes (AU)

The objective of this work was to establish the relationship between the degree of periodontal disease and the metabolic control of glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. 42 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus of both sexes, between 25 and 75, were selected. An odontogram was performed and the degree of periodontal disease was evaluated; venous blood samples were taken and glycosylated hemoglobin values were measured to determine the degree of metabolic compensation of the patients. 23.55% of the patients did not present periodontal disease and the rest were divided into mild, moderate, and severe, with mild disease presenting in the first order. The patients with a higher degree of periodontal disease had a higher number of missing teeth (p 0.0334). Periodontal disease is distributed in the same way in both glycemic control groups (p = 0.1211). In the group studied, the degree of periodontal disease is independent of the glycemic control of the patients (AU)

La T3 baja marcaría peor evolución en pacientes internados por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada / Low T3 Would Indicate Adverse Outcomes for Inpatients with Decompensated Heart Failure

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de T3 baja se asocia con niveles elevados de interleucinas y citoquinas circulantes, lo que refuerza la hipótesis de una estrecha relación entre el sistema neuroendocrino y ciertos mecanismos inflamatorios e inmunológicos, involucrados en la insuficiencia cardíaca. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada según niveles de T3 al ingreso, y eventos durante la hospitalización y en el seguimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, analítico de 524 pacientes internados por primera vez con diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada. Se evaluó la mortalidad intrahospitalaria, y al seguimiento y readmisiones de acuerdo con niveles de T3 normal o disminuida al ingreso. Se excluyeron 91 pacientes con distiroidismo conocido, hipotiroidismo o hipertiroidismo, cirugía tiroidea previa, sepsis o síndrome coronario agudo. Se realizó un análisis de subgrupo de pacientes según recibieran crónicamente amiodarona y se evaluaron variables pronosticas. Resultados: De 433 pacientes analizados, el 40,0% presentaban bajos niveles de T3 (BT3). La edad, albúmina, TFG y edad mayor de 75 años, fueron predictores independientes de BT3. Si bien se observó un aumento en ambos grupos en la adecuación de tratamientos recomendados por las guías, el grupo de BT3 mostró significativamente tasas menores de estos con respecto a aquellos con T3 normal (BT3 vs. NT3: betabloqueantes 81,5% vs. 89,4%, p = 0,02; IECA/ARAII 78,5% vs. 87,9% p <0,001; antialdosterónicos 29,2% vs. 40,5% p = 0,019). La mortalidad hospitalaria fue mayor en BT3 (5,8% vs. 1,5%) sin diferencias en readmisiones o mortalidad en el seguimiento. Del subgrupo de pacientes sin amiodarona al ingreso (353), 37,8% tenían BT3. Se halló que los pacientes de este subgrupo presentaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a mortalidad intrahospitalaria y mortalidad en seguimiento (5,3% en BT3 vs. 0,9% NT3; p = 0,03 y 40,2% vs. 26,6%; p = 0,023), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada con T3 baja al ingreso representarían un subgrupo de pacientes con enfermedad más grave y peor pronóstico durante la internación.

ABSTRACT Background: Low T3 syndrome is associated with elevated circulating levels of cytokines and interleukins, reinforcing the hypothesis of a close relation between the neuroendocrine system and certain inflammatory and immunological mechanisms involved in heart failure. Objective: To assess the progress of patients admitted for decompensated heart failure according to T3 levels on admission, and events during hospitalization and follow-up. Materials and methods: It was a prospective, observational, analytical study of 524 patients hospitalized for the first time with a diagnosis of decompensated heart failure. In-hospital and follow-up mortality and readmissions were evaluated according to normal or low T3 levels on admission. Ninety-one patients with known dysthyroidism, hypo or hyperthyroidism, previous thyroid surgery, sepsis or acute coronary syndrome were excluded. A subgroup analysis of patients receiving chronic amiodarone therapy was conducted, and prognostic variables were evaluated. Results: Of the 433 patients analyzed, 40.0% had low T3 (LT3) levels. Age, albumin level, age >75 years, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were independent predictors of LT3. While adaptation of guideline-recommended treatments increased in both groups, treatment rates in the LT3 group were significantly lower than those in the normal T3 (NT3) group (LT3 vs. NT3: Betablockers 81.5% vs. 89.4%, p=0.02; ACEI/ARA II 78.5% vs. 87.9%, p=0.001; anti-aldosterone agents 29.2% vs. 40.5%; p=0.019). Hospital mortality was higher in the LT3 group (5.8 vs. 1.5%), with no difference in rehospitalizations or mortality rates at follow-up. Of the subgroup of patients without amiodarone on admission (353), 37.8% had LT3. Patients in this subgroup were found to have significant differences in follow-up and in-hospital mortality (5.3% in LT3 vs. 0.9% in NT3, p=0.03, and 40.2% vs. 26.6%, p=0.023) respectively. Conclusions: Decompensated heart failure patients with LT3 on admission would represent a subgroup with more severe disease and worse prognosis during hospitalization.

Enhancing survival, engraftment, and osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for bone regeneration therapies due to their plasticity and easiness of sourcing. MSC-based treatments are generally considered a safe procedure, however, the long-term results obtained up to now are far from satisfactory. The main causes of these therapeutic limitations are inefficient homing, engraftment, and osteogenic differentiation. Many studies have proposed modifications to improve MSC engraftment and osteogenic differentiation of the transplanted cells. Several strategies are aimed to improve cell resistance to the hostile microenvironment found in the recipient tissue and increase cell survival after transplantation. These strategies could range from a simple modification of the culture conditions, known as cell-preconditioning, to the genetic modification of the cells to avoid cellular senescence. Many efforts have also been done in order to enhance the osteogenic potential of the transplanted cells and induce bone formation, mainly by the use of bioactive or biomimetic scaffolds, although alternative approaches will also be discussed. This review aims to summarize several of the most recent approaches, providing an up-to-date view of the main developments in MSC-based regenerative techniques.

Aceites esenciales con actividad antibacteriana: posible aplicación y administración en odontología

Introducción la caries dental es una de las enfermedades de mayor prevalencia a escala mundial, cuyas consecuencias clínicas se encuentran relacionadas directamente con la calidad de vida de los individuos. Asimismo, la atención odontológica exige un elevado costo y muchas veces lejos del alcance de ciertas comunidades. Si bien esta enfermedad se produce por la confluencia de distintos factores, uno de ellos es el económico, por lo que se busca una opción medicinal de bajo costo, y el abordaje a su vez de otro factor, tal vez el más importante, que implica el desarrollo y multiplicación del microorganismo iniciador de esta enfermedad, que es Streptococcus mutans. Actualmente se conoce el consumo de medicinas de origen natural para el tratamiento de algunas enfermedades, entre ellas, la caries. El uso y mecanismo de acción de aceites esenciales que impidan el desarrollo de S. mutans en el biofilm dental está siendo investigado. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar los conocimientos sobre la acción biocida de aceites esenciales y sus posibles aplicaciones en odontología. Resultados. Los aceites esenciales provenientes de los cítricos como limón, mandarina, naranja, como así también de eucalipto y orégano, presentan actividad bacteriostática, y en algunos casos, bactericida frente a bacterias Gram + y Gram -. Conclusión de acuerdo con la información recopilada, el uso de estos aceites mediante la biotecnología sería beneficioso y contribuiría al manejo de la salud bucal sin alterar la microflora oral normal del ser humano.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, whose clinical consequences are directly related to the quality of life of individuals. Likewise, dental care requires a high cost and is often beyond the reach of certain communities. Although this disease is produced by the confluence of different factors, one of them is the economic factor, which is why a low-cost medicinal alternative is sought, and the approach in turn of another factor, perhaps the most important, which implies the development and multiplication of the initiating microorganism of this disease that is Streptococcus mutans. Currently, the consumption of medicines of natural origin is known for the treatment of some diseases, including tooth decay. The use of essential oils that prevent the development of St. mutans in dental biofilm is being investigated and the objective of this work is to update the knowledge about its biocidal action and its applications in dentistry. The objective of this work is to update the knowledge on the biocidal action of essential oils and their possible applications in dentistry. Results The essential oils from citrus fruits such as lemon, mandarin, orange, as well as eucalyptus and oregano, show bacteriostatic activity, and in some cases, bactericidal against Gram + and Gram - bacteria. Conclusion according to the information collected, the use of these oils through biotechnology would be beneficial and would contribute to the management of oral health without altering the normal oral microflora of the human being.

Dehydroleucodine inhibits tumor growth in a preclinical melanoma model by inducing cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis.

Malignant melanoma represents the fastest growing public health risk of all cancer types worldwide. Several strategies and anti-cancer drugs have been used in an effort to improve treatments, but the development of resistance to anti-neoplastic drugs remains the major cause of chemotherapy failure in melanomas. Previously, we showed that the sesquiterpene lactone, dehydroleucodine (DhL), promotes the accumulation of DNA damage markers, such as H2AX and 53BP1, in human tumor cells. Also DhL was shown to trigger either cell senescence or apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in HeLa and MCF7 cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of DhL on B16F0 mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in a pre-clinical melanoma model. DhL inhibited the proliferation of B16F0 cells by inducing senescence or apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, DhL reduced the expression of the cell cycle proteins cyclin D1 and B1 and the inhibitor of apoptosis protein, survivin. In melanomas generated by subcutaneous injection of B16F0 cells into C57/BL6 mice, the treatment with 20 mg DhL /Kg/day in preventive, simultaneous and therapeutic protocols reduced tumor volumes by 70%, 60% and 50%, respectively. DhL treatments reduced the number of proliferating, while increasing the number of senescent and apoptotic tumor cells. To estimate the long-term effects of DhL, a mathematical model was applied to fit experimental data. Extrapolation beyond experimental time points revealed that DhL administration following preventive and therapeutic protocols is predicted to be more effective than simultaneous treatments with DhL in restricting tumor growth.

ReprOlive: a database with linked data for the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) reproductive transcriptome.

Plant reproductive transcriptomes have been analyzed in different species due to the agronomical and biotechnological importance of plant reproduction. Here we presented an olive tree reproductive transcriptome database with samples from pollen and pistil at different developmental stages, and leaf and root as control vegetative tissues http://reprolive.eez.csic.es). It was developed from 2,077,309 raw reads to 1,549 Sanger sequences. Using a pre-defined workflow based on open-source tools, sequences were pre-processed, assembled, mapped, and annotated with expression data, descriptions, GO terms, InterPro signatures, EC numbers, KEGG pathways, ORFs, and SSRs. Tentative transcripts (TTs) were also annotated with the corresponding orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana from TAIR and RefSeq databases to enable Linked Data integration. It results in a reproductive transcriptome comprising 72,846 contigs with average length of 686 bp, of which 63,965 (87.8%) included at least one functional annotation, and 55,356 (75.9%) had an ortholog. A minimum of 23,568 different TTs was identified and 5,835 of them contain a complete ORF. The representative reproductive transcriptome can be reduced to 28,972 TTs for further gene expression studies. Partial transcriptomes from pollen, pistil, and vegetative tissues as control were also constructed. ReprOlive provides free access and download capability to these results. Retrieval mechanisms for sequences and transcript annotations are provided. Graphical localization of annotated enzymes into KEGG pathways is also possible. Finally, ReprOlive has included a semantic conceptualisation by means of a Resource Description Framework (RDF) allowing a Linked Data search for extracting the most updated information related to enzymes, interactions, allergens, structures, and reactive oxygen species.

De novo assembly, characterization and functional annotation of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and common sole (Solea solea) transcriptomes: integration in a database and design of a microarray.

BACKGROUND: Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and common sole (S. solea) are two economically and evolutionary important flatfish species both in fisheries and aquaculture. Although some genomic resources and tools were recently described in these species, further sequencing efforts are required to establish a complete transcriptome, and to identify new molecular markers. Moreover, the comparative analysis of transcriptomes will be useful to understand flatfish evolution. RESULTS: A comprehensive characterization of the transcriptome for each species was carried out using a large set of Illumina data (more than 1,800 millions reads for each sole species) and 454 reads (more than 5 millions reads only in S. senegalensis), providing coverages ranging from 1,384x to 2,543x. After a de novo assembly, 45,063 and 38,402 different transcripts were obtained, comprising 18,738 and 22,683 full-length cDNAs in S. senegalensis and S. solea, respectively. A reference transcriptome with the longest unique transcripts and putative non-redundant new transcripts was established for each species. A subset of 11,953 reference transcripts was qualified as highly reliable orthologs (>97% identity) between both species. A small subset of putative species-specific, lineage-specific and flatfish-specific transcripts were also identified. Furthermore, transcriptome data permitted the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms and simple-sequence repeats confirmed by FISH to be used in further genetic and expression studies. Moreover, evidences on the retention of crystallins crybb1, crybb1-like and crybb3 in the two species of soles are also presented. Transcriptome information was applied to the design of a microarray tool in S. senegalensis that was successfully tested and validated by qPCR. Finally, transcriptomic data were hosted and structured at SoleaDB. CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptomes and molecular markers identified in this study represent a valuable source for future genomic studies in these economically important species. Orthology analysis provided new clues regarding sole genome evolution indicating a divergent evolution of crystallins in flatfish. The design of a microarray and establishment of a reference transcriptome will be useful for large-scale gene expression studies. Moreover, the integration of transcriptomic data in the SoleaDB will facilitate the management of genomic information in these important species.

De novo assembly of maritime pine transcriptome: implications for forest breeding and biotechnology.

Maritime pine (Pinus pinasterAit.) is a widely distributed conifer species in Southwestern Europe and one of the most advanced models for conifer research. In the current work, comprehensive characterization of the maritime pine transcriptome was performed using a combination of two different next-generation sequencing platforms, 454 and Illumina. De novo assembly of the transcriptome provided a catalogue of 26 020 unique transcripts in maritime pine trees and a collection of 9641 full-length cDNAs. Quality of the transcriptome assembly was validated by RT-PCR amplification of selected transcripts for structural and regulatory genes. Transcription factors and enzyme-encoding transcripts were annotated. Furthermore, the available sequencing data permitted the identification of polymorphisms and the establishment of robust single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple-sequence repeat (SSR) databases for genotyping applications and integration of translational genomics in maritime pine breeding programmes. All our data are freely available at SustainpineDB, the P. pinaster expressional database. Results reported here on the maritime pine transcriptome represent a valuable resource for future basic and applied studies on this ecological and economically important pine species.

Incidencia, factores de riesgo y pronóstico de la vasculopatía del injerto cardíaco en pacientes colombianos, según la clasificación de la ISHLT (International Society of Heart and Lung Trasplantation) / Incidence, risk factors and prognosis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in colombian patients according to the classification of the ISHLT (International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation)

Objetivo: describir la incidencia y el pronóstico de la vasculopatía del injerto cardíaco (CAV: cardiac allograft vasculopathy, su sigla en Inglés), de acuerdo con la clasificación propuesta por la Sociedad Internacional de Trasplante de Corazón y Pulmón (ISHLT). Metodología: estudio de cohortes de trasplantados cardíacos, llevado a cabo entre febrero de 2003 y noviembre de 2011 con seguimiento angiográfico; el desenlace principal fue CAV de acuerdo con la ISHLT. Se utilizaron pruebas de chi-cuadrado para variables cualitativas y t de student para las cuantitativas. Se hizo análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: se incluyeron 118 pacientes; 83,1% fueron hombres con mediana de edad de 46,4 RIQ (38,4-55,6) años. El seguimiento promedio fue de 5 + 4,7 años con 2,4 + 1,6 coronariografías/paciente. La incidencia total de CAV fue de 23,7%; grado 1 (leve) 11,9%, grado 2 (moderada) 7,6% y grado 3 (severa) 4,2%. El único factor con una asociación modesta fue la hipertensión pulmonar con RR 2,54 (1,1-6,1) p=0,05. La mortalidad de los pacientes de acuerdo con el grado de vasculopatía fue: leve 0%; grado 2 (moderada) 42% RR 2,59 IC95% (1,14-5,9) p=0,024; grado 3 (severa) 72% RR 4,44 IC95% (2,27-8,6) p<0,0005. Conclusiones: la incidencia de CAV fue de 23,7%. El único factor modestamente relacionado fue la hipertensión pulmonar. La escala propuesta por la ISHLT se asocia en sus grados 2 y 3 (moderada y severa) con mortalidad importante.

Objective: to describe the incidence and prognosis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV: cardiac allograft vasculopathy) according to the classification proposed by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Methodology: cohort study of heart transplant recipients conducted between February 2003 and November 2011 with angiographic follow-up. The primary outcome was CAV according to the ISHLT. We used chi-square tests for categorical variables and Student t test for quantitative variables. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was made. Results: 118 patients were included. 83.1% were male with a mean age of 46.4 IQR (38.4 to 55.6) years. The average follow-up was 5 + 4.7 years with 2.4 + 1.6 coronary angiograms / patient. The overall incidence of CAV was 23.7%. Grade 1 (mild) 11.9%, grade 2 (moderate) 7.6% and grade 3 (severe) 4.2%. The only factor with a modest association was pulmonary hypertension with RR 2.54 (1.1 to 6.1) p = 0.05. The mortality of patients according to the degree of vasculopathy was: mild 0%, grade 2 (moderate) 42% RR 2.59 CI 95% (1.14 to 5.9) p = 0.024; Grade 3 (severe) 72 % RR 4.44 95% CI (2.27 to 8.6) p <0.0005. Conclusions: the incidence of CAV was 23.7%. The only factor modestly related was pulmonary hypertension. The scale proposed by the ISHLT is associated in grades 2 and 3 (moderate and severe) with significant mortality.

Reducing the incidence of hematomas in cervicofacial rhytidectomy: new external quilting sutures and other ancillary procedures.

BACKGROUND: Despite the use of many different strategies and techniques and notwithstanding recent advances such as fibrin glue and short scar operations, hematoma remains the most common complication in rhytidectomies. METHODS: This study analyzed 383 patients who underwent cervicofacial rhytidectomies between September 2006 and March 2012. The patients were distributed into three groups. RESULTS: Group 1 comprised patients who had classic face-lifts with epinephrine in the anesthetic solution used to infiltrate the face and neck. The incidence of hematomas in this group was 12 % (24 of 200 patients). Group 2 comprised patients who underwent face-lifts without epinephrine in the solution used to infiltrate the midface and neck. The incidence of hematomas in this group was reduced to 3.6 % (3 of 83 patients). Group 3 comprised the remaining 100 patients, who underwent rhytidectomies with internal and external quilting sutures used in conjunction with other ancillary procedures listed in this report. The incidence of hematomas in this group was reduced to 0 %. CONCLUSIONS: The most important single procedure that reduced hematoma cases to zero in cervicofacial rhytidectomies was the use of quilting sutures in conjunction with other procedures. Furthermore, the use of these sutures did not cause flap ischemia or necrosis, and there was no adverse impact on the quality of the facial rejuvenation.

Control of cell adhesion and migration by podocalyxin. Implication of Rac1 and Cdc42.

Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a type I membrane sialomucin, originally described in the epithelial cells (podocytes) of kidney glomeruli. PODXL is also found in extra-renal tissues and in certain aggressive tumors, but its precise pathophysiological role is unknown. Expression of PODXL in CHO cells enhances their adhesive, migratory and cell-cell interactive properties in a selectin and integrin-dependent manner. We aimed at defining the PODXL domains responsible for those cell responses. For this purpose we have analyzed the cell adhesion/migration responses to deletion mutants of human PODXL, and the correlation with the activities of Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases. The results obtained indicate that integrity of the PODXL ectodomain is essential for enhancing cell adhesion but not migration, while the integrity of the cytoplasmic domain is required for both adhesion and migration. Deletion of the carboxy-terminal DTHL domain (PODXL-ΔDTHL) limited only cell adhesion. The activities of Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases parallel the PODXL-induced variations in cell adhesion and migration. Moreover, silencing the rac1 gene virtually abolished the effect of PODXL in enhancing cell adhesion.

Peritubular myoid cells from rat seminiferous tubules contain actin and myosin filaments distributed in two independent layers.

In the mammalian testis, peritubular myoid cells (PM cells) surround the seminiferous tubules (STs), express cytoskeletal markers of true smooth muscle cells, and participate in the contraction of the ST. It has been claimed that PM cells contain bundles of actin filaments distributed orthogonally in an intermingled mesh. Our hypothesis is that these actin filaments are not forming a random intermingled mesh, but are actually arranged in contractile filaments in independent layers. The aim of this study is to describe the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in PM cells from adult rat testes and its changes during endothelin-1-induced ST contraction. For this purpose, we isolated segments of ST corresponding to the stages IX-X of the spermatogenic cycle (ST segments), and analyzed the actin and myosin filament distribution by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. We found that PM cells have actin and myosin filaments interconnected in thick bundles (AF-MyF bundles). These AF-MyF bundles are distributed in two independent layers: an inner layer toward the seminiferous epithelium, and an outer layer toward the interstitium, with the bundles oriented perpendicularly and in parallel to the main ST axis, respectively. In endothelin-1 contracted ST segments, PM cells increased their thickness and reduced their length in both directions, parallel and perpendicular to the main ST axis. The AF-MyF bundles maintained the same organization in two layers, although both layers appeared significantly thicker. We believe that this is the first time this arrangement of AF-MyF bundles in two independent layers has been shown in smooth muscle cells, and that this organization would allow the cell to generate contractile force in two directions.

[Study of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone ER in Pacients with Schizophrenia who Have Undergone Inefficient Treatment with other Antipsychotics]. / Estudio de dosis flexibles de paliperidona ER en pacientes con esquizofrenia previamente tratados sin efectividad con otros antipsicóticos.

BACKGROUND: Extended-release (ER) paliperidone is an innovative atypical antipsychotic that allows minimal peak-to-through fluctuations with once-daily dosing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effectiveness, safety and tolerability of flexible, once-daily doses of paliperidone ER (3-12 mg/day) in patients with schizophrenia from Argentina and Colombia who had previously failed treatment with other antipsychotic agents. METHODS: The authors conducted a 6-month, open-label, prospective and multicentric study. Effectiveness was assessed with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP). Other measures of effectiveness, safety and tolerability, were also conducted. RESULTS: Paliperidone ER 3-12 mg/day improved Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores (primary endpoint) from baseline to study end (p < 0,001). In the PANSS total score, the mean change from baseline (83, 9 units) to end point (53,7 units) was significant (p < 0,001). Flexible doses of paliperidone ER demonstrated a ≥20% reduction in the PANSS total score (p<0.001) in almost two-thirds of patients. PSP mean change from baseline (52 units) to end point (85 units) was significant (p < 0,001). Secondary effectiveness assessments, as well as safety and tolerability measures, demonstrated favourable results throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Flexible doses of paliperidone ER over 6 months were effective, safe and well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia from Argentina and Colombia.

Why assembling plant genome sequences is so challenging.

In spite of the biological and economic importance of plants, relatively few plant species have been sequenced. Only the genome sequence of plants with relatively small genomes, most of them angiosperms, in particular eudicots, has been determined. The arrival of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed the rapid and efficient development of new genomic resources for non-model or orphan plant species. But the sequencing pace of plants is far from that of animals and microorganisms. This review focuses on the typical challenges of plant genomes that can explain why plant genomics is less developed than animal genomics. Explanations about the impact of some confounding factors emerging from the nature of plant genomes are given. As a result of these challenges and confounding factors, the correct assembly and annotation of plant genomes is hindered, genome drafts are produced, and advances in plant genomics are delayed.